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Pathogens
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Immunity to Respiratory Infections
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Immunity to Respiratory Infections

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Immunological Responses and Immune Defense Mechanisms".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 January 2025 | Viewed by 8535

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Frantzeska G. Frantzeskaki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
2nd Department of Critical Care, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
Interests: critical care medicine; pulmonary cIrculation; lung transplantation
Dr. Iraklis Tsangaris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
2nd Department of Critical Care, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
Interests: critical care medicine; pulmonary vascular disease; biomarkers; acute lung injury

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The respiratory tract is in direct contact with the environment and is a complex system. Most respiratory pathogens that cause infections are quickly recognized and controlled by the innate and adaptive immunity of the immune system. However, these infections that are principally caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses represent a persistent public health problem. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a better understanding of multiple innate and adaptive immune mechanisms applied to respiratory infections is important and necessary.

In this Special Issue, we focus on recent advances that describe the role of immunity to respiratory infections. Both original research articles and reviews on any aspect-related respiratory infections are welcome. We look forward to receiving your contribution to Pathogens.

Dr. Frantzeska G. Frantzeskaki
Dr. Iraklis Tsangaris
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • respiratory infections
  • respiratory tract
  • immunity
  • innate immune response
  • adaptative immune response

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 587 KiB  
Article
Immune Biomarkers at Birth Predict Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Risk in a Large Birth Cohort
by Ethan Mondell, Gustavo Nino, Xiumei Hong, Xiaobin Wang and Maria J. Gutierrez
Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090765 - 5 Sep 2024
Viewed by 838
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remain the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and affect long-term respiratory health. Identifying immunological determinants of LRTI susceptibility may help stratify disease risk and identify therapies. This study aimed to identify neonatal immunological factors predicting [...] Read more.
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) remain the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide and affect long-term respiratory health. Identifying immunological determinants of LRTI susceptibility may help stratify disease risk and identify therapies. This study aimed to identify neonatal immunological factors predicting LRTI risk in infancy. Cord blood plasma from 191 neonates from the Boston Birth Cohort was analyzed for 28 soluble immune factors. LRTI was defined as bronchiolitis, bronchitis, or pneumonia during the first year of life. Welch’s t-test demonstrated significantly higher log10 transformed concentrations of IL-17 and IFNγ in the LRTI group compared to neonates without LRTI in the first year of life (p < 0.05). Risk associations were determined using multivariate survival models. There were 29 infants with LRTIs. High cord blood levels of IFNγ (aHR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.07–5.17), TNF-β (aHR = 2.86, 95% CI 1.27–6.47), MIP-1α (aHR = 2.82, 95% CI 1.22–6.51), and MIP-1β (aHR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.05–5.20) were associated with a higher risk of LRTIs. RANTES was associated with a lower risk (aHR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.19–0.97). Soluble immune factors linked to antiviral immunity (IFNγ) and cytokines mediating inflammatory responses (TNF-β), and cell homing (MIP-1α/b), at birth were associated with an increased risk of LRTIs during infancy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)
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14 pages, 2270 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences during Influenza A Virus Infection and Vaccination and Comparison of Cytokine and Antibody Responses between Plasma and Serum Samples
by Santosh Dhakal, Brian W. Wolfe, Saurav Pantha and Saranya Vijayakumar
Pathogens 2024, 13(6), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13060468 - 1 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1209
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated sex differences during infection with mouse-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the C57BL/6J mouse model and compared the cytokine and antibody responses between plasma and serum samples during IAV infection and vaccination. Lethal doses for [...] Read more.
In this study, we evaluated sex differences during infection with mouse-adapted H1N1 and H3N2 influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the C57BL/6J mouse model and compared the cytokine and antibody responses between plasma and serum samples during IAV infection and vaccination. Lethal doses for both H1N1 and H3N2 IAVs were lower for adult females and they suffered with greater morbidity than adult males when infected with sublethal doses. In influenza virus-infected mice, cytokine responses differed between plasma and serum samples. After inactivated influenza virus vaccination and drift variant challenge, adult female mice had greater antibody responses and were better protected. In influenza-vaccinated and challenged mice, binding antibodies were unaffected between paired plasma or serum samples. However, functional antibody assays, including hemagglutination inhibition, microneutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assays, were affected by the use of plasma and serum sample types. Our results indicate that careful consideration is required while selecting plasma versus serum samples to measure cytokine and antibody responses during IAV infection and vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)
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10 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Inflammatory Patterns Associated with Legionella in HIV and Pneumonia Coinfections
by Breanne M. Head, Adriana Trajtman, Ruochen Mao, Kathryn Bernard, Lázaro Vélez, Diana Marin, Lucelly López, Zulma Vanessa Rueda and Yoav Keynan
Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020173 - 14 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1696
Abstract
Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with more severe disease. However, understanding regarding the Legionella host response in immune compromised individuals is lacking. This study investigated the inflammatory profiles associated with Legionella infection [...] Read more.
Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with more severe disease. However, understanding regarding the Legionella host response in immune compromised individuals is lacking. This study investigated the inflammatory profiles associated with Legionella infection in patients hospitalized with HIV and pneumonia in Medellín, Colombia from February 2007 to April 2014, and correlated these profiles with clinical outcomes. Sample aliquots from the Colombian cohort were shipped to Canada where Legionella infections and systemic cytokine profiles were determined using real-time PCR and bead-based technology, respectively. To determine the effect of Legionella coinfection on clinical outcome, a patient database was consulted, comparing laboratory results and outcomes between Legionella-positive and -negative individuals. Principal component analysis revealed higher plasma concentrations of eotaxin, IP-10 and MCP-1 (p = 0.0046) during Legionella infection. Individuals with this immune profile also had higher rates of intensive care unit admissions (adjusted relative risk 1.047 [95% confidence interval 1.027–1.066]). Results demonstrate that systemic markers of monocyte/macrophage activation and differentiation (eotaxin, MCP-1, and IP-10) are associated with Legionella infection and worse patient outcomes. Further investigations are warranted to determine how this cytokine profile may play a role in Legionella pneumonia pathogenesis or immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)
19 pages, 1836 KiB  
Article
Markers of Inflammation, Tissue Damage, and Fibrosis in Individuals Diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Pneumonia: A Cohort Study
by Katherine Peña-Valencia, Will Riaño, Mariana Herrera-Diaz, Lucelly López, Diana Marín, Sandra Gonzalez, Olga Agudelo-García, Iván Arturo Rodríguez-Sabogal, Lázaro Vélez, Zulma Vanessa Rueda and Yoav Keynan
Pathogens 2024, 13(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010084 - 18 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1759
Abstract
Previous studies have noted that persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience persistent lung dysfunction after an episode of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that inflammation during pneumonia triggers increased tissue damage and accelerated pulmonary fibrosis, [...] Read more.
Previous studies have noted that persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) experience persistent lung dysfunction after an episode of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that inflammation during pneumonia triggers increased tissue damage and accelerated pulmonary fibrosis, resulting in a gradual loss of lung function. We carried out a prospective cohort study of people diagnosed with CAP and/or HIV between 2016 and 2018 in three clinical institutions in Medellín, Colombia. Clinical data, blood samples, and pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were collected at baseline. Forty-one patients were included, divided into two groups: HIV and CAP (n = 17) and HIV alone (n = 24). We compared the concentrations of 17 molecules and PFT values between the groups. Patients with HIV and pneumonia presented elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, IL-1RA, IL-10, IP-10, MCP-1, and MIP-1β) compared to those with only HIV. A marked pulmonary dysfunction was evidenced by significant reductions in FEF25, FEF25-75, and FEV1. The correlation between these immune mediators and lung function parameters supports the connection between pneumonia-associated inflammation and end organ lung dysfunction. A low CD4 cell count (<200 cells/μL) predicted inflammation and lung dysfunction. These results underscore the need for targeted clinical approaches to mitigate the adverse impacts of CAP on lung function in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)
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Review

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20 pages, 1408 KiB  
Review
Reshaping Our Knowledge: Advancements in Understanding the Immune Response to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
by Federica Attaianese, Sara Guiducci, Sandra Trapani, Federica Barbati, Lorenzo Lodi, Giuseppe Indolfi, Chiara Azzari and Silvia Ricci
Pathogens 2023, 12(9), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12091118 - 1 Sep 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and older adults. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize what is known about the immune response to hRSV infection. We described the innate and [...] Read more.
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in young children and older adults. In this review, we aimed to comprehensively summarize what is known about the immune response to hRSV infection. We described the innate and adaptive immune components involved, including the recognition of RSV, the inflammatory response, the role of natural killer (NK) cells, antigen presentation, T cell response, and antibody production. Understanding the complex immune response to hRSV infection is crucial for developing effective interventions against this significant respiratory pathogen. Further investigations into the immune memory generated by hRSV infection and the development of strategies to enhance immune responses may hold promise for the prevention and management of hRSV-associated diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)
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