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Pathogens
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Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine
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Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Vaccines and Therapeutic Developments".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2024) | Viewed by 6803

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fernanda Nazaré Morgado

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
Interests: visceral leishmaniasis; canine leishmaniasis; cutaneous leishmaniasis; diagnostic; immunopathology; animal leishmaniasis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Renato Porrozzi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
Interests: visceral leishmaniasis; canine leishmaniasis; cutaneous leishmaniasis; diagnostic; immunopathology; animal leishmaniasis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues，

Leishmaniasis is a group of parasitic infectious diseases that are caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In general, we can separate leishmaniasis into tegumentary leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis. Dogs are considered as the main urban carriers of the disease in its visceral form in Central and South America, as well as in the Mediterranean basin. In addition, the disease has a high mortality rate for dogs, and we do not have efficient drugs or vaccines. Leishmaniases are considered to be neglected in terms of research and the involvement of pets in the transmission cycle increases the risk for humans. Leishmaniasis vectors are Phlebotomine insects with predominantly wild behavior, but show clear adaptations to urban environments. On the other hand, dogs are frequently infected with dermotropic species, which cause disease, but the role of the dog in this context is underexplored. In this way, no health guideline clearly indicates how to treat or take care of dogs with tegumentary leishmaniasis. It is extremely important for human and veterinary medicine to increase our knowledge of several aspects of these diseases, ranging from epidemiology and their pathogenesis mechanisms to the development of vaccines for dogs. This Special Issue aims to publish original articles, reviews, case reports and communications that are related to pathogenesis, testing new drugs, new treatment strategies, identification of target molecules with potential use in treatment/prevention and serological, molecular, and parasitological diagnoses that can be used to improve the control of canine leishmaniasis.

Dr. Fernanda Nazaré Morgado
Dr. Renato Porrozzi
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • canine leishmaniasis
  • serological diagnosis
  • pathogenesis
  • immunophatogenesis
  • immunology
  • molecular diagnosis
  • parasitological diagnosis
  • treatment
  • visceral leishmaniasis
  • cutaneous leishmaniasis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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19 pages, 5365 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Vascular Differences and Leishmania-Induced Vascular Morphological Changes Are Associated with a High Parasite Load in the Skin of Dogs Infected with Leishmania infantum
by Francini N. Ribeiro, Tainã L. de Souza, Rodrigo C. Menezes, Lucas Keidel, João Paulo R. dos Santos, Igor J. da Silva, Marcelo Pelajo-Machado, Fernanda N. Morgado and Renato Porrozzi
Pathogens 2024, 13(5), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050371 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1169
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, affects several organs, including the skin. Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir animals for leishmaniasis, and through their highly parasitized skin, they can serve as a source of infection for sandfly [...] Read more.
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, affects several organs, including the skin. Dogs are considered the major domestic reservoir animals for leishmaniasis, and through their highly parasitized skin, they can serve as a source of infection for sandfly vectors. Therefore, studies of the skin parasite–host relationship can contribute to the understanding of the infectious dissemination processes of parasites in the dermis and help to identify targets for diagnosis and treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of anatomical vascular differences and Leishmania-induced vascular morphological changes with clinical signs and parasite load by analyzing the ear and abdominal skin from dogs naturally infected with L. infantum. Paired samples of ear and abdominal skin from L. infantum-positive dogs (n = 26) were submitted for histological and immunohistochemistry analyses. The ear skin samples showed a more intense and more diffusely distributed granulomatous inflammatory reaction, a higher number and larger diameter of blood vessels, increased parasite load, higher expression of VEGF+ (vascular endothelial growth factor) and MAC 387+ (calprotectin) recently infiltrating cells, and more intense collagen disruption compared to the abdominal skin samples. Intracellular amastigotes were observed in blood vessels and inside endothelial cells and were diffusely distributed throughout the dermis in the ear skin samples. The NOS2/MAC387+ cell ratio was lower in the ear skin samples than in those of the abdomen, suggesting that in the ear dermis, the inflammatory infiltrate was less capable of producing NO and thereby control the parasite load. Together, these findings indicate how parasites and immune cells are distributed in the skin and suggest an important role for dermal vascularization in cellular influx and thereby in parasite dissemination through the skin of naturally infected dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine)
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11 pages, 697 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of a Novel Lateral Flow Rapid Test with Conventional Serological Test Systems for the Diagnosis of Canine Leishmaniosis in Croatia and Brazil
by Rouzbeh Mahdavi, Franjo Martinkovic, Hosam Shams-Eldin, Ingrid E. Pereira, Alexandre B. Reis, Andreas Latz, Daniela Heinz, Cristina Aira, Alba Fresco-Taboada, Elfadil Abass, Jelena Romero-Olmedo, Henrique C. Teixeira and Ulrich Steinhoff
Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020109 - 26 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1758
Abstract
Control of canine infections with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), a major zoonotic disease in Brazil and southern Europe, is becoming increasingly important due to its close proximity to humans, the increasing import of dogs from endemic regions and the impact of [...] Read more.
Control of canine infections with Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), a major zoonotic disease in Brazil and southern Europe, is becoming increasingly important due to its close proximity to humans, the increasing import of dogs from endemic regions and the impact of climate change on vector spreading. Simple, rapid and reliable diagnostic tests are therefore needed to detect infected dogs. Here, we re-evaluated different serological methods for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in Croatia and Brazil. The diagnostic performance of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the VetLine® Leishmania ELISA (GSD Frankfurt, Germany) was compared with three rKLi8.3-based diagnostic test systems, the rKLi8.3 ELISA (GSD Frankfurt, Germany), the INgezim® Leishma CROM (GSD Madrid, Spain) lateral flow test (LFT) and the VetBlot® Leishmania LineBlot (GSD Frankfurt, Germany). CanL symptomatic dogs were efficiently diagnosed by all tests, except the VetLine® Leishmania ELISA, which is based on whole Leishmania antigens. The advantage of rKLi8.3 was also observed in oligo- and asymptomatic dogs from Brazil and Croatia, although with reduced diagnostic efficiency compared to symptomatic dogs. Similar to IFAT and rKLi8.3 ELISA, the LFT did not cross-react with other common canine pathogens; it showed very high specificity for healthy dogs from endemic regions in both countries and did not react with healthy, vaccinated dogs in Brazil. In conclusion, serodiagnostic tests based on the rKLi8.3 antigens are superior to whole parasite antigens, and the LFT has the advantage of providing a laboratory-independent, rapid and specific diagnosis of CanL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine)
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11 pages, 747 KiB  
Article
Dogs Harbor Leishmania braziliensis and Participate in the Transmission Cycle of Human Tegumentary Leishmaniasis
by Jamile Lago, Deborah Fraga, Lívia Coelho, Matheus Silva de Jesus, Bruna Leite, Guilherme L. Werneck, Sérgio Arruda, Ednaldo Lago, Edgar M. Carvalho and Olivia Bacellar
Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12080981 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1359
Abstract
Dogs play an important role in transmission of Leishmania infantum, but epidemiologic and clinical studies of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) are scarce. In an endemic area of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, we determine the prevalence and incidence [...] Read more.
Dogs play an important role in transmission of Leishmania infantum, but epidemiologic and clinical studies of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis (CTL) are scarce. In an endemic area of human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis, we determine the prevalence and incidence of both CTL and subclinical (SC) L. braziliensis infection in dogs and evaluated if the presence of dogs with CTL or SC L. braziliensis infection is associated with the occurrence of human ATL. SC infection in healthy animals and CTL in animals with ulcers were determined by PCR on biopsied healthy skin or on ulcers or by detecting antibodies against soluble leishmania antigen. We compared the occurrence of human ATL in homes with dogs with CTL or SC infection with control homes without dogs or with dogs without CTL or SC infection. The prevalence of SC infection was 35% and of CTL 31%. The incidence of SC infection in dogs was 4.6% and of CTL 9.3%. The frequency of ATL in humans was 50% in homes with infected dogs and 13% in homes without L. braziliensis infection in dogs. CTL and SC infection is highly prevalent, and dogs may participate in the transmission chain of L. braziliensis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine)
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10 pages, 3305 KiB  
Case Report
Supportive Treatment of a Dog with Leishmaniosis and Severe Glomerulopathy with Immunoadsorption
by Florian Sänger, Michèle Bergmann, Katrin Hartmann and René Dörfelt
Pathogens 2024, 13(3), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030193 - 21 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1744
Abstract
A three-year-old, intact female mix-breed dog, weighing 30 kg, was presented due to vomitus and diarrhea. At presentation, the patient had a slightly reduced general condition and moderately enlarged mandibular and popliteal lymph nodes. The initial blood work showed severe azotemia and hypoalbuminemia. [...] Read more.
A three-year-old, intact female mix-breed dog, weighing 30 kg, was presented due to vomitus and diarrhea. At presentation, the patient had a slightly reduced general condition and moderately enlarged mandibular and popliteal lymph nodes. The initial blood work showed severe azotemia and hypoalbuminemia. In the urinalysis, marked proteinuria with a urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPC) of 4.69 was found. Further workup showed a high leishmania antibody titer. The dog was diagnosed with leishmaniosis and glomerulonephritis. Initial treatment consisted of intravenous fluid therapy, allopurinol, miltefosine, amlodipine, clopidogrel, and a diet with a low purine content. Creatinine temporarily decreased but increased again after three days. For further supportive treatment, intermittent hemodialysis in combination with hemoperfusion with the cytosorb® adsorber was performed. A total blood volume of 17.7 L was processed within three hours. Thereafter, immunoadsorption (IA) was performed with the COM.TEC® and ADAsorb® platforms and a LIGASORB® adsorber to eliminate circulating immunocomplexes. Treatment time for IA was two hours with a blood flow of 50 mL/min. A total plasma volume of 2.4 L was processed. Over the following days, creatinine declined, and the patient improved significantly. UPC decreased to 1.74 on day 17 after IA. The patient was discharged after two and a half weeks. Two years after the initial event, the patient is still in excellent condition, with creatinine, UPC, and albumin levels in the reference range. Therefore, IA might be an additional therapeutic option for dogs with leishmaniosis-induced glomerulonephritis and subsequent severe azotemia to improve immunocomplex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Vaccine)
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