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11 pages, 3352 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Immunoassay Using Open Circuit Potential Detection Labeled by Platinum Nanoparticles

by Kanokwan Charoenkitamorn, Phan Trong Tue, Keiko Kawai, Orawon Chailapakul and Yuzuru Takamura

Sensors 2018, 18(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18020444 - 3 Feb 2018

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7054

Abstract

In this work, a simple electrochemical immunoassay based on platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using open circuit potential (OCP) detection was developed. The detection of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) as a model analyte, was demonstrated by direct electrical detection of PtNPs in hydrazine solution [...] Read more.

In this work, a simple electrochemical immunoassay based on platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using open circuit potential (OCP) detection was developed. The detection of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) as a model analyte, was demonstrated by direct electrical detection of PtNPs in hydrazine solution using OCP measurement without any application of either potential or current to the system. Disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were utilized for the development of our immunosensor, which required a sample volume as small as 2 μL. After preparation of a sandwich-type immunosystem, hydrazine solution was dropped on the electrode’s surface, which was followed immediately by electrical detection using OCP. The change of the OCP signal originated from electrocatalytic oxidation of the hydrazine on PtNPs. Under the optimal conditions of a pH of 6.0 and a hydrazine concentration of 1 mM, a detection limit of 0.28 ng mL⁻¹ and a linearity of 0–10 ng mL⁻¹ were obtained. The PtNP-based OCP method is a simpler electrochemical detection procedure than those obtained from other electrochemical methods and has an acceptable sensitivity and reproducibility. The simplicity of the detection procedure and the cost-effectiveness of the disposable SPCE illustrate the attractive benefits of this sensor. Moreover, it could be applied to a simplified and miniaturized diagnostic system with minimal user manipulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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2844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epigallocatechin Gallate-Modified Graphite Paste Electrode for Simultaneous Detection of Redox-Active Biomolecules

by Hashwin V. S. Ganesh, Meissam Noroozifar and Kagan Kerman

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010023 - 22 Dec 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4793

Abstract

In this study, simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) was performed using a modified graphite paste electrode (MGPE) with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea (GT) powder. It was shown that the anodic peak current increased [...] Read more.

In this study, simultaneous electrochemical detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) was performed using a modified graphite paste electrode (MGPE) with epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and green tea (GT) powder. It was shown that the anodic peak current increased in comparison with that of the graphite paste electrode (GPE) in the cyclic voltammograms. The optimal pH for simultaneous determination of a quaternary mixture of AA–DA–UA was determined to be pH 2. The anodic peak potentials for a mixture containing AA–DA–UA were well separated from each other. The catalytic peak currents obtained at the surface of the MGPE/EGCG were linearly dependent on the AA, DA, and UA concentrations up to 23, 14, and 14 µM, respectively. The detection limits for AA, DA, and UA were 190, 90, and 70 nM, respectively. The analytical performance of this sensor has been evaluated for simultaneous detection of AA, DA, and UA in real samples. Finally, a modified electrode was prepared using GT and used for simultaneous determination of AA, DA, and UA. Based on the results, MPGE/GT showed two oxidation peaks at 0.43 and 0.6 V for DA and UA, respectively, without any oxidation peak for AA. The calibration curves at the surface of MGPE/GT were linear up to 14 µM with a detection limit of 0.18 and 0.33 µM for DA and UA, respectively. MGPEs provide a promising platform for the future development of sensors for multiplexed electrochemical detection of clinically important analytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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3137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Color Fluorescence Imaging of EpCAM and EGFR in Breast Cancer Cells with a Bull’s Eye-Type Plasmonic Chip

by Shota Izumi, Shohei Yamamura, Naoko Hayashi, Mana Toma and Keiko Tawa

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2942; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122942 - 19 Dec 2017

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5659

Abstract

Surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence microscopic observation of a live breast cancer cell was performed with a plasmonic chip. Two cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), were selected as breast cancer cells, with two kinds of membrane protein, epithelial cell adhesion molecule [...] Read more.

Surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence microscopic observation of a live breast cancer cell was performed with a plasmonic chip. Two cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7), were selected as breast cancer cells, with two kinds of membrane protein, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), observed in both cells. The membrane proteins are surface markers used to differentiate and classify breast cancer cells. EGFR and EpCAM were detected with Alexa Fluor^® 488-labeled anti-EGFR antibody (488-EGFR) and allophycocyanin (APC)-labeled anti-EpCAM antibody (APC-EpCAM), respectively. In MDA-MB231 cells, three-fold plus or minus one and seven-fold plus or minus two brighter fluorescence of 488-EGFR were observed on the 480-nm pitch and the 400-nm pitch compared with that on a glass slide. Results show the 400-nm pitch is useful. Dual-color fluorescence of 488-EGFR and APC-EpCAM in MDA-MB231 was clearly observed with seven-fold plus or minus two and nine-fold plus or minus three, respectively, on the 400-nm pitch pattern of a plasmonic chip. Therefore, the 400-nm pitch contributed to the dual-color fluorescence enhancement for these wavelengths. An optimal grating pitch of a plasmonic chip improved a fluorescence image of membrane proteins with the help of the surface plasmon-enhanced field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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6395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Quartz Crystal Microbalance Immunosensor for Stem Cell Selection and Extraction

by Ornella Maglio, Salvatore Costanzo, Rosaria Cercola, Gerardo Zambrano, Marco Mauro, Raffaele Battaglia, Gianluca Ferrini, Flavia Nastri, Vincenzo Pavone and Angela Lombardi

Sensors 2017, 17(12), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17122747 - 28 Nov 2017

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 14195

Abstract

A cost-effective immunosensor for the detection and isolation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been developed. The recognition mechanism relies on anti-CD34 antibodies, DPSC-specific monoclonal antibodies that are anchored on the surface of the quartz [...] Read more.

A cost-effective immunosensor for the detection and isolation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) based on a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been developed. The recognition mechanism relies on anti-CD34 antibodies, DPSC-specific monoclonal antibodies that are anchored on the surface of the quartz crystals. Due to its high specificity, real time detection, and low cost, the proposed technology has a promising potential in the field of cell biology, for the simultaneous detection and sorting of stem cells from heterogeneous cell samples. The QCM surface was properly tailored through a biotinylated self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The biotin–avidin interaction was used to immobilize the biotinylated anti-CD34 antibody on the gold-coated quartz crystal. After antibody immobilization, a cellular pellet, with a mixed cell population, was analyzed; the results indicated that the developed QCM immunosensor is highly specific, being able to detect and sort only CD34+ cells. Our study suggests that the proposed technology can detect and efficiently sort any kind of cell from samples with high complexity, being simple, selective, and providing for more convenient and time-saving operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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2626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mediator Preference of Two Different FAD-Dependent Glucose Dehydrogenases Employed in Disposable Enzyme Glucose Sensors

by Noya Loew, Wakako Tsugawa, Daichi Nagae, Katsuhiro Kojima and Koji Sode

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112636 - 16 Nov 2017

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7498

Abstract

Most commercially available electrochemical enzyme sensor strips for the measurement of blood glucose use an artificial electron mediator to transfer electrons from the active side of the enzyme to the electrode. One mediator recently gaining attention for commercial sensor strips is hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride. [...] Read more.

Most commercially available electrochemical enzyme sensor strips for the measurement of blood glucose use an artificial electron mediator to transfer electrons from the active side of the enzyme to the electrode. One mediator recently gaining attention for commercial sensor strips is hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride. In this study, we investigate and compare the preference of enzyme electrodes with two different FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenases (FADGDHs) for the mediators hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride, potassium ferricyanide (the most common mediator in commercial sensor strips), and methoxy phenazine methosulfate (mPMS). One FADGDH is a monomeric fungal enzyme, and the other a hetero-trimeric bacterial enzyme. With the latter, which contains a heme-subunit facilitating the electron transfer, similar response currents are obtained with hexaammineruthenium(III), ferricyanide, and mPMS (6.8 µA, 7.5 µA, and 6.4 µA, respectively, for 10 mM glucose). With the fungal FADGDH, similar response currents are obtained with the negatively charged ferricyanide and the uncharged mPMS (5.9 µA and 6.7 µA, respectively, for 10 mM glucose), however, no response current is obtained with hexaammineruthenium(III), which has a strong positive charge. These results show that access of even very small mediators with strong charges to a buried active center can be almost completely blocked by the protein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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1878 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Separation and Analysis of Adherent and Non-Adherent Cancer Cells Using a Single-Cell Microarray Chip

by Shohei Yamamura, Eriko Yamada, Fukiko Kimura, Kumiko Miyajima and Hajime Shigeto

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102410 - 21 Oct 2017

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6589

Abstract

A new single-cell microarray chip was designed and developed to separate and analyze single adherent and non-adherent cancer cells. The single-cell microarray chip is made of polystyrene with over 60,000 microchambers of 10 different size patterns (31–40 µm upper diameter, 11–20 µm lower [...] Read more.

A new single-cell microarray chip was designed and developed to separate and analyze single adherent and non-adherent cancer cells. The single-cell microarray chip is made of polystyrene with over 60,000 microchambers of 10 different size patterns (31–40 µm upper diameter, 11–20 µm lower diameter). A drop of suspension of adherent carcinoma (NCI-H1650) and non-adherent leukocyte (CCRF-CEM) cells was placed onto the chip, and single-cell occupancy of NCI-H1650 and CCRF-CEM was determined to be 79% and 84%, respectively. This was achieved by controlling the chip design and surface treatment. Analysis of protein expression in single NCI-H1650 and CCRF-CEM cells was performed on the single-cell microarray chip by multi-antibody staining. Additionally, with this system, we retrieved positive single cells from the microchambers by a micromanipulator. Thus, this system demonstrates the potential for easy and accurate separation and analysis of various types of single cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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2539 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Multi-Fluorescent DNA/Graphene Oxide Conjugate Sensor for Signature-Based Protein Discrimination

by Shunsuke Tomita, Sayaka Ishihara and Ryoji Kurita

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102194 - 23 Sep 2017

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8014

Abstract

Signature-based protein sensing has recently emerged as a promising prospective alternative to conventional lock-and-key methods. However, most of the current examples require the measurement of optical signals from spatially-separated materials for the generation of signatures. Herein, we present a new approach for the [...] Read more.

Signature-based protein sensing has recently emerged as a promising prospective alternative to conventional lock-and-key methods. However, most of the current examples require the measurement of optical signals from spatially-separated materials for the generation of signatures. Herein, we present a new approach for the construction of multi-fluorescent sensing systems with high accessibility and tunability, which allows generating protein fluorescent signatures from a single microplate well. This approach is based on conjugates between nano-graphene oxide (nGO) and three single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) that exhibit different sequences and fluorophores. Initially, the three fluorophore-modified ssDNAs were quenched simultaneously by binding to nGO. Subsequent addition of analyte proteins caused a partial recovery in fluorescent intensity of the individual ssDNAs. Based on this scheme, we have succeeded in acquiring fluorescence signatures unique to (i) ten proteins that differ with respect to pI and molecular weight and (ii) biochemical marker proteins in the presence of interferent human serum. Pattern-recognition methods demonstrated high levels of discrimination for this system. The high discriminatory power and simple format of this sensor system should enable an easy and fast evaluation of proteins and protein mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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3669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Amperometric Recording of Extracellular H₂O₂ in the Brain of Immunocompromised Mice: An In Vitro, Ex Vivo and In Vivo Characterisation Study

by Caroline H. Reid and Niall J. Finnerty

Sensors 2017, 17(7), 1596; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17071596 - 8 Jul 2017

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4790

Abstract

We detail an extensive characterisation study on a previously described dual amperometric H₂O₂ biosensor consisting of H₂O₂ detection (blank) and degradation (catalase) electrodes. In vitro investigations demonstrated excellent H₂O₂ sensitivity and selectivity against the [...] Read more.

We detail an extensive characterisation study on a previously described dual amperometric H₂O₂ biosensor consisting of H₂O₂ detection (blank) and degradation (catalase) electrodes. In vitro investigations demonstrated excellent H₂O₂ sensitivity and selectivity against the interferent, ascorbic acid. Ex vivo studies were performed to mimic physiological conditions prior to in vivo deployment. Exposure to brain tissue homogenate identified reliable sensitivity and selectivity recordings up to seven days for both blank and catalase electrodes. Furthermore, there was no compromise in pre- and post-implanted catalase electrode sensitivity in ex vivo mouse brain. In vivo investigations performed in anaesthetised mice confirmed the ability of the H₂O₂ biosensor to detect increases in amperometric current following locally perfused/infused H₂O₂ and antioxidant inhibitors mercaptosuccinic acid and sodium azide. Subsequent recordings in freely moving mice identified negligible effects of control saline and sodium ascorbate interference injections on amperometric H₂O₂ current. Furthermore, the stability of the amperometric current was confirmed over a five-day period and analysis of 24-h signal recordings identified the absence of diurnal variations in amperometric current. Collectively, these findings confirm the biosensor current responds in vivo to increasing exogenous and endogenous H₂O₂ and tentatively supports measurement of H₂O₂ dynamics in freely moving NOD SCID mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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Review

Jump to: Research

28 pages, 5460 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trends and Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Nanobiosensors

by Mohammad Rizwan, Noor Faizah Mohd-Naim and Minhaz Uddin Ahmed

Sensors 2018, 18(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010166 - 9 Jan 2018

Cited by 88 | Viewed by 10546

Abstract

The rapid and increasing use of the nanomaterials (NMs), nanostructured materials (NSMs), metal nanoclusters (MNCs) or nanocomposites (NCs) in the development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanobiosensors is a significant area of study for its massive potential in the practical application of nanobiosensor fabrication. Recently, [...] Read more.

The rapid and increasing use of the nanomaterials (NMs), nanostructured materials (NSMs), metal nanoclusters (MNCs) or nanocomposites (NCs) in the development of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) nanobiosensors is a significant area of study for its massive potential in the practical application of nanobiosensor fabrication. Recently, NMs or NSMs (such as AuNPs, AgNPs, Fe₃O₄, CdS QDs, OMCs, graphene, CNTs and fullerenes) or MNCs (such as Au, Ag, and Pt) or NCs of both metallic and non-metallic origin are being employed for various purposes in the construction of biosensors. In this review, we have selected recently published articles (from 2014–2017) on the current development and prospects of label-free or direct ECL nanobiosensors that incorporate NCs, NMs, NSMs or MNCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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3271 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Biomass-Based Fuel-Fed Fuel Cells

by Le Quynh Hoa, Mun’delanji C. Vestergaard and Eiichi Tamiya

Sensors 2017, 17(11), 2587; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17112587 - 10 Nov 2017

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 9604

Abstract

Environmental and sustainable economical concerns are generating a growing interest in biofuels predominantly produced from biomass. It would be ideal if an energy conversion device could directly extract energy from a sustainable energy resource such as biomass. Unfortunately, up to now, such a [...] Read more.

Environmental and sustainable economical concerns are generating a growing interest in biofuels predominantly produced from biomass. It would be ideal if an energy conversion device could directly extract energy from a sustainable energy resource such as biomass. Unfortunately, up to now, such a direct conversion device produces insufficient power to meet the demand of practical applications. To realize the future of biofuel-fed fuel cells as a green energy conversion device, efforts have been devoted to the development of carbon-based nanomaterials with tunable electronic and surface characteristics to act as efficient metal-free electrocatalysts and/or as supporting matrix for metal-based electrocatalysts. We present here a mini review on the recent advances in carbon-based catalysts for each type of biofuel-fed/biofuel cells that directly/indirectly extract energy from biomass resources, and discuss the challenges and perspectives in this developing field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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5633 KiB

Open AccessReview

Disease-Related Detection with Electrochemical Biosensors: A Review

by Ying Huang, Jin Xu, Junjie Liu, Xiangyang Wang and Bin Chen

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102375 - 17 Oct 2017

Cited by 123 | Viewed by 12419

Abstract

Rapid diagnosis of diseases at their initial stage is critical for effective clinical outcomes and promotes general public health. Classical in vitro diagnostics require centralized laboratories, tedious work and large, expensive devices. In recent years, numerous electrochemical biosensors have been developed and proposed [...] Read more.

Rapid diagnosis of diseases at their initial stage is critical for effective clinical outcomes and promotes general public health. Classical in vitro diagnostics require centralized laboratories, tedious work and large, expensive devices. In recent years, numerous electrochemical biosensors have been developed and proposed for detection of various diseases based on specific biomarkers taking advantage of their features, including sensitivity, selectivity, low cost and rapid response. This article reviews research trends in disease-related detection with electrochemical biosensors. Focus has been placed on the immobilization mechanism of electrochemical biosensors, and the techniques and materials used for the fabrication of biosensors are introduced in details. Various biomolecules used for different diseases have been listed. Besides, the advances and challenges of using electrochemical biosensors for disease-related applications are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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3435 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plasmonic Nanomaterial-Based Optical Biosensing Platforms for Virus Detection

by Jaewook Lee, Kenshin Takemura and Enoch Y. Park

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102332 - 13 Oct 2017

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8067

Abstract

Plasmonic nanomaterials (P-NM) are receiving attention due to their excellent properties, which include surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, plasmonic resonance energy transfer (PRET), and magneto optical (MO) effects. To obtain such plasmonic properties, many nanomaterials have been developed, [...] Read more.

Plasmonic nanomaterials (P-NM) are receiving attention due to their excellent properties, which include surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, plasmonic resonance energy transfer (PRET), and magneto optical (MO) effects. To obtain such plasmonic properties, many nanomaterials have been developed, including metal nanoparticles (MNP), bimetallic nanoparticles (bMNP), MNP-decorated carbon nanotubes, (MNP-CNT), and MNP-modified graphene (MNP-GRP). These P-NMs may eventually be applied to optical biosensing systems due to their unique properties. Here, probe biomolecules, such as antibodies (Ab), probe DNA, and probe aptamers, were modified on the surface of plasmonic materials by chemical conjugation and thiol chemistry. The optical property change in the plasmonic nanomaterials was monitored based on the interaction between the probe biomolecules and target virus. After bioconjugation, several optical properties, including fluorescence, plasmonic absorbance, and diffraction angle, were changed to detect the target biomolecules. This review describes several P-NMs as potential candidates of optical sensing platforms and introduces various applications in the optical biosensing field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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5048 KiB

Open AccessReview

Graphene-Based Materials for Biosensors: A Review

by Phitsini Suvarnaphaet and Suejit Pechprasarn

Sensors 2017, 17(10), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17102161 - 21 Sep 2017

Cited by 337 | Viewed by 25291

Abstract

The advantages conferred by the physical, optical and electrochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials have contributed to the current variety of ultrasensitive and selective biosensor devices. In this review, we present the points of view on the intrinsic properties of graphene and its surface [...] Read more.

The advantages conferred by the physical, optical and electrochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials have contributed to the current variety of ultrasensitive and selective biosensor devices. In this review, we present the points of view on the intrinsic properties of graphene and its surface engineering concerned with the transduction mechanisms in biosensing applications. We explain practical synthesis techniques along with prospective properties of the graphene-based materials, which include the pristine graphene and functionalized graphene (i.e., graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and graphene quantum dot (GQD). The biosensing mechanisms based on the utilization of the charge interactions with biomolecules and/or nanoparticle interactions and sensing platforms are also discussed, and the importance of surface functionalization in recent up-to-date biosensors for biological and medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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5052 KiB

Open AccessReview

Whispering-Gallery Mode Resonators for Detecting Cancer

by Weeratouch Pongruengkiat and Suejit Pechprasarn

Sensors 2017, 17(9), 2095; https://doi.org/10.3390/s17092095 - 13 Sep 2017

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 11440

Abstract

Optical resonators are sensors well known for their high sensitivity and fast response time. These sensors have a wide range of applications, including in the biomedical fields, and cancer detection is one such promising application. Sensor diagnosis currently has many limitations, such as [...] Read more.

Optical resonators are sensors well known for their high sensitivity and fast response time. These sensors have a wide range of applications, including in the biomedical fields, and cancer detection is one such promising application. Sensor diagnosis currently has many limitations, such as being expensive, highly invasive, and time-consuming. New developments are welcomed to overcome these limitations. Optical resonators have high sensitivity, which enable medical testing to detect disease in the early stage. Herein, we describe the principle of whispering-gallery mode and ring optical resonators. We also add to the knowledge of cancer biomarker diagnosis, where we discuss the application of optical resonators for specific biomarkers. Lastly, we discuss advancements in optical resonators for detecting cancer in terms of their ability to detect small amounts of cancer biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dedication to Professor Eiichi Tamiya: Over 30 Years of Outstanding Contributions to the Field of Sensors and Biosensors)

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