Exploring the Biodiversity of Parasites in Humans, Wild and Domestic Animals

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Parasitic Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2025 | Viewed by 19608

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
Interests: parasitic diseases; preventive veterinary medicine; hemoparasites; ectoparasites; one health
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Parasites represent a broad group of pathogens that can affect mammals and cause individual and collective damage. In a generic classification, we can group them into ecto- and endoparasites, which contain Arthropods, Protozoa, Acanthocephala and helminth specimens, can affect wild and domestic animals, as well humans. Monoxenous parasites need only one host to complete their life cycle, but many of them can affect different species of mammals. Heteroxenous parasites affect more than one host to complete their life cycle, and for some species, the hosts are two distinct species of mammals. Characterization of parasite infections has served as a tool for the assessment of environmental quality and they are also considered bioindicators of environmental impact in which the hosts are inserted. In preserved environments the hosts generally present great parasite diversity, but with few specimens to not cause damage to the health of the host. In altered environments, however, hosts may present a large number of parasites of the same or different species, which may lead to the appearance of clinical signs and even the death of the living being that harbors them. Hosts are typically co-infected by multiple species of parasites, resulting in high levels of complexity between interactions, and some authors have considered an individual host to be an ecosystem. Parasitic co-infections can also cause immunosuppression of the host, which may aggravate the clinical signs presented and hinder the recovery of the parasitized host. Therefore, knowledge of the parasitic biodiversity of a host or a group of them inserted in the same environment is extremely important for mammals, including humans and wild and domestic animals.

Prof. Dr. Júlia Angélica Gonçalves Da Silveira
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • ectoparasites
  • hemoparasites
  • endoparasites
  • co-infections
  • livestock
  • pet species
  • wildlife
  • human parasites

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 2159 KiB  
Article
Parasites Diversity, Abundance, Prevalence, and Richness Infecting Didelphis aurita (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil
by Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas, Cauê Monticelli, Caio Filipe da Motta Lima and Patrícia Locosque Ramos
Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090806 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 731
Abstract
Parasites are key players in ecosystems, influencing population sizes and food webs, yet the impact of environmental factors on their diversity is not well understood. The Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, particularly the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), exemplifies a biodiversity hotspot [...] Read more.
Parasites are key players in ecosystems, influencing population sizes and food webs, yet the impact of environmental factors on their diversity is not well understood. The Atlantic rainforest in Brazil, particularly the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), exemplifies a biodiversity hotspot facing significant deforestation, housing diverse animal species such as the synanthropic Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita), which serves as a reservoir for multiple zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we investigated parasite diversity, abundance, prevalence, and richness in free-living D. aurita in the PEFI, São Paulo, Brazil. From January 2015 to January 2017, 101 fecal samples of D. aurita were collected in two areas of PEFI, at the Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais (IPA) and the Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia (Cientec), and analyzed using three different parasitological methods. In total, 99% of the samples were positive for at least one parasite. The most prevalent parasite belonged to the order Strongylida (82%), followed by Cruzia sp. (77%), the latter having a significantly higher prevalence at IPA. In contrast, Acanthocephala showed greater prevalence at Cientec. Co-infections were common, with some individuals harboring up to seven different parasites. Our findings reveal significant parasite diversity in the D. aurita population at PEFI, including both helminths and protozoan trophozoites, some of which are reported for the first time in this host species. Further research is essential for accurate species identification of the observed parasites. Full article
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16 pages, 6499 KiB  
Article
Canine Schistosomiasis in the West Coast: Heterobilharzia americana in Two Natural Intermediate Hosts Found in the Colorado River, California
by Anil Baniya, Connor J. Goldy, Jiranun Ardpairin, Perla Achi, Yu Wei Chang, Rose C. Adrianza, Apichat Vitta and Adler R. Dillman
Pathogens 2024, 13(3), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030245 - 13 Mar 2024
Viewed by 16179
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases presents a significant global health, economic, and security risk. Climate change can unexpectedly lead to the spread of pathogens, vectors, or hosts into new areas, contributing to the rise of infectious diseases. Surveillance plays a crucial role in [...] Read more.
The emergence of infectious diseases presents a significant global health, economic, and security risk. Climate change can unexpectedly lead to the spread of pathogens, vectors, or hosts into new areas, contributing to the rise of infectious diseases. Surveillance plays a crucial role in monitoring disease trends and implementing control strategies. In this study, we document the first discovery of Heterobilharzia americana, a parasitic schistosome of mammals and its intermediate hosts Galba cubensis and Galba humilis along the banks of the Colorado River in California. We conducted multiple samplings of snails from various locations in the region with a previous history of canine schistosomiasis. Nucleotide sequencing of the multiple regions of the snails’ and parasites’ DNA revealed the coexistence of G. cubensis and G. humilis, both infected with H. americana. Phylogenetic analyses further validate the presence of H. americana in California, suggesting a wider distribution than previously reported. Our findings have implications for public health, veterinary medicine, and biodiversity conservation, contributing to developing effective control strategies to prevent the spread of this emerging infectious disease. Full article
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16 pages, 2013 KiB  
Article
Preparing Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu Linnaeus, 1758) for Reintroduction into the Wild: A Screening for Parasites and Hemopathogens of a Captive Population
by Júlia Angélica Gonçalves da Silveira, Simone Magela Moreira, Ariane Flávia do Nascimento, Marco Miguel de Oliveira, Hudson Andrade dos Santos, Letícia Gracielle Tôrres de Miranda Estevam, Carine Rodrigues Pereira, Anna Gabriela Guimarães Oliveira, Mirella Lauria D’Elia, Andreina de Carvalho Araujo and Juliana Macedo Magnino Silva
Pathogens 2024, 13(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010047 - 3 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1999
Abstract
The reintroduction of captive animals to the wild helps restore endangered species, but it risks pathogen transmission, harming wild populations. Such transmission can impact the genetic diversity and long-term viability of these populations. This study assessed parasite diversity and load in captive Pecari [...] Read more.
The reintroduction of captive animals to the wild helps restore endangered species, but it risks pathogen transmission, harming wild populations. Such transmission can impact the genetic diversity and long-term viability of these populations. This study assessed parasite diversity and load in captive Pecari tajacu, a species native to the Americas and culturally significant to Brazilian indigenous culture, prior to reintroduction. Samples from 24 peccaries were analyzed for ectoparasites, hemopathogens, and stool parasites with direct and molecular analysis. Findings showed that various parasites were present. Two peccaries (8.3%) were infested by the adult tick Amblyomma sculptum. Six (25.0%) tested positive for Trypanosoma evansi, four (16.7%) for hemobacteria of the family Anaplasmataceae, twelve (50.0%) for hemotropic Mycoplasma, and seven (29.2%) for Leishmania braziliensis. Stool samples indicated multiple parasites, with sixteen (66.7%) peccaries infected by Strongylida order parasites, Spiruridae in three (12.5%), and Ascaris suum in one (4.2%) animal. Cysts of Balantidium sp. were found in twenty (83.3%), Entamoeba polecki in five (20.8%), and Iodamoeba bütschlii in two (8.3%) peccaries. To our current knowledge, this is the first global report of Leishmania braziliensis, Iodamoeba bütschlii, and Entamoeba polecki in P. tajacu, irrespective of the environment, including both captivity and wild conditions. Some of these parasites are common in domestic animals, and others are zoonotic, indicating potential interspecies pathogen transmission. Full article
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