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Sustainable Catalysis
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Sustainable Catalysis

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Organic Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 25016

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mark McLaughlin

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
Interests: Earth metal catalysis; organosilicon chemistry; synergistic catalysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use of precious metal catalysts in organic chemistry has had a tremendous impact on the way organic chemists think about making molecules. Although hugely beneficial, the use of these catalysts has resulted in environmental concerns, with some natural resources dwindling at a worrying pace. Sustainable catalysis therefore offers a solution to this problem, allowing access to the same reactivity as precious metals, while opening new avenues of research that have so far remained elusive to transition metals. The popularity of iron, cobalt, zinc and nickel catalysis has increased dramatically over the past 15 years, as has the rise in the number of reports describing catalysis using earth metals.

In this Special Issue, we invite short communications from colleagues working in sustainable catalysis using non-precious metals. In particular, we invite papers on the use of sustainable catalysis in organic transformations such as natural product synthesis, medicinal chemistry and organic methodology. Furthermore, we welcome contributions from colleagues in the field of inorganic chemistry who wish to disclose novel complexes with potential catalytic properties. The scope of this Special Issue will also allow for mechanistic studies and advances in the use of enabling technologies.

This forthcoming Special Issue of Molecules entitled “Sustainable Catalysis” will be devoted to using more earth-abundant reagents, covering recent key findings in the above fields of research. We look forward to reading your contributions.

Dr. Mark McLaughlin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Earth abdundant metals;
  • Catalysis;
  • Non-precious metals;
  • First row transition metals;
  • Organic methodlogy;
  • Natural product synthesis.

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 5524 KiB  
Article
Reusable Nano-Zirconia-Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzimidazoles and Their Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities
by Tentu Nageswara Rao, Suliman Yousef AlOmar, Faheem Ahmed, Fadwa Albalawi, Naushad Ahmad, Nalla Krishna Rao, M. V. Basaveswara Rao, Ravi Kumar Cheedarala, G. Rajasekhar Reddy and Tentu Manohra Naidu
Molecules 2021, 26(14), 4219; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144219 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
In this article, a zirconia-based nano-catalyst (Nano-ZrO2), with intermolecular C-N bond formation for the synthesis of various benzimidazole-fused heterocycles in a concise method is reported. The robustness of this reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of benzimidazole drugs [...] Read more.
In this article, a zirconia-based nano-catalyst (Nano-ZrO2), with intermolecular C-N bond formation for the synthesis of various benzimidazole-fused heterocycles in a concise method is reported. The robustness of this reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of a series of benzimidazole drugs in a one-pot method. All synthesized materials were characterized using 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy as well as microanalysis data. Furthermore, the synthesis of nano-ZrO2 was processed using a standard hydrothermal technique in pure form. The crystal structure of nano-ZrO2 and phase purity were studied, and the crystallite size was calculated from XRD analysis using the Debye–Scherrer equation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized benzimidazole drugs was evaluated in terms of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and antifungal activity, and the results were satisfactory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis)
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15 pages, 1567 KiB  
Article
Recoverable Palladium-Catalyzed Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions under Thermomorphic Mode: Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura Reactions
by Eskedar Tessema, Vijayanath Elakkat, Chiao-Fan Chiu, Zong-Lin Tsai, Ka Long Chan, Chia-Rui Shen, Han-Chang Su and Norman Lu
Molecules 2021, 26(5), 1414; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051414 - 5 Mar 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2892
Abstract
The reaction of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] and bis-4,4′-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2′-bpy (1a–d), where Rf = n-C11F23 (a), n-C10F21 (b), n-C [...] Read more.
The reaction of [PdCl2(CH3CN)2] and bis-4,4′-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2′-bpy (1a–d), where Rf = n-C11F23 (a), n-C10F21 (b), n-C9F19 (c) and n-C8F17 (d), respectively, in the presence of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) resulted in the synthesis of Pd complex, [PdCl2[4,4′-bis-(RfCH2OCH2)-2,2′-bpy] (2a–d). The Pd-catalyzed Stille arylations of vinyl tributyltin with aryl halides were selected to demonstrate the feasibility of recycling usage with 2a as the catalyst using NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) as the solvent at 120–150 °C. Additionally, recycling and electronic effect studies of 2a–c were also carried out for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction of phenylboronic acid derivatives, 4-X-C6H4-B(OH)2, (X = H or Ph) with aryl halide, 4-Y-C6H4-Z, (Y = CN, H or OCH3; Z = I or Br) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 135–150 °C. At the end of each cycle, the product mixtures were cooled to lower temperature (e.g., −10 °C), and then catalysts were recovered by decantation with Pd leaching less than 1%. The products were quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis or by the isolated yield. The complex 2a-catalyzed Stille reaction of aryl iodides with vinyl tributyltin have good recycling results for a total of 8 times, with a high yield within short period of time (1–3 h). Similarly, 2a–c-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions also have good recycling results. The electronic effect studies from substituents in both Stille and Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions showed that electron withdrawing groups speed up the reaction rate. To our knowledge, this is the first example of recoverable fluorous long-chained Pd-catalyzed Stille reactions under the thermomorphic mode. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis)
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17 pages, 21687 KiB  
Article
Michael Addition Reaction Catalyzed by Imidazolium Chloride to Protect Amino Groups and Construct Medium Ring Heterocycles
by Zeshu Dai, Qingqiang Tian, Yanwu Li, Suqin Shang, Wen Luo, Xuetong Wang, Dan Li, Ying Zhang, Zhiyao Li and Jianyong Yuan
Molecules 2019, 24(23), 4224; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234224 - 20 Nov 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5566
Abstract
An effective approach for amino protection and construction of a seven-membered ring has been developed. The method uses imidazolium chloride to carry out the Michael addition reaction at low temperatures and perform amino deprotection or construction of a seven-membered ring at high temperatures. [...] Read more.
An effective approach for amino protection and construction of a seven-membered ring has been developed. The method uses imidazolium chloride to carry out the Michael addition reaction at low temperatures and perform amino deprotection or construction of a seven-membered ring at high temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis)
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Review

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69 pages, 22436 KiB  
Review
Metal-based Heterogeneous Catalysts for One-Pot Synthesis of Secondary Anilines from Nitroarenes and Aldehydes
by Giuseppe Romanazzi, Valentina Petrelli, Ambra Maria Fiore, Piero Mastrorilli and Maria Michela Dell’Anna
Molecules 2021, 26(4), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041120 - 20 Feb 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4243
Abstract
Recently, N-substituted anilines have been the object of increasing research interest in the field of organic chemistry due to their role as key intermediates for the synthesis of important compounds such as polymers, dyes, drugs, agrochemicals and pharmaceutical products. Among the various [...] Read more.
Recently, N-substituted anilines have been the object of increasing research interest in the field of organic chemistry due to their role as key intermediates for the synthesis of important compounds such as polymers, dyes, drugs, agrochemicals and pharmaceutical products. Among the various methods reported in literature for the formation of C–N bonds to access secondary anilines, the one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes with nitroarenes is the most interesting procedure, because it allows to obtain diverse N-substituted aryl amines by simple reduction of nitro compounds followed by condensation with aldehydes and subsequent reduction of the imine intermediates. These kinds of tandem reactions are generally catalyzed by transition metal-based catalysts, mainly potentially reusable metal nanoparticles. The rapid growth in the last years in the field of metal-based heterogeneous catalysts for the one-pot reductive amination of aldehydes with nitroarenes demands for a review on the state of the art with a special emphasis on the different kinds of metals used as catalysts and their recyclability features. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis)
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24 pages, 2589 KiB  
Review
Emergence and Applications of Base Metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) in Hydroboration and Hydrosilylation
by Sem Raj Tamang and Michael Findlater
Molecules 2019, 24(17), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173194 - 3 Sep 2019
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 8222
Abstract
Base metal catalysis offers an alternative to reactions, which were once dominated by precious metals in hydrofunctionalization reactions. This review article details the development of some base metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) in the hydroboration and hydrosilylation reactions concomitant with a brief overview [...] Read more.
Base metal catalysis offers an alternative to reactions, which were once dominated by precious metals in hydrofunctionalization reactions. This review article details the development of some base metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) in the hydroboration and hydrosilylation reactions concomitant with a brief overview of recent advances in the field. Applications of both commercially available metal salts and well-defined metal complexes in catalysis and opportunities to further advance the field is discussed as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Catalysis)
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