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Photonics
Special Issues
Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology
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Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology

A special issue of Photonics (ISSN 2304-6732).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 7388

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yuri Filatov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laser Measurement and Navigation Systems Department, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
Interests: ring laser gyro physics and applications; laser methods and means of displacement measurement; fiber optic gyro physics and applications; precision laser angle measurement systems for metrology; systems of refraction index measurement

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on optical sensors, the measurements of various values and parameters that can be made by using these sensors, their metrological characteristics, and the methods of obtaining them. This research, development, calibration, and characterization of optical sensors can be applied in metrology in order to achieve the highest accuracy and, thus, the lowest uncertainty.

Results of research on classical technologies, such as Fizeau interferometers, displacement laser interferometers, and angle measurement interferometers, are welcome, as well as those based on more recent innovative techniques, such as fiber optical sensors, waveguide sensors with a Mach–Zehnder modulator, and waveguide resonator gyros, and that cover the latest developments based on surface profiling, multi-wavelength digital holography, wavefront sensors, laser distance sensors, etc. Papers that focus on overcoming challenges, i.e., those related to grating interferometers used in photolithography scanner position measurement systems to measure the positions of the wafer stages, will also be appreciated.

Prof. Dr. Yuri Filatov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Photonics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical sensor
  • accuracy
  • uncertainty
  • laser interferometer
  • waveguide sensors
  • fiber optical sensors
  • wavefront sensors

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 3525 KiB  
Article
A Model of Angle Measurement Using an Autocollimator and Optical Polygon
by Roman A. Larichev and Yuri V. Filatov
Photonics 2023, 10(12), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10121359 - 8 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1440
Abstract
The significance of an autocollimator in angular metrology cannot be overestimated: in many countries, it is either included as part of the primary plane angle standard or is involved in transferring the unit of plane angle from this standard to less accurate measuring [...] Read more.
The significance of an autocollimator in angular metrology cannot be overestimated: in many countries, it is either included as part of the primary plane angle standard or is involved in transferring the unit of plane angle from this standard to less accurate measuring instruments. This paper presents a historical overview of the problems encountered when using an autocollimator in angular metrology, as well as of proposed solutions. Not for the first time, the problem of the theoretical definition of the angle being measured between surfaces that are not perfectly flat is raised. In addition, the authors attempt to compile a complete list of factors affecting angular measurements using an autocollimator and to build a model that allows some of these factors to be taken into account for a subsequent algorithmic compensation of their influence. To assess the level of accuracy of angular measurements at which the use of the proposed model is reasonable, a simplified simulation example is presented. In an attempt to confirm the validity of the proposed model, a corresponding analysis of experimental data is provided. The applicability and limitations of the proposed model are discussed in the conclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology)
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10 pages, 1762 KiB  
Article
Non-Reciprocal Frequency Contributions from the Active Medium in a Ring Laser
by Alexander A. Velikoseltsev, Karl Ulrich Schreiber, Jan Kodet and Jon-Paul R. Wells
Photonics 2023, 10(11), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111241 - 8 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1165
Abstract
Under ideal conditions, the optical path for the two counter-propagating beams in a square ring laser cavity is expected to be entirely reciprocal. This property, together with the absence of any moving parts in the gyro, makes ring lasers a very useful rotation-sensing [...] Read more.
Under ideal conditions, the optical path for the two counter-propagating beams in a square ring laser cavity is expected to be entirely reciprocal. This property, together with the absence of any moving parts in the gyro, makes ring lasers a very useful rotation-sensing device. For a typical aircraft application, a sensor stability of the order of 0.01 °/h and a resolution of 1 ppm is required. The demands for inertial rotation sensing in space geodesy are three orders of magnitude higher. Therefore, the perturbations from the presence of the active laser gain medium inside the cavity cannot be ignored. While these perturbations can be sufficiently contained in aviation gyros due to the much lower requirements, they cause a notable bias in large ring laser gyroscopes for the observation of the instantaneous rotation rate of the Earth. In this paper, we report on an improved model for bias stability from the presence of the laser gain medium in the gyro cavity of the large ring laser “G” at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell. Typical values between 5 and 10 ppB are obtained over several months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology)
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15 pages, 2530 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost Fiber-Optic Sensing System with Smartphone Interrogation for Pulse Wave Monitoring
by Aleksandr Markvart, Alexander Petrov, Sergei Tataurtshikov, Leonid Liokumovich and Nikolai Ushakov
Photonics 2023, 10(10), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101074 - 24 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1400
Abstract
Pulse wave measurement is a highly prominent technique used in biomedical diagnostics. The development of novel cost-effective pulse wave sensors will pave the way to more advanced healthcare technologies. This work reports on a pulse wave optical fiber sensor interrogated by a smartphone. [...] Read more.
Pulse wave measurement is a highly prominent technique used in biomedical diagnostics. The development of novel cost-effective pulse wave sensors will pave the way to more advanced healthcare technologies. This work reports on a pulse wave optical fiber sensor interrogated by a smartphone. The sensor performance was tested in terms of signal to noise ratio, repeatability of demodulated signal and suitability of demodulated signals for the extraction of information about direct and reflected waves. The analysis showed that the observed fluctuations of signal parameters are caused by variability of the state of the cardiovascular system and not by the system noise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology)
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13 pages, 2491 KiB  
Communication
Development and Analysis of Multifeature Approaches in SPR Sensor Development
by Arnaldo Leal-Junior, Guilherme Lopes and Carlos Marques
Photonics 2023, 10(6), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060694 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1316
Abstract
This paper presents the development and signal analysis of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors in D-shaped polymer optical fibers (POFs). A gold-palladium (Au-Pd) coating was applied to the D-shaped region to obtain the SPR signal in the transmitted spectrum of the POFs, where [...] Read more.
This paper presents the development and signal analysis of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based sensors in D-shaped polymer optical fibers (POFs). A gold-palladium (Au-Pd) coating was applied to the D-shaped region to obtain the SPR signal in the transmitted spectrum of the POFs, where different samples were fabricated using the same methods and parameters. In this case, the transmitted spectra of three sets of samples were compared, which indicated variations in the SPR signature that can influence the sensors’ application and reproducibility. Then, the intensity of and wavelength shift in the SPR signals were analyzed as a function of the refractive index variation, where it was possible to observe differences in the sensors’ sensitivities and the linearity of the different samples. In this regard, additional features, namely the area below the curve and the peak amplitude of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) applied to the transmitted spectra, were used to enhance the sensors’ accuracy and precision. To verify the use of such additional features in the sensor analysis, an unsupervised approach based on k-means clustering was used considering a single dataset with the results of all the sensors. The results showed clustering with the number of different refractive indices tested, which motivated the use of these features (intensity, wavelength, area and FFT amplitude) in the refractive index assessment. In this context, random forest was the supervised algorithm with the smallest root mean squared error (RMSE) among the algorithms tested, where an RMSE of 0.0057 was obtained considering all the datasets. For the analysis of each sensor (considering the three sets of sensor samples), the mean RMSE using random forest applied to the multifeature approach returned relative errors below 9%, considering the entire tested range of refractive index variation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology)
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10 pages, 4211 KiB  
Communication
Photonics Large-Survey Telescope Internal Motion Metrology System
by Qichang An, Hanfu Zhang, Xiaoxia Wu, Jianli Wang, Tao Chen and Hongwen Li
Photonics 2023, 10(5), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10050595 - 21 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Large survey telescopes are vital for mapping dark energy and dark matter in the deep universe. This study presents a fiber-linked internal motion metrology system that aligns the mirrors and large lenses in the telescopes to enhance alignment accuracy by improving the image [...] Read more.
Large survey telescopes are vital for mapping dark energy and dark matter in the deep universe. This study presents a fiber-linked internal motion metrology system that aligns the mirrors and large lenses in the telescopes to enhance alignment accuracy by improving the image quality at a lower weight, volume, power, and cost. The internal motion system comprises a photonic laser beam projector capable of projecting multiple Gaussian beams onto the detector of the telescope. The specific spatial frequency aberration component is determined by combining Gaussian beam location and the geometry model of the telescope. Furthermore, integrating the proposed system with the curvature-sensing wavefront system enables more precise alignment and camera sensing. In the experimental tests, the location precision was within 10 μm, and the rotation precision improved to 5 arcsecs, fulfilling the alignment and motion monitoring requirements of large survey telescopes. The results of this study can be used as a reference to improve the performance of closed-loop bandwidth systems and active camera optics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensors, Measurements, and Metrology)
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