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Polymers
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Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine
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Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 February 2022) | Viewed by 31628

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Jesus Valcarcel

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Group of Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials (REVAL), Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 36208 Vigo, Spain
Interests: marine biomolecules; valorization; chondroitin sulfate; chitosan; gelatine
Dr. Carolina Hermida Merino

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Circunvalación ao Campus Universitario, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
Interests: ionanofluids; fish gelatin; hydrogels; drug delivery systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Interest in the recovery of natural polymers from a number of sources has steadily increased over recent years, driven by the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastics. To become truly sustainable, these biopolymers should ideally be sourced within zero-waste production schemes. The marine environment harbours a stunning diversity of polymeric materials endowed with a range of properties adequate for a number of applications. However, so far, only a handful of molecules represents viable alternatives for industrial production, as beyond the required properties from the intended application they must be available in large quantities, at relatively low cost and be sustainably sourced. Because marine organisms are for the most part destined to human consumption, the most logical approach is to integrate valorisation of by-products generated by the fishing and associated food industry into current industrial processes. With this perspective, chitosan and gelatine stand out as two prominent biomolecules that can be obtained from fish by-products.

This Special Issue aims at covering a holistic approach to gelatine and chitosan from marine food by-products, from novel isolation processes and characterization of biomolecules from new sources, to chemical modifications to suit particular applications, including also performance in specific applications of both native and chemically-modified gelatine and chitosan.

Research paper and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Jesus Valcarcel
Dr. Carolina Hermida Merino
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Gelatine
  • Chitosan
  • Valorization
  • Marine
  • Food
  • By-products
  • Biopolymers

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 8665 KiB  
Article
Zinc Oxide and Copper Chitosan Composite Films with Antimicrobial Activity
by Candy del Carmen Gamboa-Solana, Martha Gabriela Chuc-Gamboa, Fernando Javier Aguilar-Pérez, Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez, Rossana Faride Vargas-Coronado, David Alejandro Aguilar-Pérez, José Rubén Herrera-Atoche and Neith Pacheco
Polymers 2021, 13(22), 3861; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13223861 - 9 Nov 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3795
Abstract
The role of the oral microbiome and its effect on dental diseases is gaining interest. Therefore, it has been sought to decrease the bacterial load to fight oral cavity diseases. In this study, composite materials based on chitosan, chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, chitosan [...] Read more.
The role of the oral microbiome and its effect on dental diseases is gaining interest. Therefore, it has been sought to decrease the bacterial load to fight oral cavity diseases. In this study, composite materials based on chitosan, chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, chitosan with zinc oxide particles, and chitosan with copper nanoparticles were prepared in the form of thin films, to evaluate a new alternative with a more significant impact on the oral cavity bacteria. The chemical structures and physical properties of the films were characterized using by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR,) Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements. Subsequently, the antimicrobial activity of each material was evaluated by agar diffusion tests. No differences were found in the hydrophilicity of the films with the incorporation of ZnO or copper particles. Antimicrobial activity was found against S. aureus in the chitosan film crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, but not in the other compositions. In contrast antimicrobial activity against S. typhimurium was found in all films. Based on the data of present investigation, chitosan composite films could be an option for the control of microorganisms with potential applications in various fields, such as medical and food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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14 pages, 3281 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Aminoglycoside-Loaded Chitosan/Tripolyphosphate/Alginate Microspheres against E. coli
by Estefanía Tiburcio, Eduardo García-Junceda, Leoncio Garrido, Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas, Julia Revuelta and Agatha Bastida
Polymers 2021, 13(19), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193326 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2821
Abstract
Although aminoglycosides are one of the common classes of antibiotics that have been widely used for treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, the evolution of bacterial resistance mechanisms and their inherent toxicity have diminished their applicability. Biocompatible carrier systems can help sustain and [...] Read more.
Although aminoglycosides are one of the common classes of antibiotics that have been widely used for treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, the evolution of bacterial resistance mechanisms and their inherent toxicity have diminished their applicability. Biocompatible carrier systems can help sustain and control the delivery of antibacterial compounds while reducing the chances of antibacterial resistance or accumulation in unwanted tissues. In this study, novel chitosan gel beads were synthesized by a double ionic co-crosslinking mechanism. Tripolyphosphate and alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from marine brown algae, were employed as ionic cross-linkers to prepare the chitosan-based networks of gel beads. The in vitro release of streptomycin and kanamycin A was bimodal; an initial burst release was observed followed by a diffusion mediated sustained release, based on a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Finally, in terms of antibacterial properties, the particles resulted in growth inhibition of Gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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18 pages, 2592 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Gelatin and Hydrolysates from Valorization of Farmed Salmon Skin By-Products
by José Antonio Vázquez, Carolina Hermida-Merino, Daniel Hermida-Merino, Manuel M. Piñeiro, Johan Johansen, Carmen G. Sotelo, Ricardo I. Pérez-Martín and Jesus Valcarcel
Polymers 2021, 13(16), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13162828 - 23 Aug 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3620
Abstract
Salmon processing commonly involves the skinning of fish, generating by-products that need to be handled. Such skin residues may represent valuable raw materials from a valorization perspective, mainly due to their collagen content. With this approach, we propose in the present work the [...] Read more.
Salmon processing commonly involves the skinning of fish, generating by-products that need to be handled. Such skin residues may represent valuable raw materials from a valorization perspective, mainly due to their collagen content. With this approach, we propose in the present work the extraction of gelatin from farmed salmon and further valorization of the remaining residue through hydrolysis. Use of different chemical treatments prior to thermal extraction of gelatin results in a consistent yield of around 5%, but considerable differences in rheological properties. As expected from a cold-water species, salmon gelatin produces rather weak gels, ranging from 0 to 98 g Bloom. Nevertheless, the best performing gelatins show considerable structural integrity, assessed by gel permeation chromatography with light scattering detection for the first time on salmon gelatin. Finally, proteolysis of skin residues with Alcalase for 4 h maximizes digestibility and antihypertensive activity of the resulting hydrolysates, accompanied by the sharpest reduction in molecular weight and higher content of essential amino acids. These results indicate the possibility of tuning salmon gelatin properties through changes in chemical treatment conditions, and completing the valorization cycle through production of bioactive and nutritious hydrolysates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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19 pages, 6983 KiB  
Article
Chitosan/Gelatin/PVA Scaffolds for Beta Pancreatic Cell Culture
by Yesenia Sánchez-Cardona, Claudia E. Echeverri-Cuartas, Marta E. Londoño López and Natalia Moreno-Castellanos
Polymers 2021, 13(14), 2372; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142372 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5720
Abstract
Chitosan scaffolds based on blending polymers are a common strategy used in tissue engineering. The objective of this study was evaluation the properties of scaffolds based on a ternary blend of chitosan (Chi), gelatin (Ge), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Chi/Ge/PVA), which were prepared [...] Read more.
Chitosan scaffolds based on blending polymers are a common strategy used in tissue engineering. The objective of this study was evaluation the properties of scaffolds based on a ternary blend of chitosan (Chi), gelatin (Ge), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (Chi/Ge/PVA), which were prepared by cycles of freeze-thawing and freeze-drying. It then was used for three-dimensional BRIN-BD11 beta-cells culturing. Weight ratios of Chi/Ge/PVA (1:1:1, 2:2:1, 2:3:1, and 3:2:1) were proposed and porosity, pore size, degradation, swelling rate, compressive strength, and cell viability analyzed. All ternary blend scaffolds structures are highly porous (with a porosity higher than 80%) and interconnected. The pore size distribution varied from 0.6 to 265 μm. Ternary blends scaffolds had controllable degradation rates compared to binary blend scaffolds, and an improved swelling capacity of the samples with increasing chitosan concentration was found. An increase in Young’s modulus and compressive strength was observed with increasing gelatin concentration. The highest compressive strength reached 101.6 Pa. The MTT assay showed that the ternary blends scaffolds P3 and P4 supported cell viability better than the binary blend scaffold. Therefore, these results illustrated that ternary blends scaffolds P3 and P4 could provide a better environment for BRIN-BD11 cell proliferation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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15 pages, 1443 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of Chitosans in Inducing the Defense Response of Coffea arabica against the Fungus Hemileia vastatrix
by Julio César López-Velázquez, José Nabor Haro-González, Soledad García-Morales, Hugo Espinosa-Andrews, Diego Eloyr Navarro-López, Mayra Itzcalotzin Montero-Cortés and Joaquín Alejandro Qui-Zapata
Polymers 2021, 13(12), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13121940 - 11 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3403
Abstract
Chitosan is a natural polymer, and its biological properties depend on factors such as the degree of deacetylation and polymerization, viscosity, molecular mass, and dissociation constant. Chitosan has multiple advantages: it is biodegradable, biocompatible, safe, inexpensive, and non-toxic. Due to these characteristics, it [...] Read more.
Chitosan is a natural polymer, and its biological properties depend on factors such as the degree of deacetylation and polymerization, viscosity, molecular mass, and dissociation constant. Chitosan has multiple advantages: it is biodegradable, biocompatible, safe, inexpensive, and non-toxic. Due to these characteristics, it has a wide range of applications. In agriculture, one of the most promising properties of chitosan is as an elicitor in plant defense against pathogenic microorganisms. In this work, four kinds of chitosan (practical grade, low molecular weight, medium molecular weight, and high-density commercial food grade) were used in concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05% to evaluate its protective effect against coffee rust. The best treatment was chosen to evaluate the defense response in coffee plants. The results showed a protective effect using practical-grade and commercial food-grade chitosan. In addition, the activity of enzymes with β-1,3 glucanase and peroxidase was induced, and an increase in the amount of phenolic compounds was observed in plants treated with high-molecular-weight chitosan at 0.05%; therefore, chitosan can be considered an effective molecule for controlling coffee rust. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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Review

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33 pages, 2826 KiB  
Review
Recent Advancement in Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Improved Oral Bioavailability and Bioactivity of Phytochemicals: Challenges and Perspectives
by Syed Sarim Imam, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Omar Awad Alsaidan, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Sadaf Jamal Gilani and Md. Rizwanullah
Polymers 2021, 13(22), 4036; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13224036 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 3726
Abstract
The excellent therapeutic potential of a variety of phytochemicals in different diseases has been proven by extensive studies throughout history. However, most phytochemicals are characterized by a high molecular weight, poor aqueous solubility, limited gastrointestinal permeability, extensive pre-systemic metabolism, and poor stability in [...] Read more.
The excellent therapeutic potential of a variety of phytochemicals in different diseases has been proven by extensive studies throughout history. However, most phytochemicals are characterized by a high molecular weight, poor aqueous solubility, limited gastrointestinal permeability, extensive pre-systemic metabolism, and poor stability in the harsh gastrointestinal milieu. Therefore, loading of these phytochemicals in biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles (NPs) might be an effective approach to improve their bioactivity. Different nanocarrier systems have been developed in recent decades to deliver phytochemicals. Among them, NPs based on chitosan (CS) (CS-NPs), a mucoadhesive, non-toxic, and biodegradable polysaccharide, are considered the best nanoplatform for the oral delivery of phytochemicals. This review highlights the oral delivery of natural products, i.e., phytochemicals, encapsulated in NPs prepared from a natural polymer, i.e., CS, for improved bioavailability and bioactivity. The unique properties of CS for oral delivery such as its mucoadhesiveness, non-toxicity, excellent stability in the harsh environment of the GIT, good solubility in slightly acidic and alkaline conditions, and ability to enhance intestinal permeability are discussed first, and then the outcomes of various phytochemical-loaded CS-NPs after oral administration are discussed in detail. Furthermore, different challenges associated with the oral delivery of phytochemicals with CS-NPs and future directions are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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21 pages, 1362 KiB  
Review
Green Synthesized Chitosan/Chitosan Nanoforms/Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery Applications
by Iyyakkannu Sivanesan, Judy Gopal, Manikandan Muthu, Juhyun Shin, Selvaraj Mari and Jaewook Oh
Polymers 2021, 13(14), 2256; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13142256 - 9 Jul 2021
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7057
Abstract
Chitosan has become a highlighted polymer, gaining paramount importance and research attention. The fact that this valuable polymer can be extracted from food industry-generated shell waste gives it immense value. Chitosan, owing to its biological and physicochemical properties, has become an attractive option [...] Read more.
Chitosan has become a highlighted polymer, gaining paramount importance and research attention. The fact that this valuable polymer can be extracted from food industry-generated shell waste gives it immense value. Chitosan, owing to its biological and physicochemical properties, has become an attractive option for biomedical applications. This review briefly runs through the various methods involved in the preparation of chitosan and chitosan nanoforms. For the first time, we consolidate the available scattered reports on the various attempts towards greens synthesis of chitosan, chitosan nanomaterials, and chitosan nanocomposites. The drug delivery applications of chitosan and its nanoforms have been reviewed. This review points to the lack of systematic research in the area of green synthesis of chitosan. Researchers have been concentrating more on recovering chitosan from marine shell waste through chemical and synthetic processes that generate toxic wastes, rather than working on eco-friendly green processes—this is projected in this review. This review draws the attention of researchers to turn to novel and innovative green processes. More so, there are scarce reports on the application of green synthesized chitosan nanoforms and nanocomposites towards drug delivery applications. This is another area that deserves research focus. These have been speculated and highlighted as future perspectives in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biomolecules from Food By-Products: Chitosan and Gelatine)
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