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Pharmaceutics
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Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery
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Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2023) | Viewed by 13098

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chun Xu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
Interests: nanoparticles; surface modification; drug delivery; tissue engineering; bone regeneration
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Chang Lei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
Interests: developing novel nanomaterials for bioanalysis and tissue regeneration; and their transactions to affordable commercial products to be used in real cases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to participate in the forthcoming Special Issue of Pharmaceutics on “Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery”.

This Special Issue aims to highlight the current and future opportunities of porous nanomaterials for the application of tissue engineering and drug delivery. Porous nanomaterials, such as porous silica, porous carbon, porous bioactive glass, porous titian, metal–organic framework, and porous polymers, show great promise for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering due to their unique porous nature. This Special Issue will cover research on novel methods for the fabrication of advanced porous nanomaterials and their specific applications in the field of biomedical science, including drug and gene delivery, sensing, and tissue engineering. Both original articles and reviews are welcome.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Chun Xu
Dr. Chang Lei
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pharmaceutics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • inorganic nanomaterials
  • tissue engineering
  • drug delivery
  • bone repair
  • bone regeneration
  • nano hydroxyapatite
  • mesoporous bioactive glass
  • mesoporous silica nanoparticles
  • porous titian
  • metal–organic framework
  • porous polymers
  • porous carbon
  • soft tissue engineering

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 6437 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study of Mesoporous Silica and Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles as Non-Viral MicroRNA Vectors for Osteogenesis
by Sepanta Hosseinpour, Maria Natividad Gomez-Cerezo, Yuxue Cao, Chang Lei, Huan Dai, Laurence J. Walsh, Saso Ivanovski and Chun Xu
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(11), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112302 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2418
Abstract
Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-based therapies show advantages for bone regeneration but need efficient intracellular delivery methods. Inorganic nanoparticles such as mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have received growing interest in the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. This study explores [...] Read more.
Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA)-based therapies show advantages for bone regeneration but need efficient intracellular delivery methods. Inorganic nanoparticles such as mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGN) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) have received growing interest in the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids. This study explores the capacity of MBGN and MSN for delivering miRNA to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) for bone regenerative purposes, with a focus on comparing the two in terms of cell viability, transfection efficiency, and osteogenic actions. Spherical MBGN and MSN with a particle size of ~200 nm and small-sized mesopores were prepared using the sol-gel method, and then the surface was modified with polyethyleneimine for miRNA loading and delivery. The results showed miRNA can be loaded into both nanoparticles within 2 h and was released sustainedly for up to 3 days. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis indicated a high transfection efficiency (>64%) of both nanoparticles without statistical difference. Compared with MSN, MBGN showed stronger activation of alkaline phosphatase and activation of osteocalcin genes. This translated to a greater osteogenic effect of MBGN on BMSC, with Alizarin red staining showing greater mineralization compared with the MSN group. These findings show the potential for MBGN to be used in bone tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery)
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19 pages, 10858 KiB  
Article
The Incorporation of Etanercept into a Porous Tri-Layer Scaffold for Restoring and Repairing Cartilage Tissue
by Yaima Campos, Gastón Fuentes, Amisel Almirall, Ivo Que, Timo Schomann, Chih Kit Chung, Carla Jorquera-Cordero, Luis Quintanilla, José C. Rodríguez-Cabello, Alan Chan and Luis J. Cruz
Pharmaceutics 2022, 14(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14020282 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3415
Abstract
Cartilage diseases currently affect a high percentage of the world’s population. Almost all of these diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), cause inflammation of this soft tissue. However, this could be controlled with biomaterials that act as an anti-inflammatory delivery system, capable of dosing [...] Read more.
Cartilage diseases currently affect a high percentage of the world’s population. Almost all of these diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), cause inflammation of this soft tissue. However, this could be controlled with biomaterials that act as an anti-inflammatory delivery system, capable of dosing these drugs over time in a specific area. The objective of this study was to incorporate etanercept (ETA) into porous three-layer scaffolds to decrease the inflammatory process in this soft tissue. ETA is a blocker of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). For this reason, the scaffold was built based on natural polymers, including chitosan and type I collagen. The scaffold was grafted next to subchondral bone using hydroxyapatite as filler. One of the biomaterials obtained was also crosslinked to compare its mechanical properties with the non-treated one. Both samples’ physicochemical properties were studied with SEM, micro-CT and photoacoustic imaging, and their rheological properties were also compared. The cell viability and proliferation of the human chondrocyte C28/I2 cell line were studied in vitro. An in vitro and in vivo controlled release study was evaluated in both specimens. The ETA anti-inflammatory effect was also studied by in vitro TNF-α and IL-6 production. The crosslinked and non-treated scaffolds had rheological properties suitable for this application. They were non-cytotoxic and favoured the in vitro growth of chondrocytes. The in vitro and in vivo ETA release showed desirable results for a drug delivery system. The TNF-α and IL-6 production assay showed that this drug was effective as an anti-inflammatory agent. In an in vivo OA mice model, safranin-O and fast green staining was carried out. The OA cartilage tissue improved when the scaffold with ETA was grafted in the damaged area. These results demonstrate that this type of biomaterial has high potential for clinical applications in tissue engineering and as a controlled drug delivery system in OA articular cartilage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery)
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Review

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24 pages, 5116 KiB  
Review
The Delivery and Activation of Growth Factors Using Nanomaterials for Bone Repair
by Yiwei Li, Chun Xu and Chang Lei
Pharmaceutics 2023, 15(3), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15031017 - 22 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2777
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a comprehensive process that involves different stages, and various growth factors (GFs) play crucial roles in the entire process. GFs are currently widely used in clinical settings to promote bone repair; however, the direct application of GFs is often limited [...] Read more.
Bone regeneration is a comprehensive process that involves different stages, and various growth factors (GFs) play crucial roles in the entire process. GFs are currently widely used in clinical settings to promote bone repair; however, the direct application of GFs is often limited by their fast degradation and short local residual time. Additionally, GFs are expensive, and their use may carry risks of ectopic osteogenesis and potential tumor formation. Nanomaterials have recently shown great promise in delivering GFs for bone regeneration, as they can protect fragile GFs and control their release. Moreover, functional nanomaterials can directly activate endogenous GFs, modulating the regeneration process. This review provides a summary of the latest advances in using nanomaterials to deliver exogenous GFs and activate endogenous GFs to promote bone regeneration. We also discuss the potential for synergistic applications of nanomaterials and GFs in bone regeneration, along with the challenges and future directions that need to be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery)
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22 pages, 2751 KiB  
Review
Porous Nanomaterials Targeting Autophagy in Bone Regeneration
by Qing Zhang, Lan Xiao and Yin Xiao
Pharmaceutics 2021, 13(10), 1572; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101572 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3546
Abstract
Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) are nanosized materials with specially designed porous structures that have been widely used in the bone tissue engineering field due to the fact of their excellent physical and chemical properties such as high porosity, high specific surface area, and ideal [...] Read more.
Porous nanomaterials (PNMs) are nanosized materials with specially designed porous structures that have been widely used in the bone tissue engineering field due to the fact of their excellent physical and chemical properties such as high porosity, high specific surface area, and ideal biodegradability. Currently, PNMs are mainly used in the following four aspects: (1) as an excellent cargo to deliver bone regenerative growth factors/drugs; (2) as a fluorescent material to trace cell differentiation and bone formation; (3) as a raw material to synthesize or modify tissue engineering scaffolds; (4) as a bio-active substance to regulate cell behavior. Recent advances in the interaction between nanomaterials and cells have revealed that autophagy, a cellular survival mechanism that regulates intracellular activity by degrading/recycling intracellular metabolites, providing energy/nutrients, clearing protein aggregates, destroying organelles, and destroying intracellular pathogens, is associated with the phagocytosis and clearance of nanomaterials as well as material-induced cell differentiation and stress. Autophagy regulates bone remodeling balance via directly participating in the differentiation of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, autophagy can regulate bone regeneration by modulating immune cell response, thereby modulating the osteogenic microenvironment. Therefore, autophagy may serve as an effective target for nanomaterials to facilitate the bone regeneration process. Increasingly, studies have shown that PNMs can modulate autophagy to regulate bone regeneration in recent years. This paper summarizes the current advances on the main application of PNMs in bone regeneration, the critical role of autophagy in bone regeneration, and the mechanism of PNMs regulating bone regeneration by targeting autophagy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery)
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