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Polymers
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3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems
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3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 19605

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Kozior

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Metrology and Unconventional Manufacturing Methods, KUT—Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: 3D/4D printing; additive manufacturing; FDM/FFF; PJM; SLS; SLM; metrology; tribology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Slawomir Blasiak

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Metrology and Unconventional Manufacturing Methods, Kielce University of Technology, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: machine construction technology; dynamics and control of machines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jerzy Bochnia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: 3D/4D printing; mechanical properties of thin-walled models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jakub Takosoglu

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Guest Editor
Department of Mechatronics and Armament, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
Interests: fluid power drives and controls; mechatronics engineering; fuzzy-logic control; pneumatic manipulators
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Additive manufacturing technologies also known as 3D printing have evolved over the past 30 years, as evidenced by the strong development of 4D printing and modern innovative construction materials. This is particularly true for prototype production such as the production of industrial robots and robots for special applications. Dimensional accuracy as well as mechanical and tribological properties of models manufactured with 3D printing are already accurate to the point where it is possibile to manufacture fully functional parts of machines and robots.

The Special Issue aims to investigate the analysis of the use of 3D/4D printing for the production of ready-made robot components, including prototype and mass production, using materials based on both plastics, ceramics and metal powders.

An important sub-topic is simulation research results of geometrically complex models manufactured using 3D/4D printing, in particular those that are impossible to produce with other conventional technologies.

Additionally the topic also concerns the study of mechanical properties, dimensional and shape accuracy with an emphasis on surface quality, as well as tribological properties of models produced by 3D printing technologies, including practical aspects of research on the use of 3D/4D printing technology in the production of real construction elements of industrial robots.

Finally, we are interested in the results of research on the reduction of model construction time and the consumption of model and support material through optimization using 4D printing. Also of interest are the results of research on properties of 3D/4D models produced in applications for industrial robots other than those aforementioned.

 Potential topics include but are not limited to:

  • Robotics production
  • Mechanical properties research
  • Surface texture research
  • Simulation research
  • Wear analysis
  • Medical robotics

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Viscoelastic Properties of Cell Structures Manufactured Using a Photo-Curable Additive Technology—PJM
by Tomasz Kozior and Czesław Kundera
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1895; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111895 - 7 Jun 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2679
Abstract
This research paper reviews the test results involving viscoelastic properties of cellular structure models made with the PolyJet Matrix—PJM additive technology. The designed test specimens were of complex cellular structure and made of three various photo-curable polymer resin types. Materials were selected taking [...] Read more.
This research paper reviews the test results involving viscoelastic properties of cellular structure models made with the PolyJet Matrix—PJM additive technology. The designed test specimens were of complex cellular structure and made of three various photo-curable polymer resin types. Materials were selected taking into account the so-called “soft” and “tough” material groups. Compressive stress relaxation tests were conducted in accordance with the recommendations of standard ISO 3384, and the impact of the geometric structure shape and material selection on viscoelastic properties, as well as the most favorable geometric variants of the tested cellular structure models were determined. Mathematica and Origin software was used to conduct a statistical analysis of the test results and determine five-parameter functions approximating relaxation curves. The most favorable rheological was adopted and its mean parameters determined, which enables to match both printed model materials and their geometry in the future, to make a component with a specific rheological response. Furthermore, the test results indicated that there was a possibility of modelling cellular structures within the PJM technology, using support material as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems)
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17 pages, 3757 KiB  
Article
Quality of Surface Texture and Mechanical Properties of PLA and PA-Based Material Reinforced with Carbon Fibers Manufactured by FDM and CFF 3D Printing Technologies
by Mohd Shahneel Saharudin, Jiri Hajnys, Tomasz Kozior, Damian Gogolewski and Paweł Zmarzły
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111671 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4771
Abstract
The paper presents the results of mechanical tests of models manufactured with two 3D printing technologies, FDM and CFF. Both technologies use PLA or PA-based materials reinforced with carbon fibers. The work includes both uniaxial tensile tests of the tested materials and metrological [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of mechanical tests of models manufactured with two 3D printing technologies, FDM and CFF. Both technologies use PLA or PA-based materials reinforced with carbon fibers. The work includes both uniaxial tensile tests of the tested materials and metrological measurements of surfaces produced with two 3D printing technologies. The test results showed a significant influence of the type of technology on the strength of the models built and on the quality of the technological surface layer. After the analysis of the parameters of the primary profile, roughness and waviness, it can be clearly stated that the quality of the technological surface layer is much better for the models made with the CFF technology compared to the FDM technology. Furthermore, the tensile strength of the models manufactured of carbon fiber-enriched material is much higher for samples made with CFF technology compared to FDM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems)
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15 pages, 7902 KiB  
Article
Rapid Prototyping of Pneumatic Directional Control Valves
by Slawomir Blasiak, Pawel Andrzej Laski and Jakub Emanuel Takosoglu
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091458 - 30 Apr 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3413
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to design a pneumatic directional control valve for controlling pneumatic drives and produce it using a rapid prototyping technique. As the basic design assumption was to achieve high performance through a high flow rate and a [...] Read more.
The main objective of the study was to design a pneumatic directional control valve for controlling pneumatic drives and produce it using a rapid prototyping technique. As the basic design assumption was to achieve high performance through a high flow rate and a low pressure drop, it was necessary to determine two flow parameters: the sonic conductance and the critical pressure ratio. The flow rate of compressed air and the diameters of the pneumatic conduits and fittings are important as they affect the rate of travel of the pneumatic cylinder piston. The 3D solid model of the directional control valve, developed in a CAD program, was used to simulate and optimize the flow rate. The analysis was performed by means of ANSYS CFX, a computational flow dynamics program. The main elements of the valve, i.e., the spool and the body, were produced using the PolyJet Matrix technology. The prototype was tested experimentally to determine the nominal flow-rate, calculate the flow parameters in accordance with the ISO 6358-1989 standard and compare them with the CFD simulation data. The simulation results showed very good agreement with the measurement data. The CFD analysis of the 3D solid model enabled us to optimize the flow of compressed air through the valve. The rapid prototyping method was found to be suitable to produce a fully functional directional control valve, which was confirmed through measurements at a test stand. The attempt to combine rapid prototyping used to fabricate pneumatic directional control valves with CFD used to simulate their operation was successful. The study shows that it is possible to design and construct a fully functional directional control valve characterized by high efficiency, high performance and a small pressure loss in a very short time and at a very low cost, which makes rapid prototyping superior to conventional methods of prototype making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems)
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14 pages, 2537 KiB  
Article
Tensile Strength Analysis of Thin-Walled Polymer Glass Fiber Reinforced Samples Manufactured by 3D Printing Technology
by Jerzy Bochnia, Malgorzata Blasiak and Tomasz Kozior
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2783; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122783 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4660
Abstract
The paper describes the mechanical properties, determined on the basis of a tensile strength test of a composite material based on glass-fiber reinforced polyamide and obtained by Selective Laser Sintering—SLS. The material used is PA 3200 GF. Thin walled samples with non-standard nominal [...] Read more.
The paper describes the mechanical properties, determined on the basis of a tensile strength test of a composite material based on glass-fiber reinforced polyamide and obtained by Selective Laser Sintering—SLS. The material used is PA 3200 GF. Thin walled samples with non-standard nominal thicknesses of 1, 1.4 and 1.8 mm, manufactured in three printing directions X, Y and Z, were used. The description included the impact of printing direction on the geometry of the obtained samples and tensile strength as well as the dependency of tensile strength on the sample thickness. The results can be useful for design engineers and process engineers designing thin-walled components produced with SLS. Thin samples were obtained with a considerable deviation spread of the actual dimension from the nominal one. It was found that the tensile strength of thin samples is much lower than those of standard cross-sections, which should be taken into account in the design of thin-walled elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems)
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15 pages, 4001 KiB  
Article
Upper Limb Design of an Anthropometric Crash Test Dummy for Low Impact Rates
by Marek Jaśkiewicz, Damian Frej, Dariusz Tarnapowicz and Milos Poliak
Polymers 2020, 12(11), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12112641 - 10 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2768
Abstract
The article presents the design of the upper limb joints of an anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests for low impact speeds. These joints represent the connection of the hand to the forearm, the forearm to the arm, and the arm to [...] Read more.
The article presents the design of the upper limb joints of an anthropometric dummy intended for rear crash tests for low impact speeds. These joints represent the connection of the hand to the forearm, the forearm to the arm, and the arm to the shoulder. The designed joint is adapted to the construction of a dummy representing the 50th percentile male. The joints currently used on Hybrid III dummies require calibration after each crash test. The construction of the new joint ensures the appropriate strength of individual joint elements and the repeatable value of the joint characteristics without the need for frequent calibrations. The designed joints have the ability to set a variable stiffness characteristic, thanks to which it is possible to use this joint universally in dummies representing populations of other percentile sizes. The range of movement of the joints has been selected to reflect the range of mobility of the upper limb of an adult. The characteristics of the joints were compared with those used in the joints of the Hybrid III 50 percentile male dummy. Moreover, it should be noted that the constructed joints of the upper limb are made by hand; therefore, their comparison with the Hybrid III dummy shows some deviations in the moments of resistance. Making the joints with a 3D printer, taking into account the appropriate material, will ensure greater accuracy and will also result in joining the individual elements of the joint into a whole. The obtained results show slight differences between the moment of resistance in the joints of the constructed anthropometric dummy compared to the hybrid III dummy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D/4D Printing in Advanced Robotics Systems)
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