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Pathogens
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Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response
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Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2023) | Viewed by 15805

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jolene C. Carlson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ceva Animal Health Ceva Tiergesundheit (Riems) GmbH, An der Wiek 7, 17493 Greifswald Insel Riems, Germany
Interests: vaccine development; synthetic RNA vaccines; pathogenesis; virus–host interactions; modes of transmission; transboundary diseases including but not limited to African swine fever and classical swine fever
Prof. Dr. Mary-Louise Penrith

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Interests: African swine fever; classical swine fever; swine diseases; epidemiology control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Sandra Blome

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
Interests: swine fever; diagnosis; pathogenesis; vaccination

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite you to contribute to a Special Issue titled “Swine fevers: global perspective and response”. African swine fever and classical swine fever are two transboundary diseases wreaking havoc on the pig industry in many parts of the world. Since 2007 ASF, a lethal hemorrhagic disease, has been spreading across the globe from the Caucasus to Eastern Europe, Asia, and most recently making its way to Hispaniola, while CSF remains widespread in Asia, South America, and Eastern Europe. While safe and effective vaccines are available against CSF, there is no officially licensed vaccine available for ASF. Despite a similar clinical presentation, the two diseases differ considerably in the causative viruses, the immune response, and the epidemiological features that are important for control. Suggested topics include, but are not limited to, pathogenesis in natural hosts, protective host immune response, models for predicting ASFV antigens, viral protein structures and functions, new cell lines for vaccine production, vaccine development, diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring for both diseases, and individual country responses to ASF and CSF outbreaks. We are interested in successful and not so successful stories of responses to outbreaks of swine fever viruses. We encourage researchers to also report negative outcomes of well-designed ethical studies to promote the sharing of information and prevent the waste of resources.

In this context, articles that focus on managing disease in smallholder production systems with lower biosecurity as well as in susceptible feral swine populations will be welcome.

Dr. Jolene C. Carlson
Prof. Dr. Mary-Louise Penrith
Dr. Sandra Blome
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • pathogenesis in natural hosts
  • protective host immune response
  • models for predicting asfv antigens
  • viral protein structures
  • new cell lines for vaccine production
  • vaccine development
  • ASF/CSFV diagnostics, surveillance, and monitoring
  • individual country responses to ASFV and CSFV outbreaks.

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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23 pages, 4214 KiB  
Article
A Highly Effective African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Elicits a Memory T Cell Response in Vaccinated Swine
by Sarah E. Attreed, Christina Silva, Sophia Abbott, Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Nallely Espinoza, Manuel V. Borca, Douglas P. Gladue and Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
Pathogens 2022, 11(12), 1438; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121438 - 29 Nov 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and lethal vector-borne disease in suids. Recently, a live attenuated virus strain, developed using the currently circulating, virulent Georgia strain (ASFV-G) with a single gene deletion (ASFV-G-ΔI177L), resulted in an [...] Read more.
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and lethal vector-borne disease in suids. Recently, a live attenuated virus strain, developed using the currently circulating, virulent Georgia strain (ASFV-G) with a single gene deletion (ASFV-G-ΔI177L), resulted in an effective vaccine. Nevertheless, protective immune response mechanisms induced by this candidate are poorly understood. In this study, Yorkshire crossbred swine intramuscularly vaccinated with 106 50% hemadsorption dose (HAD50) of ASFV-G-ΔI177L or a vehicle control were challenged at 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G. Analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells following inoculation and challenge revealed that CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ central memory T cells (CD44+CD25−CD27−CD62L+CCR7+, Tcm) decreased significantly by 28 dpi in ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccinated swine compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Conversely, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD44+CD25−CD27−CD62−CCR7−, Tem) increased significantly among ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccined swine by 28 dpi compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Additionally, the percentage of natural killer (NK), CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ Tem and CD8+ Tcm and Tem positive for IFNγ increased significantly following inoculation, surpassing that of controls by 28 dpi or earlier. These results suggest that NK and memory T cells play a role in protective immunity and suggest that studying these cell populations may be a surrogate immunity marker in ASF vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
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10 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
Impact of ASFV Detergent Inactivation on Biomarkers in Serum and Saliva Samples
by Lorena Franco-Martínez, Martin Beer, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, Edgar García-Manzanilla, Sandra Blome and Tessa Carrau
Pathogens 2022, 11(7), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11070750 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2003
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of domestic and wild suids. Despite intensive research efforts, the pathogenesis of the disease is still far from being understood. Analysis of biomarkers in different body fluids may supplement traditional pathogenesis studies. As reliable [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) is a notifiable viral disease of domestic and wild suids. Despite intensive research efforts, the pathogenesis of the disease is still far from being understood. Analysis of biomarkers in different body fluids may supplement traditional pathogenesis studies. As reliable protocols are often established in laboratories with lower biosafety, the reliable inactivation of samples is crucial. The objective of this study was to find a procedure that inactivates the virus while preserving the biomarkers for downstream analyses. To this means, three different inactivation protocols were employed, namely Tergitol-type NP-40 (NP-40), polyoxyethylene-p-t-octylphenol (Triton X-100) and one with 95 °C heating. It could be demonstrated that all samples treated with 0.5% (v/v) concentration of both detergents showed an absence of virus infectivity. The same was true for heated samples. However, heated serum was not suitable for analyses. Next, the impact of treatment on biomarker readouts was assessed. While all protocols had an impact on the detection of biomarkers, correlation was retained. In particular, NP-40 may be the desired detergent for more accurate measurements while achieving efficient virus inactivation. Based on these studies, samples can be reliably inactivated for most biomarker analyses, and thus broader interdisciplinary cooperation is possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
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13 pages, 1529 KiB  
Article
Eight Years of African Swine Fever in the Baltic States: Epidemiological Reflections
by Katja Schulz, Edvīns Oļševskis, Arvo Viltrop, Marius Masiulis, Christoph Staubach, Imbi Nurmoja, Kristīne Lamberga, Mārtiņš Seržants, Alvydas Malakauskas, Franz Josef Conraths and Carola Sauter-Louis
Pathogens 2022, 11(6), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060711 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2350
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) was first detected in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in 2014 and has since been circulating in the Baltic States with a similar epidemiological course characterized by persistence of the disease in the wild boar population and occasional spill-over infections [...] Read more.
African swine fever (ASF) was first detected in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia in 2014 and has since been circulating in the Baltic States with a similar epidemiological course characterized by persistence of the disease in the wild boar population and occasional spill-over infections in domestic pigs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate surveillance data on ASF in wild boar from the three countries to improve our understanding of the course of the disease. ASF surveillance and wild boar population data of the countries were analyzed. In all three countries, a decrease in the prevalence of ASF virus-positive wild boar was observed over time. Although somewhat delayed, an increase in the seroprevalence was seen. At the same time, the wild boar population density decreased significantly. Towards the end of the study period, the wild boar population recovered, and the prevalence of ASF virus-positive wild boar increased again, whereas the seroprevalence decreased. The decreasing virus prevalence has obviously led to virus circulation at a very low level. Together with the decreasing wild boar population density, the detection of ASF-infected wild boar and thus ASF control has become increasingly difficult. The course of ASF and its continuous spread clearly demonstrate the necessity to scrutinize current ASF surveillance and control strategies fundamentally and to consider new transdisciplinary approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
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15 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of Diagnostic Assays and Sample Types in the Detection of an Attenuated Genotype 5 African Swine Fever Virus in European Pigs over a 3-Month Period
by Karyn A. Havas, Andrey E. Gogin, Julia V. Basalaeva, Irina P. Sindryakova, Olga L. Kolbasova, Ilya A. Titov, Valentina M. Lyska, Sergey Y. Morgunov, Mikhail E. Vlasov, Timofey A. Sevskikh, Elena Y. Pivova, Dmitry A. Kudrjashov, Kent Doolittle, Silvia Zimmerman, Wendy Witbeck, Luis G. Gimenez-Lirola, Joel Nerem, Gordon D. Spronk, Jeffrey J. Zimmerman and Alexey D. Sereda
Pathogens 2022, 11(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11040404 - 26 Mar 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2779
Abstract
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus causes hemorrhagic disease in swine. Attenuated strains are reported in Africa, Europe, and Asia. Few studies on the diagnostic detection of attenuated ASF viruses are available. Two groups of pigs were inoculated with an attenuated ASFV. Group 2 was also vaccinated with an attenuated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine. Commercially available ELISA, as well as extraction and qPCR assays, were used to detect antibodies in serum and oral fluids (OF) and nucleic acid in buccal swabs, tonsillar scrapings, OF, and blood samples collected over 93 days, respectively. After 12 dpi, serum (88.9% to 90.9%) in Group 1 was significantly better for antibody detection than OF (0.7% to 68.4%). Group 1′s overall qPCR detection was highest in blood (48.7%) and OF (44.2%), with the highest detection in blood (85.2%) from 8 to 21 days post inoculation (dpi) and in OF (83.3%) from 1 to 7 dpi. Group 2′s results were not significantly different from Group 1, but detection rates were lower overall. Early detection of attenuated ASFV variants requires active surveillance in apparently healthy animals and is only reliable at the herd level. Likewise, antibody testing will be needed to prove freedom from disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
14 pages, 913 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Laboratory Comparison of Methods for Detection and Quantification of African Swine Fever Virus
by Ann Sofie Olesen, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Graham J. Belsham, Anette Boklund, Tosca Ploegaert, Bernie Moonen-Leusen, Sandra Blome and Anette Bøtner
Pathogens 2022, 11(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030325 - 7 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3034
Abstract
African swine fever is a viral disease of the family Suidae. Methods to detect and quantify African swine fever virus (ASFV) include qPCR and virus infectivity assays. Individual laboratories often use in-house procedures for these assays, which can hamper the comparison of [...] Read more.
African swine fever is a viral disease of the family Suidae. Methods to detect and quantify African swine fever virus (ASFV) include qPCR and virus infectivity assays. Individual laboratories often use in-house procedures for these assays, which can hamper the comparison of results. The objective of this study was to estimate the probability of ASFV detection using these assays, and to determine the inter-test correlations between results. This was achieved by testing a panel of 80 samples at three reference laboratories. Samples were analysed using nucleic acid extraction and qPCR, as well as virus infectivity assays. For qPCR, a very high probability (ranging from 0.96 to 1.0) of detecting ASFV DNA was observed for all tested systems. For virus infectivity assays in cells, the probability of detecting infectious ASFV varied from 0.68 to 0.90 and was highest using pulmonary alveolar macrophages, followed by MARC145 cells, peripheral blood monocytes, and finally wild boar lung cells. Intraclass correlation coefficient estimates of 0.97 (0.96–0.98) between qPCR methods, 0.80 (0.74–0.85) to 0.94 (0.92–0.96) between virus infectivity assays, and 0.77 (0.68–0.83) to 0.95 (0.93–0.96) between qPCR methods and virus infectivity assays were obtained. These findings show that qPCR gives the highest probability for the detection of ASFV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
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9 pages, 1578 KiB  
Brief Report
The Effect of Temperature on the Stability of African Swine Fever Virus BA71V Isolate in Environmental Water Samples
by Eleni-Anna Loundras, Christopher L. Netherton, John Flannery, Michael J. Bowes, Linda Dixon and Carrie Batten
Pathogens 2023, 12(8), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12081022 - 8 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1996
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is known to be very stable and can remain infectious over long periods of time especially at low temperatures and within different matrices, particularly those containing animal-derived organic material. However, there are some gaps in our knowledge pertaining [...] Read more.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is known to be very stable and can remain infectious over long periods of time especially at low temperatures and within different matrices, particularly those containing animal-derived organic material. However, there are some gaps in our knowledge pertaining to the survivability and infectivity of ASFV in groundwater. This study aims to determine the stability and infectivity of the cell culture-adapted ASFV strain BA71V by plaque assay after incubation of the virus within river water samples at three different environmentally relevant temperatures (4 °C, 15 °C, and 21 °C) over the course of 42 days. The results from this study indicate that ASFV can remain stable and infectious when maintained at 4 °C in river water for more than 42 days, but as incubation temperatures are increased, the stability is reduced, and the virus is no longer able to form plaques after 28 days and 14 days, respectively, when stored at 15 °C and 21 °C. Characterizing the survivability of ASFV in groundwater can allow us to develop more appropriate inactivation and disinfection methods to support disease control and mitigate ASFV outbreaks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Swine Fevers: Global Perspective and Response)
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