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Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications

A special issue of Sensors (ISSN 1424-8220). This special issue belongs to the section "Intelligent Sensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 May 2025 | Viewed by 34251

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Youbin Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
Interests: wearable sensor; flexible electronics; triboelectric nanogenerator; chemical/bio-sensor; self-powered sensors/systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Wanfeng Xie

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electronics & Information, University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband Communication, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
Interests: 2D materials; metal oxides; gas sensors; electrochemical sensors; electromagnetism, experimental physics; energy conversion & storage devices
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Miaomiao Yuan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518033, China
Interests: nanomaterials; self-powered health monitoring systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Li Cheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
Interests: nanogenerators; self-powered nanodevices; UV sensors; biosensors; wearable nanodevices
Dr. Xiangyi Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Measuring and Testing Technology and Instruments, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: gas sensing materials and devices; volatile organic compounds detection; health monitoring system

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Recent insights have resulted in a rapid development of various wearable devices monitoring different healthcare physiological indexes and biomarkers (e.g. minerals, trace elements, lactic acid, urea, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) that can be found either in body fluids (e.g. saliva, sweat, tears), or in skin odor and breath. Wearable devices are potential game-changers and can revolutionize the health sector, shifting it toward individualized eHealth, empowering the individual and the healthcare system to achieve better personalized healthcare outcomes. For this transformation to be successful, it requires a cross-disciplinary collaboration involving material science, intelligent manufacturing, electrical engineering, chemistry, etc.

Along with the development of wearable sensors for health applications, the demand for sustainable and independent operation, lightweight and flexibility have increased significantly. Fulfilling this demand shall involve several parameters but most important is the replacement of the bulky and rigid batteries by alternative thin, flexible and/or stretchable powers sources that could be sustainable and impose less burden on human and environment.

The focus of this Special Issue is on reporting recent advancements in smart wearable health monitoring systems. Both original research articles and review articles are welcome. Preferred subtopics include but are not limited to:

  • smart materials
  • wearable sensors
  • chemical/bio-sensors
  • volatile organic compounds detection
  • health monitoring devices
  • nanogenerators
  • self-powered systems

Dr. Youbin Zheng
Dr. Wanfeng Xie
Dr. Miaomiao Yuan
Dr. Li Cheng
Dr. Xiangyi Zhu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sensors is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • smart materials
  • wearable sensors
  • chemical/bio-sensors
  • volatile organic compounds detection
  • health monitoring devices
  • nanogenerators
  • self-powered systems

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 3502 KiB  
Article
New, Optimized Skin Calorimeter Version for Measuring Thermal Responses of Localized Skin Areas during Physical Activity
by Miriam Rodríguez de Rivera and Pedro Jesús Rodríguez de Rivera
Sensors 2024, 24(18), 5927; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24185927 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 548
Abstract
We present an optimized version of the skin calorimeter for measuring localized skin thermal responses during physical activity. Enhancements include a new holding system, more sensitive thermopiles, and an upgraded spiked heat sink for improved efficiency. In addition, we used a new, improved [...] Read more.
We present an optimized version of the skin calorimeter for measuring localized skin thermal responses during physical activity. Enhancements include a new holding system, more sensitive thermopiles, and an upgraded spiked heat sink for improved efficiency. In addition, we used a new, improved calorimetric model that takes into account all the variables that influence the measurement process. Resolution in power measurement is 1 mW. Performance tests under air currents and movement disturbances showed that the device maintains high accuracy; the deviation produced by these significant disturbances is less than 5%. Human subject tests, both at rest and during exercise, confirmed its ability to accurately measure localized skin heat flux, heat capacity, and thermal resistance (less than 5% uncertainty). These findings highlight the calorimeter’s potential for applications in sports medicine and physiological studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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13 pages, 6495 KiB  
Article
Continuous Biopotential Monitoring via Carbon Nanotubes Paper Composites (CPC) for Sustainable Health Analysis
by Seunghyeb Ban, Chang Woo Lee, Vigneshwar Sakthivelpathi, Jae-Hyun Chung and Jong-Hoon Kim
Sensors 2023, 23(24), 9727; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249727 - 9 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1515
Abstract
Skin-based wearable devices have gained significant attention due to advancements in soft materials and thin-film technologies. Nevertheless, traditional wearable electronics often entail expensive and intricate manufacturing processes and rely on metal-based substrates that are susceptible to corrosion and lack flexibility. In response to [...] Read more.
Skin-based wearable devices have gained significant attention due to advancements in soft materials and thin-film technologies. Nevertheless, traditional wearable electronics often entail expensive and intricate manufacturing processes and rely on metal-based substrates that are susceptible to corrosion and lack flexibility. In response to these challenges, this paper has emerged with an alternative substrate for wearable electrodes due to its cost-effectiveness and scalability in manufacturing. Paper-based electrodes offer an attractive solution with their inherent properties of high breathability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunability. In this study, we introduce carbon nanotube-based paper composites (CPC) electrodes designed for the continuous detection of biopotential signals, such as electrooculography (EOG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). To prevent direct skin contact with carbon nanotubes, we apply various packaging materials, including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Eco-flex, polyimide (PI), and polyurethane (PU). We conduct a comparative analysis of their signal-to-noise ratios in comparison to conventional gel electrodes. Our system demonstrates real-time biopotential monitoring for continuous health tracking, utilizing CPC in conjunction with a portable data acquisition system. The collected data are analyzed to provide accurate heart rates, respiratory rates, and heart rate variability metrics. Additionally, we explore the feasibility using CPC for sleep monitoring by collecting EEG signals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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19 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
An Elastic Self-Adjusting Technique for Rare-Class Synthetic Oversampling Based on Cluster Distortion Minimization in Data Stream
by Hayder K. Fatlawi and Attila Kiss
Sensors 2023, 23(4), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23042061 - 11 Feb 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1464
Abstract
Adaptive machine learning has increasing importance due to its ability to classify a data stream and handle the changes in the data distribution. Various resources, such as wearable sensors and medical devices, can generate a data stream with an imbalanced distribution of classes. [...] Read more.
Adaptive machine learning has increasing importance due to its ability to classify a data stream and handle the changes in the data distribution. Various resources, such as wearable sensors and medical devices, can generate a data stream with an imbalanced distribution of classes. Many popular oversampling techniques have been designed for imbalanced batch data rather than a continuous stream. This work proposes a self-adjusting window to improve the adaptive classification of an imbalanced data stream based on minimizing cluster distortion. It includes two models; the first chooses only the previous data instances that preserve the coherence of the current chunk’s samples. The second model relaxes the strict filter by excluding the examples of the last chunk. Both models include generating synthetic points for oversampling rather than the actual data points. The evaluation of the proposed models using the Siena EEG dataset showed their ability to improve the performance of several adaptive classifiers. The best results have been obtained using Adaptive Random Forest in which Sensitivity reached 96.83% and Precision reached 99.96%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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9 pages, 8101 KiB  
Communication
Toward Large-Scale Energy Harvesting by a UV-Curable Organic-Coating-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator
by Jian Chen, Ning Tang, Li Cheng and Youbin Zheng
Sensors 2023, 23(2), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020579 - 4 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1955
Abstract
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand out as an attractive form of technology for the efficient harvest of mechanical energy and the powering of wearable devices due to their light weight, simplicity, high power density, and efficient vibration energy scavenging capabilities. However, the requirement for [...] Read more.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) stand out as an attractive form of technology for the efficient harvest of mechanical energy and the powering of wearable devices due to their light weight, simplicity, high power density, and efficient vibration energy scavenging capabilities. However, the requirement for micro/nanostructures and/or complex and expensive instruments hinders their cheap mass production, thus limiting their practical applications. By using a simple, cost-effective, fast spray-coating process, we develop high-performance UV-curable triboelectric coatings for large-scale energy harvesting. The effect of different formulations and coating compositions on the triboelectric output is investigated to design triboelectric coatings with high output performance. The TENG based on a hybrid coating exhibits high output performance of 54.5 μA current, 1228.9 V voltage, 163.6 nC transferred charge and 3.51 mW output power. Moreover, the hybrid coatings show good long-term output stability. All the results indicate that the designed triboelectric coatings show great potential for large-scale energy harvesting with the advantages of cost-effectiveness, fast fabrication, easy mass production and long-term stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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10 pages, 3153 KiB  
Communication
Three-Dimensional Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nano-Silver Scaffolds with High Antibacterial Properties
by Yueshui Lyu, Yingying Shi, Sen Zhu, Yuan Jia, Chunfeng Tong, Shixiong Liu, Bo Sun and Jingxiang Zhang
Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7952; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207952 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2171
Abstract
In recent years, hazardous wastewater treatment has been a complex and global problem. In this work, by considering the antimicrobial activity of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), we constructed an antibacterial device (G-AgNP) with AgNPs conformably deposited onto a 3D [...] Read more.
In recent years, hazardous wastewater treatment has been a complex and global problem. In this work, by considering the antimicrobial activity of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), we constructed an antibacterial device (G-AgNP) with AgNPs conformably deposited onto a 3D scaffold of reduced graphene oxide in situ. The major limitation, which is difficult to recycle, of two-dimensional graphene-silver composite materials in previous studies is improved. Characterization techniques, SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS, confirmed the synthesis of nanocomposites. Attributed to its larger specific area, more active sites, and synergistic enhancement, the G-AgNP device demonstrated the best bacterial removal capacity, with an antibacterial rate for both E. coli and S. aureus as high as 100% at quite low AgNP contents. The reported G-AgNP has potential application as a wearable sewage treatment device and for the protection of wearable sensors as a promising sterilizing candidate based on its high and stable antibacterial efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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Review

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47 pages, 21466 KiB  
Review
A Review of Recent Advances in Human-Motion Energy Harvesting Nanogenerators, Self-Powering Smart Sensors and Self-Charging Electronics
by Justyna Gołąbek and Michał Strankowski
Sensors 2024, 24(4), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24041069 - 6 Feb 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3671
Abstract
In recent years, portable and wearable personal electronic devices have rapidly developed with increasing mass production and rising energy consumption, creating an energy crisis. Using batteries and supercapacitors with limited lifespans and environmental hazards drives the need to find new, environmentally friendly, and [...] Read more.
In recent years, portable and wearable personal electronic devices have rapidly developed with increasing mass production and rising energy consumption, creating an energy crisis. Using batteries and supercapacitors with limited lifespans and environmental hazards drives the need to find new, environmentally friendly, and renewable sources. One idea is to harness the energy of human motion and convert it into electrical energy using energy harvesting devices—piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and hybrids. They are characterized by a wide variety of features, such as lightness, flexibility, low cost, richness of materials, and many more. These devices offer the opportunity to use new technologies such as IoT, AI or HMI and create smart self-powered sensors, actuators, and self-powered implantable/wearable devices. This review focuses on recent examples of PENGs, TENGs and hybrid devices for wearable and implantable self-powered systems. The basic mechanisms of operation, micro/nano-scale material selection and manufacturing processes of selected examples are discussed. Current challenges and the outlook for the future of the nanogenerators are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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Graphical abstract

36 pages, 5884 KiB  
Review
Smart Wearable Systems for Health Monitoring
by Zhiyong Deng, Lihao Guo, Ximeng Chen and Weiwei Wu
Sensors 2023, 23(5), 2479; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052479 - 23 Feb 2023
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 21633
Abstract
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and [...] Read more.
Smart wearable systems for health monitoring are highly desired in personal wisdom medicine and telemedicine. These systems make the detecting, monitoring, and recording of biosignals portable, long-term, and comfortable. The development and optimization of wearable health-monitoring systems have focused on advanced materials and system integration, and the number of high-performance wearable systems has been gradually increasing in recent years. However, there are still many challenges in these fields, such as balancing the trade-off between flexibility/stretchability, sensing performance, and the robustness of systems. For this reason, more evolution is required to promote the development of wearable health-monitoring systems. In this regard, this review summarizes some representative achievements and recent progress of wearable systems for health monitoring. Meanwhile, a strategy overview is presented about selecting materials, integrating systems, and monitoring biosignals. The next generation of wearable systems for accurate, portable, continuous, and long-term health monitoring will offer more opportunities for disease diagnosis and treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)
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