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12 pages, 2765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Magnetoresistive Shunts and Its Sensitivity Temperature Compensation

by Diego Ramírez-Muñoz, Rafael García-Gil, Susana Cardoso and Paulo Freitas

Sensors 2024, 24(10), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24103047 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123

Abstract

The main purpose of the paper is to show how a magnetoresistive (MR) element can work as a current sensor instead of using a Wheatstone bridge composed by four MR elements, defining the concept of a magnetoresistive shunt (MR-shunt). This concept is reached [...] Read more.

The main purpose of the paper is to show how a magnetoresistive (MR) element can work as a current sensor instead of using a Wheatstone bridge composed by four MR elements, defining the concept of a magnetoresistive shunt (MR-shunt). This concept is reached by considering that once the MR element is biased at a constant current, the voltage drop between its terminals offers information, by the MR effect, of the current to be measured, as happens in a conventional shunt resistor. However, an MR-shunt has the advantage of being a non-dissipative shunt since the current of interest does not circulate through the material, preventing its self-heating. Moreover, it provides galvanic isolation. First, we propose an electronic circuitry enabling the utilization of the available MR sensors integrated into a Wheatstone bridge as sensing elements (MR-shunt). This circuitry allows independent characterization of each of the four elements of the bridge. An independently implemented MR element is also analyzed. Secondly, we propose an electronic conditioning circuit for the MR-shunt, which allows both the bridge-integrated element and the single element to function as current sensors in a similar way to the sensing bridge. Third, the thermal variation in the sensitivity of the MR-shunt, and its temperature coefficient, are obtained. An electronic interface is proposed and analyzed for thermal drift compensation of the MR-shunt current sensitivity. With this hardware compensation, temperature coefficients are experimentally reduced from 0.348%/°C without compensation to −0.008%/°C with compensation for an element integrated in a sensor bridge and from 0.474%/°C to −0.0007%/°C for the single element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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15 pages, 9015 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement System for Short-Pulsed Magnetic Fields

by Voitech Stankevič, Skirmantas Keršulis, Justas Dilys, Vytautas Bleizgys, Mindaugas Viliūnas, Vilius Vertelis, Andrius Maneikis, Vakaris Rudokas, Valentina Plaušinaitienė and Nerija Žurauskienė

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031435 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2618

Abstract

A measurement system based on the colossal magnetoresistance CMR-B-scalar sensor was developed for the measurement of short-duration high-amplitude magnetic fields. The system consists of a magnetic field sensor made from thin nanostructured manganite film with minimized memory effect, and a magnetic field recording [...] Read more.

A measurement system based on the colossal magnetoresistance CMR-B-scalar sensor was developed for the measurement of short-duration high-amplitude magnetic fields. The system consists of a magnetic field sensor made from thin nanostructured manganite film with minimized memory effect, and a magnetic field recording module. The memory effect of the La_1−xSr_x(Mn_1−yCo_y)_zO₃ manganite films doped with different amounts of Co and Mn was investigated by measuring the magnetoresistance (MR) and resistance relaxation in pulsed magnetic fields up to 20 T in the temperature range of 80–365 K. It was found that for low-temperature applications, films doped with Co (LSMCO) are preferable due to the minimized magnetic memory effect at these temperatures, compared with LSMO films without Co. For applications at temperatures higher than room temperature, nanostructured manganite LSMO films with increased Mn content above the stoichiometric level have to be used. These films do not exhibit magnetic memory effects and have higher MR values. To avoid parasitic signal due to electromotive forces appearing in the transmission line of the sensor during measurement of short-pulsed magnetic fields, a bipolar-pulsed voltage supply for the sensor was used. For signal recording, a measurement module consisting of a pulsed voltage generator with a frequency up to 12.5 MHz, a 16-bit ADC with a sampling rate of 25 MHz, and a microprocessor was proposed. The circuit of the measurement module was shielded against low- and high-frequency electromagnetic noise, and the recorded signal was transmitted to a personal computer using a fiber optic link. The system was tested using magnetic field generators, generating magnetic fields with pulse durations ranging from 3 to 20 μs. The developed magnetic field measurement system can be used for the measurement of high-pulsed magnetic fields with pulse durations in the order of microseconds in different fields of science and industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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15 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Fidelity 3D Stray Magnetic Field Mapping of Smartphones to Address Safety Considerations with Active Implantable Electronic Medical Devices

by Nandita Saha, Jason M. Millward, Carl J. J. Herrmann, Faezeh Rahimi, Haopeng Han, Philipp Lacour, Florian Blaschke and Thoralf Niendorf

Sensors 2023, 23(3), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23031209 - 20 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3103

Abstract

Case reports indicate that magnets in smartphones could be a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) for active implantable medical devices (AIMD), which could lead to device malfunction, compromising patient safety. Recognizing this challenge, we implemented a high-fidelity 3D magnetic field mapping (spatial resolution [...] Read more.

Case reports indicate that magnets in smartphones could be a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) for active implantable medical devices (AIMD), which could lead to device malfunction, compromising patient safety. Recognizing this challenge, we implemented a high-fidelity 3D magnetic field mapping (spatial resolution 1 mm) setup using a three-axis Hall probe and teslameter, controlled by a robot (COSI Measure). With this setup, we examined the stray magnetic field of an iPhone 13 Pro, iPhone 12, and MagSafe charger to identify sources of magnetic fields for the accurate risk assessment of potential interferences with AIMDs. Our measurements revealed that the stray fields of the annular array of magnets, the wide-angle camera, and the speaker of the smartphones exceeded the 1 mT limit defined by ISO 14117:2019. Our data-driven safety recommendation is that an iPhone 13 Pro should be kept at least 25 mm away from an AIMD to protect it from unwanted EMI interactions. Our study addresses safety concerns due to potential device–device interactions between smartphones and AIMDs and will help to define data-driven safety guidelines. We encourage vendors of electronic consumer products (ECP) to provide information on the magnetic fields of their products and advocate for the inclusion of smartphones in the risk assessment of EMI with AIMDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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22 pages, 3536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Methodology for a Magnetic Levitation System Based on a New Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm

by Igor Reznichenko and Primož Podržaj

Sensors 2023, 23(2), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020979 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

Multi-objective (MO) optimization is a developing technique for increasing closed-loop performance and robustness. However, its applications to control engineering mostly concern first or second order approximation models. This article proposes a novel MO algorithm, suitable for the design and control of mechanical systems, [...] Read more.

Multi-objective (MO) optimization is a developing technique for increasing closed-loop performance and robustness. However, its applications to control engineering mostly concern first or second order approximation models. This article proposes a novel MO algorithm, suitable for the design and control of mechanical systems, which does not require any order reduction techniques. The controller parameters are determined directly from a special type of rapid analysis of simulated transient responses. The case study presented in this article consists of a magnetic levitation system. Certain difficulties such as the nonlinearity identification of the magnetic force and duo magnetic field sensor scheme were addressed. To point out the advantages of using the developed approach, the simulations as well as the experiments performed with the help of the created algorithm were compared to those made with common MO algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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18 pages, 7409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Field Analysis of Phenomena in Hybrid Excited Magnetorheological Fluid Brake

by Wojciech Szelag, Cezary Jedryczka, Adam Myszkowski and Rafal M. Wojciechowski

Sensors 2023, 23(1), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23010358 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

The paper presents a field model of coupled phenomena occurring in an axisymmetric magnetorheological brake. The coupling between transient fluid dynamics and electromagnetic and thermal fields as well as mechanical equilibrium equations is taken into account. The magnetic field in the studied brake [...] Read more.

The paper presents a field model of coupled phenomena occurring in an axisymmetric magnetorheological brake. The coupling between transient fluid dynamics and electromagnetic and thermal fields as well as mechanical equilibrium equations is taken into account. The magnetic field in the studied brake is of an excited hybrid manner, i.e., by the permanent magnets (PMs) and current I_s in the excitation winding. The finite element method and a step-by-step algorithm have been implemented in the proposed field model of coupled phenomena in the considered brake. The nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit and rheological properties of a magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid) as well as the influence of temperature on the properties of materials have been taken into account. To solve equations of the obtained field model, the Newton–Raphson method and the coupled block over-relaxation method have been implemented. The elaborated algorithm has been successfully used in the analysis of the phenomena in the considered magnetorheological brake. The accuracy of the developed model and its usefulness have been verified by a comparative analysis of the results of simulation and laboratory tests carried out for the developed prototype of the studied brake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 10900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Aeromagnetic Compensation Method for Suppressing the Magnetic Interference Generated by Electric Current with Vector Magnetometer

by Chao Zhang, Changping Du, Xiang Peng, Qi Han and Hong Guo

Sensors 2022, 22(16), 6151; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22166151 - 17 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

In aeromagnetic detection, the magnetic interference conducted by electric currents in onboard electronic (OBE) equipment is gradually being taken seriously with the development of aeromagnetic compensation technology. Here, we propose a compensation method based on the synthetically total magnetic field (STMF) measured by [...] Read more.

In aeromagnetic detection, the magnetic interference conducted by electric currents in onboard electronic (OBE) equipment is gradually being taken seriously with the development of aeromagnetic compensation technology. Here, we propose a compensation method based on the synthetically total magnetic field (STMF) measured by an onboard fluxgate vector magnetometer. In this method, a compensation model is firstly built to suppress the electric current magnetic interference (ECMI) which is jointly measured by a scalar magnetometer and a fluxgate vector magnetometer. The singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method is introduced to accurately extract the characteristic signal of the ECMI from the compensated STMF. In addition, in order to better suppress the geomagnetic gradient interference, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model is introduced to modify the existing geomagnetic gradient compensation model. Based on these, a novel compensation model including the traditional aeromagnetic compensation model, modified geomagnetic gradient model, and ECMI compensation model is proposed. The results in the field experiment show that this model has better compensation performance than the TLG model, which is extended from the T–L compensation model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 3496 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Room-Temperature Low-Field Magnetoresistance in Nanostructured Lanthanum Manganite Films for Magnetic Sensor Applications

by Nerija Zurauskiene, Voitech Stankevic, Skirmantas Kersulis, Milita Vagner, Valentina Plausinaitiene, Jorunas Dobilas, Remigijus Vasiliauskas, Martynas Skapas, Mykola Koliada, Jaroslaw Pietosa and Andrzej Wisniewski

Sensors 2022, 22(11), 4004; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22114004 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

The results of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties of La_1-xSr_xMn_yO₃ (LSMO) films grown by the pulsed injection MOCVD technique onto an Al₂O₃ substrate are presented. The grown films with different Sr (0.05 ≤ x [...] Read more.

The results of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties of La_1-xSr_xMn_yO₃ (LSMO) films grown by the pulsed injection MOCVD technique onto an Al₂O₃ substrate are presented. The grown films with different Sr (0.05 ≤ x ≤ 0.3) and Mn excess (y > 1) concentrations were nanostructured with vertically aligned column-shaped crystallites spread perpendicular to the film plane. It was found that microstructure, resistivity, and magnetoresistive properties of the films strongly depend on the strontium and manganese concentration. All films (including low Sr content) exhibit a metal–insulator transition typical for manganites at a certain temperature, T_m. The T_m vs. Sr content dependence for films with a constant Mn amount has maxima that shift to lower Sr values with the increase in Mn excess in the films. Moreover, the higher the Mn excess concentration in the films, the higher the T_m value obtained. The highest T_m values (270 K) were observed for nanostructured LSMO films with x = 0.17–0.18 and y = 1.15, while the highest low-field magnetoresistance (0.8% at 50 mT) at room temperature (290 K) was achieved for x = 0.3 and y = 1.15. The obtained low-field MR values were relatively high in comparison to those published in the literature results for lanthanum manganite films prepared without additional insulating oxide phases. It can be caused by high Curie temperature (383 K), high saturation magnetization at room temperature (870 emu/cm³), and relatively thin grain boundaries. The obtained results allow to fabricate CMR sensors for low magnetic field measurement at room temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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9 pages, 4836 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Phase-Extraction-Based MFL Testing for Subsurface Defect in Ferromagnetic Steel Plate

by Chengjian Ma, Yang Liu and Changyu Shen

Sensors 2022, 22(9), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22093322 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) based on phase extraction for detecting the subsurface defects in ferromagnetic steel plate was investigated. The relationship between electromagnetic field phase and the subsurface defect was analyzed. Low-frequency alternating current (AC) excitation source and high-power magnetizer arrangement with Hall [...] Read more.

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) based on phase extraction for detecting the subsurface defects in ferromagnetic steel plate was investigated. The relationship between electromagnetic field phase and the subsurface defect was analyzed. Low-frequency alternating current (AC) excitation source and high-power magnetizer arrangement with Hall sensor were used to increase the skin depth of the MFL. Experiments results showed that 12 mm deep subsurface defect can be detected by using the phase extraction means, which is about two times higher than that by using the amplitude method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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16 pages, 5281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Repeatability and Stability of Residual Magnetic Field for Stress Characterization in Elastic and Plastic Ranges of Silicon Steels

by Kun Zeng, Guiyun Tian, Bin Gao, Jia Liu, Yi Liu and Qianhang Liu

Sensors 2022, 22(8), 3052; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083052 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1777

Abstract

Deep insights into microstructures and domain wall behaviors in the evaluation of different material statuses under elastic and plastic stress ranges have essential implications for magnetic sensing and nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E). This paper investigates the repeatability and stability of residual magnetic [...] Read more.

Deep insights into microstructures and domain wall behaviors in the evaluation of different material statuses under elastic and plastic stress ranges have essential implications for magnetic sensing and nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E). This paper investigates the repeatability and stability of residual magnetic field (RMF) signals using a magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope for the stress characterization of silicon steel sheets beyond their elastic limit. Real-time domain motion is used for RMF characterization, while both the repeatability under plastic ranges after the cyclic stress rounds and stability during relaxation time are studied in detail. The distinction between elastic and plastic materials is discussed in terms of their spatio-temporal properties for further residual stress measurement since both ranges are mixed. During the relaxation time, the RMF of the plastic material shows a two-stage change with apparent recovery, which is contrasted with the one-stage change in the elastic material. Results show that the grain boundary affects the temporal recovery of the RMF. These findings concerning the spatio-temporal properties of different RMFs in plastic and elastic materials can be applied to the design and development of magnetic NDT&E for (residual) stress measurement and material status estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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16 pages, 12458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanostructured Manganite Films Grown by Pulsed Injection MOCVD: Tuning Low- and High-Field Magnetoresistive Properties for Sensors Applications

by Voitech Stankevic, Nerija Zurauskiene, Skirmantas Kersulis, Valentina Plausinaitiene, Rasuole Lukose, Jonas Klimantavicius, Sonata Tolvaišienė, Martynas Skapas, Algirdas Selskis and Saulius Balevicius

Sensors 2022, 22(2), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22020605 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1971

Abstract

The results of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties of La_0.83Sr_0.17Mn_1.21O₃ (LSMO) films grown by pulsed injection MOCVD technique onto various substrates are presented. The films with thicknesses of 360 nm and 60 nm grown on AT-cut single [...] Read more.

The results of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) properties of La_0.83Sr_0.17Mn_1.21O₃ (LSMO) films grown by pulsed injection MOCVD technique onto various substrates are presented. The films with thicknesses of 360 nm and 60 nm grown on AT-cut single crystal quartz, polycrystalline Al₂O₃, and amorphous Si/SiO₂ substrates were nanostructured with column-shaped crystallites spread perpendicular to the film plane. It was found that morphology, microstructure, and magnetoresistive properties of the films strongly depend on the substrate used. The low-field MR at low temperatures (25 K) showed twice higher values (−31% at 0.7 T) for LSMO/quartz in comparison to films grown on the other substrates (−15%). This value is high in comparison to results published in literature for manganite films prepared without additional insulating oxides. The high-field MR measured up to 20 T at 80 K was also the highest for LSMO/quartz films (−56%) and demonstrated the highest sensitivity S = 0.28 V/T at B = 0.25 T (voltage supply 2.5 V), which is promising for magnetic sensor applications. It was demonstrated that Mn excess Mn/(La + Sr) = 1.21 increases the metal-insulator transition temperature of the films up to 285 K, allowing the increase in the operation temperature of magnetic sensors up to 363 K. These results allow us to fabricate CMR sensors with predetermined parameters in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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16 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drift-Free Integration in Inductive Magnetic Field Measurements Achieved by Kalman Filtering

by Pasquale Arpaia, Marco Buzio, Vincenzo Di Capua, Sabrina Grassini, Marco Parvis and Mariano Pentella

Sensors 2022, 22(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010182 - 28 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

Sensing coils are inductive sensors commonly used to measure magnetic fields, such as those generated by electromagnets used in many kinds of industrial and scientific applications. Inductive sensors rely on integrating the output voltage at the coil’s terminals in order to obtain flux [...] Read more.

Sensing coils are inductive sensors commonly used to measure magnetic fields, such as those generated by electromagnets used in many kinds of industrial and scientific applications. Inductive sensors rely on integrating the output voltage at the coil’s terminals in order to obtain flux linkage, which may suffer from the magnification of low-frequency noise resulting in a drifting integrated signal. This article presents a method for the cancellation of integrator drift. The method is based on a first-order linear Kalman filter combining the data from the coil and a second sensor. Two case studies are presented. In the first one, the second sensor is a Hall probe, which senses the magnetic field directly. In a second case study, the magnet’s excitation current was used instead to provide a first-order approximation of the field. Experimental tests show that both approaches can reduce the measured field drift by three orders of magnitude. The Hall probe option guarantees, in addition, one order of magnitude better absolute accuracy than by using the excitation current. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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19 pages, 6178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Transient Analysis for Microstructure Evolution Characterization with Tensile Stress in Elastic and Plastic Status

by Jia Liu, GuiYun Tian, Bin Gao, Kun Zeng, QianHang Liu and Yang Zheng

Sensors 2021, 21(24), 8310; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21248310 - 12 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2921

Abstract

Stress affects the microstructure of the material to influence the durability and service life of the components. However, the previous work of stress measurement lacks quantification of the different variations in time and spatial features of micromagnetic properties affected by stress in elastic [...] Read more.

Stress affects the microstructure of the material to influence the durability and service life of the components. However, the previous work of stress measurement lacks quantification of the different variations in time and spatial features of micromagnetic properties affected by stress in elastic and plastic ranges, as well as the evolution of microstructure. In this paper, microstructure evolution under stress in elastic and plastic ranges is evaluated by magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) transient analysis. Based on a J-A model, the duration and the intensity are the eigenvalues for MBN transient analysis to quantify transient size and number of Barkhausen events under stress. With the observation of domain wall (DW) distribution and microstructure, the correlation between material microstructure and MBN transient eigenvalues is investigated to verify the ability of material status evaluation on the microscopic scale of the method. The results show that the duration and the intensity have different change trends in elastic and plastic ranges. The eigenvalue fusion of the duration and intensity distinguishes the change in microstructure under the stress in elastic and plastic deformation. The appearance of grain boundary (GB) migration and dislocation under the stress in the plastic range makes the duration and the intensity higher on the GB than those inside the grain. Besides, the reproducibility of the proposed method is investigated by evaluating microstructure evolution for silicon steel sheet and Q235 steel sheet. The proposed method investigates the correlation between the microstructure and transient micromagnetic properties, which has the potential for stress evaluation in elastic and plastic ranges for industrial materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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11 pages, 2779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alignment-Free Sensing Module for Absolute and Incremental Lines in Linear Positioning System Based on Tunneling-Magnetoresistance Sensors

by Chia-Chang Lee, Yu-Shen Yen and Chih-Huang Lai

Sensors 2021, 21(12), 4137; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124137 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2903

Abstract

An alignment-free sensing module for the positioning system based on tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors with an absolute-incremental-integrated scale is demonstrated. The sensors of the proposed system for both lines consist of identical layer stacks; therefore, all sensors can be fabricated in identical processes [...] Read more.

An alignment-free sensing module for the positioning system based on tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors with an absolute-incremental-integrated scale is demonstrated. The sensors of the proposed system for both lines consist of identical layer stacks; therefore, all sensors can be fabricated in identical processes from thin film deposition to device patterning on a single substrate. Consequently, the relative position of the sensors can be predefined at the lithography stage and the alignment error between sensors caused by the manual installation is completely eliminated. Different from the existing sensing scheme for incremental lines, we proposed to utilize the magnetic tunnel junctions with a perpendicular anisotropy reference layer and an in-plane anisotropy sensing layer. The sensors are placed parallel to the scale plane with magnetization of the sensing layer in the plane, which show the capability of polarity detection for the absolute line and reveal sinusoidal output signal for the incremental line. Furthermore, due to the large signal of TMR, the working distance can be further improved compared with conventional sensors. In addition, the cost of the positioning system is expected to be lowered, since all the sensors are fabricated in the same process without extra installation. Our design may pave a new avenue for the positioning system based on a magnetic detection scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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20 pages, 9435 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Response-Histogram-Based Feature of Magnetic Barkhausen Noise for Material Characterization Considering Influences of Grain and Grain Boundary under In Situ Tensile Test

by Jia Liu, Guiyun Tian, Bin Gao, Kun Zeng, Yongbing Xu and Qianhang Liu

Sensors 2021, 21(7), 2350; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072350 - 28 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2728

Abstract

Stress is the crucial factor of ferromagnetic material failure origin. However, the nondestructive test methods to analyze the ferromagnetic material properties’ inhomogeneity on the microscopic scale with stress have not been obtained so far. In this study, magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signals on [...] Read more.

Stress is the crucial factor of ferromagnetic material failure origin. However, the nondestructive test methods to analyze the ferromagnetic material properties’ inhomogeneity on the microscopic scale with stress have not been obtained so far. In this study, magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) signals on different silicon steel sheet locations under in situ tensile tests were detected by a high-spatial-resolution magnetic probe. The domain-wall (DW) motion, grain, and grain boundary were detected using a magneto-optical Kerr (MOKE) image. The time characteristic of DW motion and MBN signals on different locations was varied during elastic deformation. Therefore, a time-response histogram is proposed in this work to show different DW motions inside the grain and around the grain boundary under low tensile stress. In order to separate the variation of magnetic properties affected by the grain and grain boundary under low tensile stress corresponding to MBN excitation, time-division was carried out to extract the root-mean-square (RMS), mean, and peak in the optimized time interval. The time-response histogram of MBN evaluated the silicon steel sheet’s inhomogeneous material properties, and provided a theoretical and experimental reference for ferromagnetic material properties under stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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18 pages, 4895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of a CMR-B-Scalar Sensor for the Investigation of the Electromagnetic Acceleration of Type II Superconductors

by Vilius Vertelis, Saulius Balevicius, Voitech Stankevic, Nerija Zurauskiene and Markus Schneider

Sensors 2021, 21(4), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041293 - 11 Feb 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

In this paper, we investigated the behavior of a type II superconducting armature when accelerated by a pulsed magnetic field generated by a single-stage pancake coil. While conducting this investigation, we performed a numerical finite element simulation and an experimental study of the [...] Read more.

In this paper, we investigated the behavior of a type II superconducting armature when accelerated by a pulsed magnetic field generated by a single-stage pancake coil. While conducting this investigation, we performed a numerical finite element simulation and an experimental study of the magnetic field dynamics at the edge of the pancake coil when the payload was a superconducting disc made from YBa₂Cu₃O₇₋_x, cooled down to 77 K. The magnetic field measurements were performed using a CMR-B-scalar sensor, which was able to measure the absolute magnitude of the magnetic field and was specifically manufactured in order to increase the sensor’s sensitivity up to 500 mT. It was obtained that type II superconducting armatures can outperform normal metals when the launch conditions are tailored to their electromagnetic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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14 pages, 3645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Field Measurements during Magnetic Pulse Welding Using CMR-B-Scalar Sensors

by Voitech Stankevic, Joern Lueg-Althoff, Marlon Hahn, A. Erman Tekkaya, Nerija Zurauskiene, Justas Dilys, Jonas Klimantavicius, Skirmantas Kersulis, Ceslovas Simkevicius and Saulius Balevicius

Sensors 2020, 20(20), 5925; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205925 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

The possibility of applying CMR-B-scalar sensors made from thin manganite films exhibiting the colossal magnetoresistance effect as a fast-nondestructive method for the evaluation of the quality of the magnetic pulse welding (MPW) process is investigated in this paper. This method based on magnetic [...] Read more.

The possibility of applying CMR-B-scalar sensors made from thin manganite films exhibiting the colossal magnetoresistance effect as a fast-nondestructive method for the evaluation of the quality of the magnetic pulse welding (MPW) process is investigated in this paper. This method based on magnetic field magnitude measurements in the vicinity of the tools and joining parts was tested during the electromagnetic compression and MPW of an aluminum flyer tube with a steel parent. The testing setup used for the investigation allowed the simultaneous measurement of the flyer displacement, its velocity, and the magnitude of the magnetic field close to the flyer. The experimental results and simulations showed that, during the welding of the aluminum tube with the steel parent, the maximum magnetic field in the gap between the field shaper and the flyer is achieved much earlier than the maximum of the current pulse of the coil and that the first half-wave pulse of the magnetic field has two peaks. It was also found that the time instant of the minimum between these peaks depends on the charging energy of the capacitors and is associated with the collision of the flyer with the parent. Together with the first peak maximum and its time-position, this characteristic could be an indication of the welding quality. These results were confirmed by simultaneous measurements of the flyer displacement and velocity, as well as a numerical simulation of the magnetic field dynamics. The relationship between the peculiarities of the magnetic field pulse and the quality of the welding process is discussed. It was demonstrated that the proposed method of magnetic field measurement during magnetic pulse welding in combination with subsequent peel testing could be used as a nondestructive method for the monitoring of the quality of the welding process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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Review

Jump to: Research

39 pages, 14587 KiB

Open AccessReview

Engineering of Advanced Materials for High Magnetic Field Sensing: A Review

by Nerija Žurauskienė

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2939; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062939 - 8 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3463

Abstract

Advanced scientific and industrial equipment requires magnetic field sensors with decreased dimensions while keeping high sensitivity in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. However, there is a lack of commercial sensors for measurements of high magnetic fields, from ∼1 T up [...] Read more.

Advanced scientific and industrial equipment requires magnetic field sensors with decreased dimensions while keeping high sensitivity in a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. However, there is a lack of commercial sensors for measurements of high magnetic fields, from ∼1 T up to megagauss. Therefore, the search for advanced materials and the engineering of nanostructures exhibiting extraordinary properties or new phenomena for high magnetic field sensing applications is of great importance. The main focus of this review is the investigation of thin films, nanostructures and two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibiting non-saturating magnetoresistance up to high magnetic fields. Results of the review showed how tuning of the nanostructure and chemical composition of thin polycrystalline ferromagnetic oxide films (manganites) can result in a remarkable colossal magnetoresistance up to megagauss. Moreover, by introducing some structural disorder in different classes of materials, such as non-stoichiometric silver chalcogenides, narrow band gap semiconductors, and 2D materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, the possibility to increase the linear magnetoresistive response range up to very strong magnetic fields (50 T and more) and over a large range of temperatures was demonstrated. Approaches for the tailoring of the magnetoresistive properties of these materials and nanostructures for high magnetic field sensor applications were discussed and future perspectives were outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Sensors and Systems for Scientific and Industrial Applications)

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