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Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science
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Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2020) | Viewed by 42346

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fernando Ruipérez

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain
Interests: computational chemistry; self-healing materials; dynamic chemistry; non-covalent interactions; reaction mechanisms; excited states
Dr. Jon M. Matxain

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Saila, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
Interests: theoretical chemistry; reaction mechanisms; excited states; self-healing materials; inorganic nanomaterials; polymer–nanomaterial interfaces

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Dynamic chemistry plays an essential role in polymer science and engineering. The introduction of dynamic covalent and non-covalent bonds in polymer networks has yielded to the development of new materials with unique properties ascribed to the nature of the dynamic bond, such as reprocessing, recycling, controllable degradation, self-healing, and responsive capacity, to cite some. Research efforts carried out in this area will provide, in the near future, materials with smart functionalities that may enable the addressing of some 21st century challenges, such as energy and sustainability.

This Special Issue aims to provide an update on recent progress in developing materials using covalent and non-covalent reversible chemistries, including computational and experimental research works. Both original and review articles are welcome.

Dr. Fernando Ruipérez
Dr. Jon M. Matxain
Guest Editors

Keywords

  • Reversible chemistry
  • Covalent and non-covalent dynamic bonds
  • Responsive materials
  • Self-healing materials
  • Vitrimers
  • Computational chemistry

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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28 pages, 6639 KiB  
Article
Vitrimer-Like Shape Memory Polymers: Characterization and Applications in Reshaping and Manufacturing
by Tao Xi Wang, Hong Mei Chen, Abhijit Vijay Salvekar, Junyi Lim, Yahui Chen, Rui Xiao and Wei Min Huang
Polymers 2020, 12(10), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12102330 - 12 Oct 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5047
Abstract
The shape memory effect (SME) refers to the ability of a material to recover its original shape, but only in the presence of a right stimulus. Most polymers, either thermo-plastic or thermoset, can have the SME, although the actual shape memory performance varies [...] Read more.
The shape memory effect (SME) refers to the ability of a material to recover its original shape, but only in the presence of a right stimulus. Most polymers, either thermo-plastic or thermoset, can have the SME, although the actual shape memory performance varies according to the exact material and how the material is processed. Vitrimer, which is between thermoset and thermo-plastic, is featured by the reversible cross-linking. Vitrimer-like shape memory polymers (SMPs) combine the vitrimer-like behavior (associated with dissociative covalent adaptable networks) and SME, and can be utilized to achieve many novel functions that are difficult to be realized by conventional polymers. In the first part of this paper, a commercial polymer is used to demonstrate how to characterize the vitrimer-like behavior based on the heating-responsive SME. In the second part, a series of cases are presented to reveal the potential applications of vitrimer-like SMPs and their composites. It is concluded that the vitrimer-like feature not only enables many new ways in reshaping polymers, but also can bring forward new approaches in manufacturing, such as, rapid 3D printing in solid state on space/air/sea missions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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13 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
Coupling Dynamic Covalent Bonds and Ionic Crosslinking Network to Promote Shape Memory Properties of Ethylene-vinyl Acetate Copolymers
by Wenjing Wu, Sreeni Narayana Kurup, Christopher Ellingford, Jie Li and Chaoying Wan
Polymers 2020, 12(4), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040983 - 23 Apr 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3811
Abstract
Dynamic crosslinking networks based on Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry and ionic interactions were introduced to maleic anhydride modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (mEVA) via in situ melt processing. The dual dynamic crosslinking networks were characterized by temperature-dependent FTIR, and the effects on the shape memory [...] Read more.
Dynamic crosslinking networks based on Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry and ionic interactions were introduced to maleic anhydride modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (mEVA) via in situ melt processing. The dual dynamic crosslinking networks were characterized by temperature-dependent FTIR, and the effects on the shape memory properties of mEVA were evaluated with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and cyclic tensile testing. A crosslinking density was achieved at 2.36 × 10−4 mol·cm−3 for DA-crosslinked mEVA; as a result, the stress at 100% extension was increased from 3.8 to 5.6 MPa, and tensile strength and elongation at break were kept as high as 30.3 MPa and 486%, respectively. The further introduction of 10 wt % zinc methacrylate increased the dynamic crosslinking density to 3.74 × 10−4 mol·cm−3 and the stress at 100% extension to 9.0 MPa, while providing a tensile strength of 28.4 MPa and strain at break of 308%. The combination of reversible DA covalent crosslinking and ionic network in mEVA enabled a fixing ratio of 76.4% and recovery ratio of 99.4%, exhibiting an enhanced shape memory performance, especially at higher temperatures. The enhanced shape memory and mechanical performance of the dual crosslinked mEVA showed promising reprocessing and recycling abilities of the end-of-life products in comparison to traditional peroxide initiated covalent crosslinked counterparts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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14 pages, 2053 KiB  
Article
Effect of Molecular Structure in the Chain Mobility of Dichalcogenide-Based Polymers with Self-Healing Capacity
by Mikel Irigoyen, Jon M. Matxain and Fernando Ruipérez
Polymers 2019, 11(12), 1960; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11121960 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3386
Abstract
Recently, it has been shown that the reaction mechanism in self-healing diphenyl dichalcogenide-based polymers involves the formation of sulfenyl and selenyl radicals. These radicals are able to attack a neighbouring dichalcogenide bond via a three-membered transition state, leading to the interchange of chalcogen [...] Read more.
Recently, it has been shown that the reaction mechanism in self-healing diphenyl dichalcogenide-based polymers involves the formation of sulfenyl and selenyl radicals. These radicals are able to attack a neighbouring dichalcogenide bond via a three-membered transition state, leading to the interchange of chalcogen atoms. Hence, the chain mobility is crucial for the exchange reaction to take place. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations have been performed in a set of disulfide- and diselenide-based materials to analyze the effect of the molecular structure in the chain mobility. First of all, a validation of the computational protocol has been carried out, and different simulation parameters like initial guess, length of the molecular chains, size of the simulation box and simulation time, have been evaluated. This protocol has been used to study the chain mobility and also the self-healing capacity, which depends on the probability to generate radicals ( ρ ), the barrier of the exchange reaction ( Δ G ) and the mobility of the chains ( ω ). The first two parameters have been obtained in previous quantum chemical calculations on the systems under study in this work. After analyzing the self-healing capacity, it is concluded that aromatic diselenides (PD-SeSe) are the best candidates among those studied to show self-healing, due to lower reaction barriers and larger ω values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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12 pages, 3501 KiB  
Article
Recyclable Self-Healing Polyurethane Cross-Linked by Alkyl Diselenide with Enhanced Mechanical Properties
by Yuqing Qian, Xiaowei An, Xiaofei Huang, Xiangqiang Pan, Jian Zhu and Xiulin Zhu
Polymers 2019, 11(5), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11050773 - 1 May 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4987
Abstract
Dynamic structures containing polymers can behave as thermosets at room temperature while maintaining good mechanical properties, showing good reprocessability, repairability, and recyclability. In this work, alkyl diselenide is effectively used as a dynamic cross-linker for the design of self-healing poly(urea–urethane) elastomers, which show [...] Read more.
Dynamic structures containing polymers can behave as thermosets at room temperature while maintaining good mechanical properties, showing good reprocessability, repairability, and recyclability. In this work, alkyl diselenide is effectively used as a dynamic cross-linker for the design of self-healing poly(urea–urethane) elastomers, which show quantitative healing efficiency at room temperature, without the need for any catalysts or external interventions. Due to the combined action of the urea bond and amide bond, the material has better mechanical properties. We also compared the self-healing effect of alkyl diselenide-based polyurethanes and alkyl disulfide-based polyurethanes. The alkyl diselenide has been incorporated into polyurethane networks using a para-substituted amine diphenyl alkyl diselenide. The resulting materials not only exhibit faster self-healing properties than the corresponding disulfide-based materials, but also show the ability to be processed at temperatures as low as 60 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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13 pages, 4121 KiB  
Article
Thermal Healing, Reshaping and Ecofriendly Recycling of Epoxy Resin Crosslinked with Schiff Base of Vanillin and Hexane-1,6-Diamine
by Van-Dung Mai, Se-Ra Shin, Dai-Soo Lee and Ilho Kang
Polymers 2019, 11(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11020293 - 10 Feb 2019
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 10092
Abstract
A bio-derived dihydroxylimine hardener, Van2HMDA, for the curing of epoxy resin was prepared from vanillin (Van) and hexamethylene-1,6-diamine (HMDA) by Schiff base formation. The epoxy resin of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was cured with Van2HMDA in the presence of the catalyst, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole [...] Read more.
A bio-derived dihydroxylimine hardener, Van2HMDA, for the curing of epoxy resin was prepared from vanillin (Van) and hexamethylene-1,6-diamine (HMDA) by Schiff base formation. The epoxy resin of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was cured with Van2HMDA in the presence of the catalyst, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI). The crosslinked epoxy resin showed thermal-healing properties at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the crosslinked epoxy resin can be reshaped by heating via imine metathesis of the hardener units. The imine metathesis of Van2HMDA was confirmed experimentally. Stress-relaxation properties of the epoxy resin crosslinked with Van2HMDA were investigated, and the activation energy obtained from Arrhenius plots of the relaxation times was 44 kJ/mol. The imine bonds in the epoxy polymer matrix did not undergo hydrolysis after immersing in water at room temperature for one week. However, in the presence of acid, the crosslinked polymer was easily decomposed due to the hydrolysis of imine bonds. The hydrolysis of imine bonds was used for the ecofriendly recycling of crosslinked polymer. It is inferred that thermal-healing, reshaping, and reprocessing properties can be implemented in the various crosslinked epoxy resins with the bio-derived dihydroxylimine hardener, albeit the recycled epoxy resin is of inevitably lower quality than the original material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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Review

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34 pages, 5613 KiB  
Review
Dually Crosslinked Polymer Networks Incorporating Dynamic Covalent Bonds
by Larissa Hammer, Nathan J. Van Zee and Renaud Nicolaÿ
Polymers 2021, 13(3), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030396 - 27 Jan 2021
Cited by 79 | Viewed by 14283
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are polymeric networks containing covalent crosslinks that are dynamic under specific conditions. In addition to possessing the malleability of thermoplastics and the dimensional stability of thermosets, CANs exhibit a unique combination of physical properties, including adaptability, self-healing, shape-memory, stimuli-responsiveness, [...] Read more.
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) are polymeric networks containing covalent crosslinks that are dynamic under specific conditions. In addition to possessing the malleability of thermoplastics and the dimensional stability of thermosets, CANs exhibit a unique combination of physical properties, including adaptability, self-healing, shape-memory, stimuli-responsiveness, and enhanced recyclability. The physical properties and the service conditions (such as temperature, pH, and humidity) of CANs are defined by the nature of their constituent dynamic covalent bonds (DCBs). In response to the increasing demand for more sophisticated and adaptable materials, the scientific community has identified dual dynamic networks (DDNs) as a promising new class of polymeric materials. By combining two (or more) distinct crosslinkers in one system, a material with tailored thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties can be designed. One remarkable ability of DDNs is their capacity to combine dimensional stability, bond dynamicity, and multi-responsiveness. This review aims to give an overview of the advances in the emerging field of DDNs with a special emphasis on their design, structure-property relationships, and applications. This review illustrates how DDNs offer many prospects that single (dynamic) networks cannot provide and highlights the challenges associated with their synthesis and characterization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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