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Photonics
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Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond
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Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732). This special issue belongs to the section "Optical Communication and Network".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 December 2024 | Viewed by 5993

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Minglun Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China
Interests: visible light communications; underwater optical wireless communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hongyu Zhou

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China
Interests: visible light communications; underwater optical wireless communications
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in various key technologies in the field of visible light communications. Light sources have evolved from ordinary lighting LEDs to micro-LEDs, new-material LEDs, and laser diodes. Detectors have evolved from PIN diodes and APDs to single-photon detectors. Deep learning technology has been applied to demodulation, equalization, etc. Optical reconfigurable intelligent surface (ORIS) technology has been used to improve the robustness of visible light communication, and visible light communication based on laser diodes can reach a speed of 1Tbits/s. The application of new methods has improved the performance of visible light communication technologies. From an application perspective, visible light communication technology is considered one of the key technologies of 6G. It is a vital technology in the field of underwater short-range and high-speed communication and has multiple advantages in positioning. Recently, in particular, the Internet of Vehicles has attached great importance to visible light communication technology, and some important experiments are currently underway.

This Special Issue invites manuscripts that introduce recent advancements in wireless optical communications. All theoretical, numerical, and experimental papers are accepted. Topics can include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Breakthroughs in light sources and detectors;
  • Pre-emphasis and post-equalization technologies;
  • Deep learning in visible light communication technologies;
  • Underwater optical wireless communications;
  • Visible light communication networking technology;
  • Li-Fi;
  • Laser-based wireless optical communications;
  • Visible light positioning;
  • Modulation and demodulation technologies;
  • Photon counting detection;
  • Experiment demonstrations;
  • Optical reconfigurable intelligent surface (ORIS);
  • Vehicle-to-vehicle visible light communications;
  • OWC between drones.

Prof. Dr. Minglun Zhang
Dr. Hongyu Zhou
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

• visible light communications
• underwater optical wireless communications
• deep learning
• channel model
• high-speed transmission

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 706 KiB  
Article
A Python-Based Indoor Channel Model with Multi-Wavelength Propagation for Color Shift Keying
by Juan F. Gutiérrez, Diego Sandoval and Jesus M. Quintero
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100988 - 20 Oct 2024
Viewed by 771
Abstract
Color shift keying is a modulation scheme for visible light communication that uses fixtures with three or more narrow-spectral light-emitting diodes to transmit data while fulfilling the primary function of illumination. When this modulation is used indoors, the reflectivity of the walls strongly [...] Read more.
Color shift keying is a modulation scheme for visible light communication that uses fixtures with three or more narrow-spectral light-emitting diodes to transmit data while fulfilling the primary function of illumination. When this modulation is used indoors, the reflectivity of the walls strongly affects the inter-channel interference and illumination quality. In this paper we present an indoor channel model that takes into account multi-wavelength propagation. This model is available as an open-source Python package. The model calculates the inter-channel interference, illuminance, correlated color temperature, and color rendering index at the receiver position. The Python package includes a module for estimating the symbol error rate. To validate the model, we computed the received power at each color photodetector for four different indoor scenarios. The model demonstrated a color rendering index of less than 15 when using IEEE-based color shift keying and non-uniform illumination on a horizontal plane. The simulation determined the required luminous flux to achieve a symbol error rate of less than 10−5 when the photodetector is at the center of the indoor space and vertically below the light source. To maintain a symbol error rate less than 10−5, the luminous flux increases when the photodetector is displaced in a diagonal direction from the center of the plane. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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16 pages, 2036 KiB  
Article
NOMA Visible Light Communications with Distinct Optical Beam Configurations
by Jupeng Ding, Chih-Lin I, Jintao Wang and Hui Yang
Photonics 2024, 11(10), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11100944 - 7 Oct 2024
Viewed by 676
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) has been viewed as one promising candidate to mitigate the challenging spectrum crisis and radio frequency interference in future 6G mobile communications and networking. Due to the relatively limited baseband modulation bandwidth of VLC light sources—typically, light-emitting diodes—non-orthogonal multiple [...] Read more.
Visible light communication (VLC) has been viewed as one promising candidate to mitigate the challenging spectrum crisis and radio frequency interference in future 6G mobile communications and networking. Due to the relatively limited baseband modulation bandwidth of VLC light sources—typically, light-emitting diodes—non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) techniques have been proposed and explored to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of VLC systems. However, almost all reported NOMA VLC schemes focus on well-discussed applications employing a Lambertian light beam configuration and ignore the potential applications with distinct non-Lambertian optical beam configurations. To address this issue, in this work, the performance of non-Lambertian optical beam configuration-based NOMA VLC is comparatively investigated for future 6G mobile networks. The numerical results demonstrate that, for a fundamental two-user application scenario with the far user located at the corner position, a maximum sum rate gain of about 15.6 Mbps could be provided by the investigated distinct non-Lambertian beam-based NOMA VLC, compared with the maximum sum rate of about 93.3 Mbps for the conventional Lambertian configuration with the same power splitting factor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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17 pages, 2877 KiB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Non-Lambertian SLIPT for 6G Visible Light Communication Systems
by Jupeng Ding, Chih-Lin I, Jintao Wang and Jian Song
Photonics 2024, 11(9), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090856 - 10 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 861
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as one promising candidate technique to improve the throughput performance in future sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication networks. Due to the limited battery capacity of VLC systems, light energy harvesting has been proposed and incorporated for achieving the [...] Read more.
Visible light communication (VLC) has emerged as one promising candidate technique to improve the throughput performance in future sixth-generation (6G) mobile communication networks. Due to the limited battery capacity of VLC systems, light energy harvesting has been proposed and incorporated for achieving the simultaneous lightwave information and power transfer (SLIPT) function and for improving the overall energy efficiency. Nevertheless, almost all reported works are limited to SLIPT scenarios adopting a basic and well-discussed Lambertian optical transmitter, which definitely cannot characterize the potential and essential scenarios employing distinctive non-Lambertian optical transmitters with various spatial beam characteristics. For addressing this issue, in this work, SLIPT based on a distinct non-Lambertian optical beam configuration is investigated, and for further enhancing the harvested energy and the achievable data rate, the relevant flexible optical beam configuration method is presented as well. The numerical results show that, for a typical receiver position, compared with about 1.14 mJ harvested energy and a 31.2 Mbps achievable data rate of the baseline Lambertian configuration, a harvested energy gain of up to 1.55 mJ and an achievable data rate gain of 21.1 Mbps can be achieved by the non-Lambertian SLIPT scheme explored here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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27 pages, 4033 KiB  
Article
Survey on Optical Wireless Communication with Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
by Chengwei Fang, Shuo Li, Yinong Wang and Ke Wang
Photonics 2024, 11(9), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11090830 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for providing high-data-rate wireless connections through the large license-free bandwidth available. A key challenge in OWC systems, similar to high-frequency Radiofrequency (RF) systems, is the presence of [...] Read more.
Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) technology has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for providing high-data-rate wireless connections through the large license-free bandwidth available. A key challenge in OWC systems, similar to high-frequency Radiofrequency (RF) systems, is the presence of dead zones caused by obstacles like buildings, trees, and moving individuals, which can degrade signal quality or disrupt data transmission. Traditionally, relays have been used to mitigate these issues. Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRSs) have recently emerged as a promising solution, enhancing system performance and flexibility by providing reconfigurable communication channels. This paper presents an overview of the application of IRSs in OWC systems. Specifically, we categorize IRSs into two main types: mirror array-based IRSs and metasurface-based IRSs. Furthermore, we delve into modeling approaches of mirror array-based IRSs in OWC and analyze recent advances in IRS control, which are classified into system power or gain optimization-oriented, system link reliability optimization-oriented, system data rate optimization-oriented, system security optimization-oriented, and system energy optimization-oriented approaches. Moreover, we present the principles of metasurface-based IRSs from a physical mechanism perspective, highlighting their application in OWC systems through the distinct roles of light signal refraction and reflection. Finally, we discuss the key challenges and potential future directions for integrating IRS with OWC systems, providing insights for further research in this promising field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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12 pages, 6964 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Channel Modeling for End-to-End Visible Light DCO-OFDM Communication System Based on Experimental Data
by Bo Song, Yanwen Zhu, Yi Huang and Haiteng Zong
Photonics 2024, 11(8), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11080781 - 22 Aug 2024
Viewed by 541
Abstract
End-to-end systems have been introduced to address the issue of independent signal processing module design in traditional communication systems, which prevents achieving global system optimization. However, research on indoor end-to-end Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems remains limited, especially regarding the channel modeling of [...] Read more.
End-to-end systems have been introduced to address the issue of independent signal processing module design in traditional communication systems, which prevents achieving global system optimization. However, research on indoor end-to-end Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems remains limited, especially regarding the channel modeling of high-speed, high-capacity Direct Current-biased Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DCO-OFDM) systems. This paper proposes three channel modeling methods for end-to-end DCO-OFDM VLC systems. The accuracy of the proposed methods is demonstrated through R-Square model fitting performance and data distribution analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed channel modeling methods is further validated by comparing the bit error rate (BER) performance of traditional receivers and existing deep learning (DL)-based receivers. The results show that the proposed methods can effectively mitigate both linear and nonlinear distortions. By employing these channel modeling methods, communication systems can reduce the spectral occupancy of pilot signals, thereby significantly lowering the complexity of traditional channel estimation methods. Thus, these methods are suitable for use in end-to-end VLC communication systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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18 pages, 12880 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost 3D Indoor Visible Light Positioning: Algorithms and Experimental Validation
by Sanjha Khan, Josep Paradells and Marisa Catalan
Photonics 2024, 11(7), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11070626 - 29 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 968
Abstract
Visible light technology presents significant advancement for indoor IoT applications. These systems offer enhanced bit rate transmission, enabling faster and reliable data transfer. Moreover, optical-based visible light systems facilitate improved location services within indoor environments. However, many of these systems still exhibit limited [...] Read more.
Visible light technology presents significant advancement for indoor IoT applications. These systems offer enhanced bit rate transmission, enabling faster and reliable data transfer. Moreover, optical-based visible light systems facilitate improved location services within indoor environments. However, many of these systems still exhibit limited accuracy within several centimeters, even when relying on costly high-resolution cameras. This paper introduces a novel low-cost visible light system for 3D positioning, designed to enhance indoor positioning accuracy using low-resolution images. Initially, we propose a non-integer pixel (NI-P) algorithm to enhance precision without the need for higher-resolution images. This algorithm allows the system to identify the precise light spot coordinates on the low-resolution images, enabling accurate positioning. Subsequently, we present an algorithm leveraging the precise coordinate data from the previous step to determine the 3D position of objects even in front of errors in the measures. Benefiting from high accuracy, reduced cost, and low complexity, the proposed system is suitable for implementation on low-end hardware platforms, thereby increasing the versatility and feasibility of visible light technologies in indoor settings. Experimental results show an average 2D positioning error of 1.08 cm and 3D error within 1.4 cm at 2.3 m separation between the object and camera, achieved with an average positioning time of 20 ms on a low-end embedded device. Consequently, the proposed system offers fast and highly accurate indoor positioning and tracking capabilities, making it suitable for applications like mobile robots, automated guided vehicles, and indoor parking management. Furthermore, it is easy to deploy and does not require re-calibration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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13 pages, 1736 KiB  
Article
Coalitional Game Theory-Based Resource Allocation Strategy for Robust IRS-VLC System
by Changling Liu, Jianping Wang, Lifang Feng, Huimin Lu, Haijian Sun and Rose Qingyang Hu
Photonics 2024, 11(6), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11060582 - 20 Jun 2024
Viewed by 656
Abstract
This study investigates the optimization of energy efficiency in robust visible light communication (VLC)—intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) systems through a novel resource allocation strategy based on coalitional game theory. By employing coalitional game theory, the proposed strategy optimizes LED power and IRS energy [...] Read more.
This study investigates the optimization of energy efficiency in robust visible light communication (VLC)—intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) systems through a novel resource allocation strategy based on coalitional game theory. By employing coalitional game theory, the proposed strategy optimizes LED power and IRS energy consumption within practical constraints. IRS elements form coalitions centered around a central unit or units, enhancing the system performance through coordinated element management. Simulation results demonstrate significant improvements in energy efficiency and signal quality compared to conventional methods, validating the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Wireless Optical Communication: Integrating Visible Light and Beyond)
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