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Polymers
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Sustainable Adhesives–Bio-based and Sustainable Chemistry in Polymer Science
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Sustainable Adhesives–Bio-based and Sustainable Chemistry in Polymer Science

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Circular and Green Polymer Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2022) | Viewed by 12204

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Charles Frihart

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA
Interests: bio-based adhesives; mechanisms of adhesive bonding; structure–performance relationship of adhesives; wood adhesive chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Christopher G. Hunt

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Performance Enhanced Biopolymers, USDA\Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
Interests: analysis of wood bonds and adhesives; bio-based adhesives; water and chemical mobility in wood; adhesive and paint durability with wood

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Adhesives have been used for centuries starting out as mainly bio-based with some tar-based products. This remained the same with little change until the 20th century when synthetic adhesives (mainly petroleum-based) made great inroads in the market due to their superior performance and often lower cost. However, with the interest in the use of renewable materials and the long-term limited supply of petroleum and natural gas, much of the research effort on adhesives has been directed towards using bio-sourced chemicals. This Special Issue deals with adhesives that are mainly bio-sourced, entailing the chemistry involved in making or curing the bio-polymer and/or adhesive, bonding of the substrates, analytical methods related to the adhesive or bonded products, mechanical properties of the adhesive, or durability of the bonded product. Included in sustainability are recyclability and recycling of adhesives and bonded products.

Dr. Charles Frihart
Dr. Christopher G. Hunt
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adhesives
  • bio-based adhesive chemistry
  • bio-polymer adhesives
  • bio-adhesive durability
  • bio-polymer mechanics
  • adhesive sustainability
  • reusable adhesives
  • recyclable adhesives
  • recyclable bonded products

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2035 KiB  
Article
Dibutyl Itaconate and Lauryl Methacrylate Copolymers by Emulsion Polymerization for Development of Sustainable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
by Carlos Rafael Casas-Soto, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Velia Osuna, David Chávez-Flores, José Carlos Espinoza-Hicks, Sergio Gabriel Flores-Gallardo and Alejandro Vega-Rios
Polymers 2022, 14(3), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030632 - 7 Feb 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4021
Abstract
Renewable polymers possess the potential to replace monomers from petrochemical sources. The design and development of polymeric materials from sustainable materials are a technological challenge. The main objectives of this study were to study the microstructure of copolymers based on itaconic acid (IA), [...] Read more.
Renewable polymers possess the potential to replace monomers from petrochemical sources. The design and development of polymeric materials from sustainable materials are a technological challenge. The main objectives of this study were to study the microstructure of copolymers based on itaconic acid (IA), di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA); and to explore and to evaluate these copolymers as pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA). The copolymer synthesis was carried out through batch emulsion radical polymerization, an environmentally friendly process. IA was used in a small fixed amount as a functional comonomer, and LMA was selected due to low glass transition temperature (Tg). The structure of synthesized copolymers was studied by FTIR, 1H-NMR, Soxhlet extraction, and molecular weight analyses by GPC. Furthermore, the viscoelastic and thermal properties of copolymer films were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. The single Tg displayed by the poly(DBI-LMA-IA) terpolymers indicates that statistical random composition copolymers were obtained. Moreover, FTIR and NMR spectra confirm the chemical structure and composition. It was found that a cross-linked microstructure and higher molecular weight are observed with an increase of LMA in the feed led. The Tg and modulus (G′) of the copolymers film can be tuned with the ratio of DBI:LMA providing a platform for a wide range of applications as a biobased alternative to produce waterborne PSA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Adhesives–Bio-based and Sustainable Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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14 pages, 2357 KiB  
Article
Enzymatic Conversion of Lignosulfonate into Wood Adhesives: A Next Step towards Fully Biobased Composite Materials
by Raphaela Hellmayr, Sabrina Bischof, Jasmin Wühl, Georg M. Guebitz, Gibson S. Nyanhongo, Nikolaus Schwaiger, Falk Liebner and Rupert Wimmer
Polymers 2022, 14(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020259 - 8 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2668
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) [...] Read more.
This study investigates the effect of the enzymatic polymerization of lignosulfonate for the formulation of a lignosulfonate-based adhesive. For this, beech lamellas were glued together and tested according to the EN 302-1 standard. The results showed that the laccase-polymerized lignosulfonate-based wood adhesives (LS-p) had similar mechanical properties as a standard carpenter’s glue (PVAc-based D3 class white glue), as no significant difference in tensile shear strength between these two adhesive types was found. However, carpenter’s glue showed almost 100% wood failure, while with the lignosulfonate-based wood glue, the samples failed, mainly in the glueline. Pre-polymerization of LS-p is the most critical factor to achieve the required viscosity, which is also connected to the wetting properties and the resulting tensile shear strength. The longer the pre-polymerization, the higher the viscosity of the LS-p adhesive, with the tensile shear strength reaching a plateau. The presented data show the potential of using enzymatically pre-polymerized lignosulfonate as a well-performing wood adhesive. Further development and optimization of the pre-polymerization process is required, which is also important to push towards upscaling and practical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Adhesives–Bio-based and Sustainable Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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15 pages, 3185 KiB  
Article
Influence of Acrylic Acid and Tert-Dodecyl Mercaptan in the Adhesive Performance of Water-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives
by Irene Márquez, Núria Paredes, Felipe Alarcia and José Ignacio Velasco
Polymers 2020, 12(12), 2879; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122879 - 30 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4266
Abstract
Currently, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are used in more than 80% of all labels in the market today. They do not require any heat, solvent, or water to activate: It only takes light pressure to apply them to a product surface. Many products that [...] Read more.
Currently, pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) are used in more than 80% of all labels in the market today. They do not require any heat, solvent, or water to activate: It only takes light pressure to apply them to a product surface. Many products that come in glass bottles need labels that have staying power in harsh conditions. For that reason, it is necessary to have a good balance between all the polymer adhesive properties. In this study is described how adhesive properties of water-based PSA were affected by varying the amount of functional monomer acrylic acid (AA) and chain transfer agent, tert-dodecyl mercaptan (TDM). Four series of PSA were prepared by emulsion polymerization. Within each polymer series, the AA monomer proportion was held constant between 0.5 and 3.0 phm, and the fraction of the chain transfer agent was varied 0.0 to 0.2 phm. The results showed that the gel content decreased with the increase of the chain transfer agent and with the reduction of AA. All adhesives properties (tack, peel, and shear resistance) improved with increasement of the AA monomer. The increase of chain transfer agent caused decrease of the gel content resulting in higher peel resistance and tack values, but lower shear resistance values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Adhesives–Bio-based and Sustainable Chemistry in Polymer Science)
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