Photonics

Research

15 pages, 5234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Array Visible-Light Optical Generalized Spatial Multiplexing–Multiple Input Multiple-Output System with Pearson Coefficient-Based Antenna Selection

by Li Zhao, Hao Wang, Junlin Chen and Xiangyan Meng

Photonics 2024, 11(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11010067 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1118

Abstract

To address the limitations of poor environmental adaptability, unsatisfactory bit-error performance, and high complexity of conventional antenna selection algorithms applied to a multi-array visible-light optical generalized spatial multiplexing–multiple-input multiple-output (OGSMP-MIMO) system, an OGSMP-MIMO system based on Pearson coefficient antenna selection is proposed. The [...] Read more.

To address the limitations of poor environmental adaptability, unsatisfactory bit-error performance, and high complexity of conventional antenna selection algorithms applied to a multi-array visible-light optical generalized spatial multiplexing–multiple-input multiple-output (OGSMP-MIMO) system, an OGSMP-MIMO system based on Pearson coefficient antenna selection is proposed. The algorithm adopts the correlation of Pearson coefficients among photoelectric detector (PD) terminals at different positions and active transmit antennas to select the optimal antenna combination without relying on the accuracy of channel estimation, for realizing the multiplexing of the time and space domains, and to improve the bit-error performance. Finally, experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of the antenna selection algorithm, based on the Pearson coefficients. The results indicated that when the bit-error rate reached 10⁻⁶, using the antenna selection algorithm based on the Pearson coefficient, the signal-to-noise ratio was improved by 2.7 dB and 3.7 dB when compared with the norm-based antenna and random selection algorithms, respectively. In addition, increasing the number of active transmitting antennas can improve the transmission rate; however, the bit-error performance will be compromised. In the same modulation mode, increasing the number of transmitting antennas will reduce the bit-error performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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17 pages, 7013 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design and Implementation of a Non-Common-View Axis Alignment System for Airborne Laser Communication

by Chenghu Ke, Yuting Shu, Xizheng Ke, Meimiao Han and Ruidong Chen

Photonics 2023, 10(9), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10091037 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

This paper proposes a non-common-view axis alignment method for the alignment requirements of airborne laser communication systems. The system consists of a ground transmitting end and an airborne relay terminal. The ground transmitting end uses a camera and a pan-tilt for image tracking, [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a non-common-view axis alignment method for the alignment requirements of airborne laser communication systems. The system consists of a ground transmitting end and an airborne relay terminal. The ground transmitting end uses a camera and a pan-tilt for image tracking, while the airborne relay end uses a two-dimensional mirror to control the beam to achieve non-common-view axis alignment between the transmitting and receiving sides. The working principle and process of both the transmitter and receiver of the non-common-view axis alignment system for airborne laser communication were compared with traditional wireless optical alignment methods. The design process of the two-dimensional mirror used in this paper is introduced, the scanning trajectory of the two-dimensional mirror is simulated and analyzed according to the beam scanning principle, and the field experiment link is set up to carry out the airborne laser communication experiment. The experimental results show that when the link distance is 10 m, the tracking errors of the system in the azimuth and pitch directions are 19.02 µrad and 22.35 µrad respectively, and the amplitude of the electrical signal output by the signal detector is 84.0 mV; When the link distance is 20 m, the tracking errors of the system in the azimuth and pitch directions are 39.66 µrad and 33.94 µrad respectively, and the amplitude of the electrical signal output by the signal detector is 23.0 mV. Using this method, the alignment can be completed without data return, and the establishment of the reverse link can also be realized while the transmission link is quickly established, and there is no need for an air stability platform. The feasibility of the application of the non-common-view axis alignment method to the airborne laser communication system is verified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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14 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of HQAM/XQAM Laser Communication System in Anisotropic Non-Kolmogorov Ground–HAP–Satellite Uplink

by Xuewen Jiang, Yi Wang and Wangyue Lu

Photonics 2023, 10(8), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10080895 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1350

Abstract

Satellite laser communication can achieve high-speed, high-precision, and high-security broadband communication without being constrained by the electromagnetic spectrum, which has attracted attention. So, this paper proposes the use of a high-altitude platform (HAP) under anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence to improve the communication performance of [...] Read more.

Satellite laser communication can achieve high-speed, high-precision, and high-security broadband communication without being constrained by the electromagnetic spectrum, which has attracted attention. So, this paper proposes the use of a high-altitude platform (HAP) under anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence to improve the communication performance of the system. Cross quadrature amplitude modulation (XQAM) and hexagon quadrature amplitude modulation (HQAM) are applied to the ground–HAP–satellite (G-H-S) laser communication system. Considering the combined effects of uplink light intensity scintillation, beam wander, and the angle of arrival fluctuation, the G-H-S system’s bit error rate (BER) closure expression is derived under the EW distribution. Simultaneously, the relationship between the G-H-S system’s signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and BER under different anisotropic factor u values is simulated and compared with the traditional ground–satellite (G-S) system. The results show that the communication performance of the G-H-S system with HQAM modulation is better. In addition, the effects of the zenith angle, receiving aperture, transmitter beam radius, and beam divergence angle on the BER performance of the system are also studied. Finally, the correctness of the analysis results is verified via Monte Carlo simulation. This research will benefit the design and optimization of satellite laser communication systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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15 pages, 6480 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Research on Indoor Visible Light Location Based on Fusion Clustering Algorithm

by Chenghu Ke, Yuting Shu and Xizheng Ke

Photonics 2023, 10(7), 853; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10070853 - 23 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1489

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of large positioning errors in the boundary area, a new location fingerprint location method based on a fusion clustering algorithm is proposed. This clustering-based method embodies the idea of rough location first and then fine location. Firstly, the edge [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problem of large positioning errors in the boundary area, a new location fingerprint location method based on a fusion clustering algorithm is proposed. This clustering-based method embodies the idea of rough location first and then fine location. Firstly, the edge regions of the received signal strength (RSS) samples which are greatly affected by reflection are divided using the k-medoids algorithm, and then the center part is clustered via density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN). In the actual location estimation stage, the points to be measured can only be located in one of the classified areas, and combined with the optimal k-nearest neighbor algorithm (WOKNN) to match the location. The results show that the average positioning error of the algorithm is 13 cm in an indoor environment of 5 m × 5 m × 3 m. Compared with the traditional method without clustering, the positioning accuracy of the edge area is increased by 21%, and the overall improvement is 33.8%, which proves that the proposed algorithm effectively improves the efficiency of real-time positioning and indoor positioning accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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18 pages, 15253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Study of Generalized Space Time Block Coded Enhanced Fully Optical Generalized Spatial Modulation System Based on Málaga Distribution Model

by Yi Wang and Rui Zhou

Photonics 2023, 10(3), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030285 - 8 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1264

Abstract

This paper proposes a generalized space time block coded (GSTBC) enhanced fully optical generalized spatial modulation (EFOGSM) system based on Málaga (M) turbulent channel. GSTBC-EFOGSM adopts the hybrid concept of generalized space time block coded and optical spatial modulation to further utilize the [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a generalized space time block coded (GSTBC) enhanced fully optical generalized spatial modulation (EFOGSM) system based on Málaga (M) turbulent channel. GSTBC-EFOGSM adopts the hybrid concept of generalized space time block coded and optical spatial modulation to further utilize the high transmission rate of EFOGSM and the diversity advantage of GSTBC in free space optical (FSO) communication systems. Considering the combined effects of path loss, pointing error and atmospheric turbulence, the Meijer G function is used to derive the closed-form expression for the average bit error rate (ABER) of GSTBC-EFOGSM. Then, the ABER performance, data transmission rate, energy efficiency and computational complexity at the receiver of GSTBC-EFOGSM are compared with other optical spatial modulation schemes by simulation. In addition, the effects of key factors, such as data transmission rate, encoding ratio, number of photodetectors and modulation order, on the ABER performance of the system are also analyzed via simulation. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is used to verify the correctness of the numerical simulation. The simulation results show that the GSTBC-EFOGSM system has better ABER performance and good performance gain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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10 pages, 4480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Surface Plasmonic Bending Beam via Nanoslit Interactions

by Xiaoming Li, Liang Wang, Hang Zhang, Xueli Li and Hui Li

Photonics 2022, 9(12), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120896 - 23 Nov 2022

Viewed by 1239

Abstract

The discussion of resonance mechanisms for artificial structural units has always been a key to producing highly efficient, active and tunable meta-devices in the fields of controlling surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) to generate surface plasmonic bending beams (SPBs). In this study, an array [...] Read more.

The discussion of resonance mechanisms for artificial structural units has always been a key to producing highly efficient, active and tunable meta-devices in the fields of controlling surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) to generate surface plasmonic bending beams (SPBs). In this study, an array of 20 antisymmetric double V-shaped structures was designed to generate an SPB. The arms of the double V-shaped structures were panned to control the electric field intensity distributions of the SPB. The influence of the polarization states (such as polarization angles, linearly polarized (LP), left-circularly polarized (LCP) and right-circularly polarized (RCP) light) of the incident light on electric field intensity of SPB is discussed. These results can be well explained by the theory of dipole radiation. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis. It is hoped that these results will help guide subsequent work in optimizing SPB generators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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16 pages, 4262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research of Phase Compensation Methods Based on the Median Reweighted Wirtinger Flow Algorithm

by Yang Cao, Zupeng Zhang, Xiaofeng Peng, Huaijun Qin and Wenqing Li

Photonics 2022, 9(9), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090619 - 30 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1841

Abstract

An improved non-convex optimized phase recovery algorithm is used to compensate for wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors in the vortex beam. The algorithm is divided into two parts: initialization and iteration. To reduce the effect of outliers, truncation rules [...] Read more.

An improved non-convex optimized phase recovery algorithm is used to compensate for wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors in the vortex beam. The algorithm is divided into two parts: initialization and iteration. To reduce the effect of outliers, truncation rules are formulated in the initialization phase using the robustness of the sample median to obtain an initial value that is close to the global optimum. The relationship between the results of adjacent iterations is used in the iterations to calculate new weight coefficients, which are applied to the gradient descent to ensure the accuracy of the recovery results. Simulation experiments are carried out for different channel environments and different modes, and the results show that the improved phase recovery algorithm can accurately compensate for distorted wave fronts. The improved algorithm recovers the best results at different turbulence intensities and under the influence of different pointing errors. The recovered Strehl ratio can reach 0.9 and the mode purity can reach 0.92. Single-mode and multi-mode simulations were carried out, and the results show that the improved algorithm is effective and robust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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16 pages, 6370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Light Interaction with Cluster Chiral Nanostructures by High-Order Bessel Beam

by Jing Bai, Cheng-Xian Ge, Zhen-Sen Wu, Peng Su and Yu Gao

Photonics 2022, 9(8), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080509 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1463

Abstract

Interactions between cluster chiral nanoparticles and a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) with arbitrary illuminations are investigated. The generalized Lorenz–Mie theory (GLMT) is applied to derive the expansions of HOBB. Based on the additional theorem, multiple scattering results of cluster chiral nanoparticles are obtained [...] Read more.

Interactions between cluster chiral nanoparticles and a high-order Bessel beam (HOBB) with arbitrary illuminations are investigated. The generalized Lorenz–Mie theory (GLMT) is applied to derive the expansions of HOBB. Based on the additional theorem, multiple scattering results of cluster chiral nanoparticles are obtained by taking into account the tangential continuous boundary conditions. The present theory and codes proved to be effective when confronted with the simulations obtained from the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. Numerical results concerning the effects of beam order, beam conical angle, incident angles, beam polarization state, the chirality, and the material loss on the scattering of various types of aggregated chiral particles are displayed in detail, including the linearly chiral sphere chain, the chiral cube array, and the complex models composed of aggregated chiral spheres. This study may provide critical support to analytically understand the optical scattering characteristics with aggregated chiral particles of complex shapes, and may find important applications in manipulating collective chiral particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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15 pages, 511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scintillation Index for Spherical Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Weak Oceanic Turbulence with Aperture Averaging under the Effect of Inner Scale and Outer Scale

by Zhiru Lin, Guanjun Xu, Qinyu Zhang and Zhaohui Song

Photonics 2022, 9(7), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070458 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

Due to the advantages of high transmission rate, lower power consumption, high security, etc., underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been widely studied and considered as a potential technique for underwater communication. However, its performance is severely degraded by oceanic turbulence due to [...] Read more.

Due to the advantages of high transmission rate, lower power consumption, high security, etc., underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) has been widely studied and considered as a potential technique for underwater communication. However, its performance is severely degraded by oceanic turbulence due to refractive index fluctuations, which is caused by the change of inhomogeneous ocean environment. Within our derived spatial power spectrum model under anisotropic oceanic turbulence, we conducted a detailed investigation for a spherical wave propagating in weak anisotropic turbulence in this paper. Based on the derived oceanic spectrum, we proposed a scintillation index model for spherical wave in anisotropic oceanic turbulence considering the aperture averaging effect at non-zero inner scale and limited outer scale. Besides, we analyze the aperture averaging scintillation index under the influence of channel parameters such as inner and outer scales. Simulation results reveal that the scintillation index increases with the increase of the outer scale, while the inner scale induces an opposite trend on the scintillation index. Moreover, the inner scale exhibits a larger impact than the outer scale on the UWOC system over weak oceanic turbulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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11 pages, 8720 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correction of Distorted Wavefront Using Dual Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators

by Jiali Wu, Xizheng Ke, Yaqi Yang, Jingyuan Liang and Mingyu Liu

Photonics 2022, 9(6), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060426 - 17 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

In space optical communication, owing to the influence of atmospheric turbulence, optical beams lose focus and become phase-distorted, which reduces the communication quality. Considering the polarization dependence of liquid crystal spatial light modulators and the dispersion effect of liquid crystal materials, the energy [...] Read more.

In space optical communication, owing to the influence of atmospheric turbulence, optical beams lose focus and become phase-distorted, which reduces the communication quality. Considering the polarization dependence of liquid crystal spatial light modulators and the dispersion effect of liquid crystal materials, the energy utilization rate of liquid crystal adaptive optics systems is low. In this study, a dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator adaptive optics system based on the GS algorithm is used to correct the wavefront distortion of a signal beam under different atmospheric turbulence intensities, and the Strehl ratio (SR) is used as the evaluation index. The simulation results show that the SR of the corrected system can be increased from 0.23, 0.41, and 0.72 to 0.77, 0.89, and 0.95, respectively. The corrected beam spot was more concentrated and the light intensity at the center of the beam spot was stronger. The experimental results show that, after the distortion wavefront is corrected by the dual liquid crystal spatial light modulator, the average gray value of the 10 × 10 pixels in the center of the spot increases from 159.3, 113.1, and 58.4 to 253.4, 247.7, and 198.3, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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13 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On Secrecy Performance of SWIPT Energy-Harvesting Relay Jamming Based Mixed RF-FSO Systems

by Yi Wang, Zhiwu Zhan and Zihe Shen

Photonics 2022, 9(6), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060374 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

This paper proposes a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) energy-harvesting relay jamming based mixed RF/FSO system, and studies its security performance optimization in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this work, the RF and FSO channels experience Nakagami-m fading distribution and [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) energy-harvesting relay jamming based mixed RF/FSO system, and studies its security performance optimization in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this work, the RF and FSO channels experience Nakagami-m fading distribution and Málaga(M) turbulence, respectively. A two-hop decode-and-forward (DF) relay is presented in the system, and the effect of pointing errors is considered. The presence of a nearby single antenna eavesdropper that attempts to eavesdrop on the transmission is also modeled. In order to prevent eavesdropping, the relay introduces the SWIPT structure to control information delivery and wireless energy recharging. The closed expressions of secrecy outage probability (SOP) and average secrecy capacity (ASC) of the mixed RF/FSO system are derived for the above system model. In addition, the closed-form expression of the asymptotic results for SOP and ASC are derived when signal-to-noise ratios at relay and legitimate destinations tend to infinity. The correctness of these expressions is verified using the Monte Carlo method. The influence of various key factors on the safety performance of the system is analyzed by simulations. The results show that the safety performance of the system is considerably improved under good weather conditions as well as by increasing the signal-interference noise ratio, number of interferer antennas, power distribution factor and energy conversion efficiency. This study provides a new system structure and a good theoretical basis for evaluating the physical layer security performance of the mixed RF/FSO system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Adaptive Optics Theory and Technology in Optical Wireless Communication)

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