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Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing
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Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Chemical Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 28780

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Stela-Maria Pruneanu

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Guest Editor
National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Donat Street, No. 67-103, RO-400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: graphene synthesis by electrochemical methods; graphene-modified electrodes; electrochemical detection of biomolecules (e.g., adenine; guanine; dopamine); pharmaceutical drugs and organic polutants
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Liana-Maria Muresan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: advanced electrode materials; electrocatalytic activity and selective recognition of chemical species; electrodeposition of metals and (nano)composites; corrosion and anticorrosion protection of metals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Graziella-Liana Turdean

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Babes-Bolyai University, Arany Janos Street, No. 11, 400028 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: nano/materials for electrodes; supramolecular and nanostructured redox bio/systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last 15 years, graphene-based materials have had a major contribution to the development of carbon-oriented research. The unique properties of graphene such as high–speed electron mobility at room temperature and high specific surface area along with the abundance of the source material recommend it as an ideal material in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. However, there are some challenges that must be overcome. One of them is related to the synthesis of single-layer graphene, which is difficult to accomplish without inducing defects and diminishing its electrical conductivity. In addition, single-layer graphene has a strong tendency to form multi-layer graphene or even graphite through π-π stacking interaction in which case other nano-materials (e.g., metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, porphyrins) have to be intercalated.

In this framework, we are glad to edit this Special Issue on “Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing”. The issue will focus on the development of novel methods for graphene-based material synthesis as well as on their applications in the electrochemical detection of various molecules (organic pollutants, heavy metals, cancer biomarkers, pharmaceutical drugs, etc.). Original data emphasizing the electro-catalytic performances of graphene-modified electrodes (screen-printed; glassy carbon; gold) or 3D graphene-paste electrodes are welcome.

Dr. Stela-Maria PRUNEANU
Prof. Dr. Liana-Maria MURESAN
Prof. Dr. Graziella-Liana TURDEAN
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Synthesis of graphene and its derivatives
  • graphene-nanoparticles composites
  • graphene composites for electrochemical applications
  • graphene-based bio/sensing devices (graphene-based modified electrodes, 3D graphene-paste electrodes, etc.)
  • graphene-based coatings

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5590 KiB  
Article
Performance-Enhanced Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Based on Graphene-Heterostructure
by Mahmoud A. Sakr, Karim Elgammal, Anna Delin and Mohamed Serry
Sensors 2020, 20(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010145 - 24 Dec 2019
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5739
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensing is a crucial field of study because of the current market demand. This study proposes a novel design of glucose sensor with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity by using graphene Schottky diodes, which is composed of graphene (G)/platinum oxide (PtO)/n-silicon (Si) [...] Read more.
Non-enzymatic glucose sensing is a crucial field of study because of the current market demand. This study proposes a novel design of glucose sensor with enhanced selectivity and sensitivity by using graphene Schottky diodes, which is composed of graphene (G)/platinum oxide (PtO)/n-silicon (Si) heterostructure. The sensor was tested with different glucose concentrations and interfering solutions to investigate its sensitivity and selectivity. Different structures of the device were studied by adjusting the platinum oxide film thickness to investigate its catalytic activity. It was found that the film thickness plays a significant role in the efficiency of glucose oxidation and hence in overall device sensitivity. 0.8–2 μA output current was obtained in the case of 4–10 mM with a sensitivity of 0.2 μA/mM.cm2. Besides, results have shown that 0.8 μA and 15 μA were obtained by testing 4 mM glucose on two different PtO thicknesses, 30 nm and 50 nm, respectively. The sensitivity of the device was enhanced by 150% (i.e., up to 30 μA/mM.cm2) by increasing the PtO layer thickness. This was attributed to both the increase of the number of active sites for glucose oxidation as well as the increase in the graphene layer thickness, which leads to enhanced charge carriers concentration and mobility. Moreover, theoretical investigations were conducted using the density function theory (DFT) to understand the detection method and the origins of selectivity better. The working principle of the sensors puts it in a competitive position with other non-enzymatic glucose sensors. DFT calculations provided a qualitative explanation of the charge distribution across the graphene sheet within a system of a platinum substrate with D-glucose molecules above. The proposed G/PtO/n-Si heterostructure has proven to satisfy these factors, which opens the door for further developments of more reliable non-enzymatic glucometers for continuous glucose monitoring systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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10 pages, 3754 KiB  
Article
Cellulose Nanopaper Cross-Linked Amino Graphene/Polyaniline Sensors to Detect CO2 Gas at Room Temperature
by Hanan Abdali, Bentolhoda Heli and Abdellah Ajji
Sensors 2019, 19(23), 5215; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19235215 - 28 Nov 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4765
Abstract
A nanocomposite of cross-linked bacterial cellulose–amino graphene/polyaniline (CLBC-AmG/PANI) was synthesized by covalent interaction of amino-functionalized graphene (AmG) AmG and bacterial cellulose (BC) via one step esterification, and then the aniline monomer was grown on the surface of CLBC-AmG through in situ chemical polymerization. [...] Read more.
A nanocomposite of cross-linked bacterial cellulose–amino graphene/polyaniline (CLBC-AmG/PANI) was synthesized by covalent interaction of amino-functionalized graphene (AmG) AmG and bacterial cellulose (BC) via one step esterification, and then the aniline monomer was grown on the surface of CLBC-AmG through in situ chemical polymerization. The morphological structure and properties of the samples were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The CLBC-AmG/PANI showed good electrical-resistance response toward carbon dioxide (CO2) at room temperature, compared to the BC/PANI nanopaper composites. The CLBC-AmG/PANI sensor possesses high sensitivity and fast response characteristics over CO2 concentrations ranging from 50 to 2000 ppm. This process presents an extremely suitable candidate for developing novel nanomaterials sensors owing to easy fabrication and efficient sensing performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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14 pages, 5052 KiB  
Article
Detection of 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine Biomarker with a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified with Graphene
by Codruta Varodi, Florina Pogacean, Maria Coros, Marcela-Corina Rosu, Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden, Emese Gal, Lucian-Barbu Tudoran, Stela Pruneanu and Simona Mirel
Sensors 2019, 19(19), 4297; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194297 - 4 Oct 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3544
Abstract
In this work we present the preparation of graphene material by exfoliation of graphite rods via pulses of current in electrolyte, containing a mixture of boric acid (0.05 M) and sodium chloride (0.05 M). The material was morphologically and structurally characterized by SEM/TEM/HR-TEM, [...] Read more.
In this work we present the preparation of graphene material by exfoliation of graphite rods via pulses of current in electrolyte, containing a mixture of boric acid (0.05 M) and sodium chloride (0.05 M). The material was morphologically and structurally characterized by SEM/TEM/HR-TEM, XRD and FTIR techniques. TEM investigation of graphene flakes deposited onto carbon-coated grids allowed the visualization of thin and transparent regions, attributed to few-layer graphene (FLG), as well as thick and dark regions attributed to multi-layer graphene (MLG). The mixed composition of the material was additionally confirmed by XRD, which further indicated that the amount of FLG within the sample was around 83%, while MLG was around 17%. The performance of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with graphene (SPE-Gr) was tested for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine detection. The graphene-modified electrode had a higher sensitivity in comparison with that of SPE, both in standard laboratory solutions (phosphate buffered saline—PBS) and in human saliva. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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17 pages, 6818 KiB  
Article
Carbon-Based Electrode Materials for Microsupercapacitors in Self-Powering Sensor Networks: Present and Future Development
by A. D. Smith, Qi Li, Agin Vyas, Mohammad Mazharul Haque, Kejian Wang, Andres Velasco, Xiaoyan Zhang, Shameel Thurakkal, Arne Quellmalz, Frank Niklaus, Kristinn Gylfason, Per Lundgren and Peter Enoksson
Sensors 2019, 19(19), 4231; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194231 - 29 Sep 2019
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4037
Abstract
There is an urgent need to fulfill future energy demands for micro and nanoelectronics. This work outlines a number of important design features for carbon-based microsupercapacitors, which enhance both their performance and integration potential and are critical for complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) [...] Read more.
There is an urgent need to fulfill future energy demands for micro and nanoelectronics. This work outlines a number of important design features for carbon-based microsupercapacitors, which enhance both their performance and integration potential and are critical for complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. Based on these design features, we present CMOS-compatible, graphene-based microsupercapacitors that can be integrated at the back end of the line of the integrated circuit fabrication. Electrode materials and their interfaces play a crucial role for the device characteristics. As such, different carbon-based materials are discussed and the importance of careful design of current collector/electrode interfaces is emphasized. Electrode adhesion is an important factor to improve device performance and uniformity. Additionally, doping of the electrodes can greatly improve the energy density of the devices. As microsupercapacitors are engineered for targeted applications, device scaling is critically important, and we present the first steps toward general scaling trends. Last, we outline a potential future integration scheme for a complete microsystem on a chip, containing sensors, logic, power generation, power management, and power storage. Such a system would be self-powering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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35 pages, 3165 KiB  
Review
Application of Graphene-Based Materials for Detection of Nitrate and Nitrite in Water—A Review
by Daoliang Li, Tan Wang, Zhen Li, Xianbao Xu, Cong Wang and Yanqing Duan
Sensors 2020, 20(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20010054 - 20 Dec 2019
Cited by 71 | Viewed by 9863
Abstract
Nitrite and nitrate are widely found in various water environments but the potential toxicity of nitrite and nitrate poses a great threat to human health. Recently, many methods have been developed to detect nitrate and nitrite in water. One of them is to [...] Read more.
Nitrite and nitrate are widely found in various water environments but the potential toxicity of nitrite and nitrate poses a great threat to human health. Recently, many methods have been developed to detect nitrate and nitrite in water. One of them is to use graphene-based materials. Graphene is a two-dimensional carbon nano-material with sp2 hybrid orbital, which has a large surface area and excellent conductivity and electron transfer ability. It is widely used for modifying electrodes for electrochemical sensors. Graphene based electrochemical sensors have the advantages of being low cost, effective and efficient for nitrite and nitrate detection. This paper reviews the application of graphene-based nanomaterials for electrochemical detection of nitrate and nitrite in water. The properties and advantages of the electrodes were modified by graphene, graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in the development of nitrite sensors are discussed in detail. Based on the review, the paper summarizes the working conditions and performance of different sensors, including working potential, pH, detection range, detection limit, sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability and long-term stability. Furthermore, the challenges and suggestions for future research on the application of graphene-based nanocomposite electrochemical sensors for nitrite detection are also highlighted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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