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Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques
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Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Electronic Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 5837

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Nerija Žurauskienė

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: magnetic field sensors; magnetic thin films, nanostructures and their technologies; magnetoresistive materials; high pulsed magnetic fields; high pulsed electric fields; electroporation of biological cells
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Voitech Stankevič

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Functional Materials and Electronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio Ave. 3, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: lanthanum compounds; magnetoresistance; nanostructured materials; strontium compounds; MOCVD; magnetic thin films

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic sensors play a crucial role in various applications as they serve as the key component for detecting and monitoring mechanical and electrical properties such as position, force, and current. Their durability makes them highly suitable for challenging environments and they find wide usage in industrial and automotive sectors. However, new application areas using magnetic sensors are increasingly appearing, including magnetic biosensors, current sensing, robotics, and many others. To meet the demands of these new applications, researchers are exploring novel materials, circuits, and measurement techniques for magnetic sensors.

This Special Issue focuses on magnetic sensors and their technical applications, with the aim of presenting the latest research findings and advancements in magnetic sensor technology and measurement techniques. Novel approaches to the design and fabrication of the sensors, including micro- and nano-sensors, and exploration of their potential applications in industries and medicine as well as magnetic diagnostics in harsh environments such as free-electron lasers, electromagnetic launchers, or high-field pulsed magnets, are welcome. Additionally, this issue is dedicated to advanced testing and calibration methods of the sensors and adjusting their design and parameters to meet user needs. Therefore, we invite the international community from academia and industry to submit articles reporting on recent advances in magnetic sensor materials, properties, device concepts, sensor fabrication and testing techniques, calibration and control systems, as well as novel measurement techniques.

The Special Issue “Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques” covers a wide range of topics, which include, but are not limited, to:

  • New materials for magnetic field sensors;
  • New applications of magnetic sensors;
  • Circuits and operating methodologies of the sensors;
  • Design, fabrication, testing and calibration of sensors;
  • Magnetic field measurement techniques, including measurement in harsh environments;
  • Integrated magnetic sensors;
  • Simulation.

Prof. Dr. Nerija Žurauskienė
Prof. Dr. Voitech Stankevič
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic materials
  • magnetic films and structures
  • magnetoresistive sensors
  • Hall sensors
  • magnetic position sensors
  • electromagnetic launchers
  • pulsed-field magnets
  • electromagnetic metal forming and welding
  • micro- and nano-scale sensors in engineering applications
  • calibration and self-calibration methods
  • magnetic sensors arrays and systems
  • high-frequency sensors
  • magnetic field measurement techniques
  • high magnetic field measurements
  • magnetic field simulation methods

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

13 pages, 25707 KiB  
Article
Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions
by Eoin Higgins, Daragh Crowley, Christian van den Bosch and Pádraig Cantillon-Murphy
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5364; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165364 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 706
Abstract
Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) can benefit image-guided interventions in cases where line of sight is unavailable. However, EMT can suffer from electromagnetic distortion in the presence of metal instruments. Metal instruments are widely used in laparoscopic surgery, ENT surgery, arthroscopy and many other clinical [...] Read more.
Electromagnetic tracking (EMT) can benefit image-guided interventions in cases where line of sight is unavailable. However, EMT can suffer from electromagnetic distortion in the presence of metal instruments. Metal instruments are widely used in laparoscopic surgery, ENT surgery, arthroscopy and many other clinical applications. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of tracking such metal instruments by placing the inductive sensor within the instrument shaft. We propose a magnetostatic model of the field within the instrument, and verify the results experimentally for frequencies from 6 kHz to 60 kHz. The impact of the instrument’s dimensions, conductivity and transmitting field frequency is quantified for ranges representative of typical metal instruments used in image-guided interventions. We then performed tracking using the open-source Anser EMT system and quantify the error caused by the presence of the rod as a function of the frequency of the eight emitting coils for the system. The work clearly demonstrates why smaller tool diameters (less than 8 mm) are less susceptible to distortion, as well as identifying optimal frequencies (1 kHz to 2 kHz) for transmitter design to minimise for distortion in larger instruments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques)
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17 pages, 53794 KiB  
Article
50 Hz Temporal Magnetic Field Monitoring from High-Voltage Power Lines: Sensor Design and Experimental Validation
by Kenneth Deprez, Tom Van de Steene, Leen Verloock, Emmeric Tanghe, Liesbeth Gommé, Mart Verlaek, Michel Goethals, Karen van Campenhout, David Plets and Wout Joseph
Sensors 2024, 24(16), 5325; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165325 - 17 Aug 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
A low-cost, tri-axial 50 Hz magnetic field monitoring sensor was designed, calibrated and verified. The sensor was designed using off-the-shelf components and commercially available coils. It can measure 50 Hz magnetic fields originating from high-voltage power lines from 0.08 µT to 364 µT, [...] Read more.
A low-cost, tri-axial 50 Hz magnetic field monitoring sensor was designed, calibrated and verified. The sensor was designed using off-the-shelf components and commercially available coils. It can measure 50 Hz magnetic fields originating from high-voltage power lines from 0.08 µT to 364 µT, divided into two measurement ranges. The sensor was calibrated both on-board and in-lab. The on-board calibration takes the circuit attenuation, noise and parasitic components into account. In the in-lab calibration, the output of the developed sensor is compared to the benchmark, a narrowband EHP-50. The sensor was then verified in situ under high-voltage power lines at two independent measurement locations. The measured field values during this validation were between 0.10 µT and 13.43 µT, which is in agreement with other reported measurement values under high-voltage power lines in literature. The results were compared to the benchmark, for which average deviations of 6.2% and 1.4% were found, at the two independent measurement locations. Furthermore, fields up to 113.3 µT were measured in a power distribution sub-station to ensure that both measurement ranges were verified. Our network, four active sensors in the field, had high uptimes of 96%, 82%, 81% and, 95% during a minimum 3-month interval. In total, over 6 million samples were gathered with field values that ranged from 0.08 µT to 45.48 µT. This suggests that the proposed solution can be used for this monitoring, although more extensive long-term testing with more sensors is required to confirm the uptime under multiple circumstances. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques)
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15 pages, 4789 KiB  
Article
Planar Hall Effect Magnetic Sensors with Extended Field Range
by Daniel Lahav, Moty Schultz, Shai Amrusi, Asaf Grosz and Lior Klein
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4384; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134384 - 5 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1131
Abstract
The magnetic field range in which a magnetic sensor operates is an important consideration for many applications. Elliptical planar Hall effect (EPHE) sensors exhibit outstanding equivalent magnetic noise (EMN) on the order of pT/Hz, which makes them promising for many [...] Read more.
The magnetic field range in which a magnetic sensor operates is an important consideration for many applications. Elliptical planar Hall effect (EPHE) sensors exhibit outstanding equivalent magnetic noise (EMN) on the order of pT/Hz, which makes them promising for many applications. Unfortunately, the current field range in which EPHE sensors with pT/Hz EMN can operate is sub-mT, which limits their potential use. Here, we fabricate EPHE sensors with an increased field range and measure their EMN. The larger field range is obtained by increasing the uniaxial shape-induced anisotropy parallel to the long axis of the ellipse. We present measurements of EPHE sensors with magnetic anisotropy which ranges between 12 Oe and 120 Oe and show that their EMN at 10 Hz changes from 800 pT/Hz to 56 nT/Hz. Furthermore, we show that the EPHE sensors behave effectively as single magnetic domains with negligible hysteresis. We discuss the potential use of EPHE sensors with extended field range and compare them with sensors that are widely used in such applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques)
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16 pages, 5860 KiB  
Article
Single-Track Magnetic Tape Absolute Position Sensor with Self-Adaptivity
by Zoltán Kántor and Attila Szabó
Sensors 2024, 24(13), 4220; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24134220 - 28 Jun 2024
Viewed by 819
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a single-track magnetic code tape-based absolute position sensor system. Unlike traditional dual-track systems, our method simplifies manufacturing and avoids crosstalk between tracks, offering higher tolerance to alignment errors. The sensing system employs an array of magnetic field sensing [...] Read more.
In this study, we demonstrate a single-track magnetic code tape-based absolute position sensor system. Unlike traditional dual-track systems, our method simplifies manufacturing and avoids crosstalk between tracks, offering higher tolerance to alignment errors. The sensing system employs an array of magnetic field sensing elements that recognize the bit sequence encoded on the tape. This approach allows for accurate position determination even when the number of sensing elements is fewer than the number of bits covered, and without the need for specific spacing between sensing elements and bit length. We demonstrate the system’s ability to learn and adapt to various magnetic code patterns, including those that are irregular or have been altered. Our method can identify and localize the sensed magnetic field pattern directly within a self-learned magnetic field map, providing robust performance in diverse conditions. This self-adaptive capability enhances operational safety and reliability, as the system can continue functioning even when the magnetic tape is misaligned or has undergone changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques)
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12 pages, 4572 KiB  
Article
Angular Position Sensor Based on Anisotropic Magnetoresistive and Anomalous Nernst Effect
by Jiaqi Wang, Hang Xie and Yihong Wu
Sensors 2024, 24(3), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24031011 - 4 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1271
Abstract
Magnetic position sensors have extensive applications in various industrial sectors and consumer products. However, measuring angles in the full range of 0–360° in a wide field range using a single magnetic sensor remains a challenge. Here, we propose a magnetic position sensor based [...] Read more.
Magnetic position sensors have extensive applications in various industrial sectors and consumer products. However, measuring angles in the full range of 0–360° in a wide field range using a single magnetic sensor remains a challenge. Here, we propose a magnetic position sensor based on a single Wheatstone bridge structure made from a single ferromagnetic layer. By measuring the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) signals from the bridge and two sets of anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) signals from the transverse ports on two perpendicular Wheatstone bridge arms concurrently, we show that it is possible to achieve 0–360° angle detection using a single bridge sensor. The combined use of AMR and ANE signals allows a mean angle error in the range of 0.51–1.05° within a field range of 100 Oe–10,000 Oe to be achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Field Sensing and Measurement Techniques)
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