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15 pages, 4823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Helmet Fitness Evaluation Device Based on the Flexible Pressure Sensor Matrix

by Jianwei Niu, Cong Zhang, Xiao Chen, Chuang Ma, Liyang Chen and Chao Tong

Sensors 2019, 19(18), 3823; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19183823 - 4 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5426

Helmet comfort has always been important for the evaluation of infantry equipment accessories and has for decades not been well addressed. To evaluate the stability and comfort of the helmet, this paper proposes a novel type of helmet comfort measuring device. Conventional pressure [...] Read more.

Helmet comfort has always been important for the evaluation of infantry equipment accessories and has for decades not been well addressed. To evaluate the stability and comfort of the helmet, this paper proposes a novel type of helmet comfort measuring device. Conventional pressure measuring devices can measure the pressure of flat surfaces well, but they cannot accurately measure the pressure of curved structures with large curvatures. In this paper, a strain-resistive flexible sensor with a slice structure was used to form a matrix network containing more than a 100 sensors that fit the curved surface of the head well. Raw data were collected by the lower computer, and the original resistance value of the pressure was converted from analog to digital by the A/D conversion circuit that converts an analog signal into a digital signal. Then, the data were output to the data analysis and image display module of the upper computer. The complex curved surface of the head poses a challenge for the appropriate layout design of a head pressure measuring device. This study is expected to allow this intuitive and efficient technology to fit other wearable products, such as goggles, glasses, earphones and neck braces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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11 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Bipolar, Tripolar, and Quadripolar Laplacian Estimates of Electrocardiogram via Concentric Ring Electrodes

by Javier Garcia-Casado, Yiyao Ye-Lin, Gema Prats-Boluda and Oleksandr Makeyev

Sensors 2019, 19(17), 3780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173780 - 31 Aug 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4074

Abstract

Surface Laplacian estimates via concentric ring electrodes (CREs) have proven to enhance spatial resolution compared to conventional disc electrodes, which is of great importance for P-wave analysis. In this study, Laplacian estimates for traditional bipolar configuration (BC), two tripolar configurations with linearly decreasing [...] Read more.

Surface Laplacian estimates via concentric ring electrodes (CREs) have proven to enhance spatial resolution compared to conventional disc electrodes, which is of great importance for P-wave analysis. In this study, Laplacian estimates for traditional bipolar configuration (BC), two tripolar configurations with linearly decreasing and increasing inter-ring distances (TC_LDIRD and TC_LIIRD, respectively), and quadripolar configuration (QC) were obtained from cardiac recordings with pentapolar CREs placed at CMV1 and CMV2 positions. Normalized P-wave amplitude (NAP) was computed to assess the contrast to study atrial activity. Signals were of good quality (20–30 dB). Atrial activity was more emphasized at CMV1 (NAP ≃ 0.19–0.24) compared to CMV2 (NAP ≃ 0.08–0.10). Enhanced spatial resolution of TC_LIIRD and QC resulted in higher NAP values than BC and TC_LDIRD. Comparison with simultaneous standard 12-lead ECG proved that Laplacian estimates at CMV1 outperformed all the limb and chest standard leads in the contrast to study P-waves. Clinical recordings with CRE at this position could allow more detailed observation of atrial activity and facilitate the diagnosis of associated pathologies. Furthermore, such recordings would not require additional electrodes on limbs and could be performed wirelessly, so it should also be suitable for ambulatory monitoring, for example, using cardiac Holter monitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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15 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation Method of Safe Driving for Senior Adults Using ECG Signals

by Dong-Woo Koh and Sang-Goog Lee

Sensors 2019, 19(12), 2828; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19122828 - 25 Jun 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4026

Abstract

The elderly are more susceptible to stress than younger people. In particular, heart palpitations are one of the causes of heart failure, which can lead to serious accidents. To prevent heart palpitations, we have devised the Safe Driving Intensity (SDI) and Cardiac Reaction [...] Read more.

The elderly are more susceptible to stress than younger people. In particular, heart palpitations are one of the causes of heart failure, which can lead to serious accidents. To prevent heart palpitations, we have devised the Safe Driving Intensity (SDI) and Cardiac Reaction Time (CRT) as new methods of estimating the correlations between effects on the driver’s heart and the movement of a vehicle. In SDI measurement, recommended acceleration value of vehicle for safe driving is inferred from the suggested correlation algorithm using machine learning. A higher SDI value than other people means less pressure on the heart. CRT is an estimated value of the occurring time of heart palpitations caused by stressful driving. In particular, it is proved by SDI that elderly subjects tend to overestimate their driving abilities in personal assessment questionnaires. Furthermore, we validated our SDI using other general statistical methods. When comparing the results using a t-test, we obtained reliable results for the equivalent variance. Our results can be used as a basis for evaluating elderly people’s driving ability, as well as allowing for the implementation of a personalized safe driving system for the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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14 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Audio-Based System for Automatic Measurement of Jump Height in Sports Science

by Basilio Pueo, Jose J. Lopez and Jose M. Jimenez-Olmedo

Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2543; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112543 - 4 Jun 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4010

Abstract

Jump height tests are employed to measure the lower-limb muscle power of athletic and non-athletic populations. The most popular instruments for this purpose are jump mats and, more recently, smartphone apps, which compute jump height through manual annotation of video recordings to extract [...] Read more.

Jump height tests are employed to measure the lower-limb muscle power of athletic and non-athletic populations. The most popular instruments for this purpose are jump mats and, more recently, smartphone apps, which compute jump height through manual annotation of video recordings to extract flight time. This study developed a non-invasive instrument that automatically extracts take-off and landing events from audio recordings of jump executions. An audio signal processing algorithm, specifically developed for this purpose, accurately detects and discriminates the landing and take-off events in real time and computes jump height accordingly. Its temporal resolution theoretically outperforms that of flight-time-based mats (typically 1000 Hz) and high-speed video rates from smartphones (typically 240 fps). A validation study was carried out by comparing 215 jump heights from 43 active athletes, measured simultaneously with the audio-based system and with of a validated, commercial jump mat. The audio-based system produced nearly identical jump heights than the criterion with low and proportional systematic bias and random errors. The developed audio-based system is a trustworthy instrument for accurately measuring jump height that can be readily automated as an app to facilitate its use both in laboratories and in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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12 pages, 1790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Applicability of a Textile 1-Lead ECG Device for Overnight Monitoring

by Piero Fontana, Neusa R. Adão Martins, Martin Camenzind, René M. Rossi, Florent Baty, Maximilian Boesch, Otto D. Schoch, Martin H. Brutsche and Simon Annaheim

Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112436 - 28 May 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3797

Abstract

Even for 1-lead electrocardiography (ECG), single-use gel conductive electrodes are employed in a clinical setting. However, gel electrodes show limited applicability for long-term monitoring due to skin irritation and detachment. In the present study, we investigated the validity of a textile ECG-belt suitable [...] Read more.

Even for 1-lead electrocardiography (ECG), single-use gel conductive electrodes are employed in a clinical setting. However, gel electrodes show limited applicability for long-term monitoring due to skin irritation and detachment. In the present study, we investigated the validity of a textile ECG-belt suitable for long-term measurements in clinical use. In order to assess the signal quality and validity of the ECG-belt during sleep, 242 patients (186 males and 56 females, age 52 (interquartile range 42–60) years, body mass index 29 (interquartile range 26–33) kg·m⁻²) with suspected sleep apnoea underwent overnight polysomnography including standard 1-lead ECG recording. The single intervals between R-peaks (RR-intervals) were calculated from the ECG-signals. We found a mean difference for average RR-intervals of −2.9 ms, a standard error of estimate of 0.39%, as well as a Pearson r of 0.91. Furthermore, we found that the validity of the ECG-belt decreases when lying on the side, which was potentially due to the fitting of the belt. In conclusion, the validity of RR-interval measurements using the ECG-belt is high and it may be further improved for future applications by optimizing wear fitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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13 pages, 3543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Distracted Estimation System based on Sensor Fusion through Correlation Analysis with Concentration

by Ji-Yun Seo, Yun-Hong Noh and Do-Un Jeong

Sensors 2019, 19(9), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19092053 - 2 May 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

Sitting for an extended time may cause a serious chronic disease such as a musculoskeletal disorder, or a cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or obesity. Because a consistently improper posture from early childhood to adolescence can have a number of undesirable effects on the formation [...] Read more.

Sitting for an extended time may cause a serious chronic disease such as a musculoskeletal disorder, or a cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or obesity. Because a consistently improper posture from early childhood to adolescence can have a number of undesirable effects on the formation of the musculoskeletal structure, learning to maintain a correct posture should be emphasized. A consistently improper posture can not only cause physical problems, it may also lead to emotional issues such as distractions, an attention deficit, and hyperactivity, and the possibility of a low efficiency and performance on assignments is high when the students have a low concentration. The present study implemented a distracted estimation system based on sensor fusion through correlation analysis with concentration that could estimate the level of distraction and prevent musculoskeletal diseases caused by poor sitting posture habits in daily life. The implemented system was designed in the form of a sitting cushion to reflect the ethological movements and characteristics of a sitting position that modern people spend a large amount of time in, and can be easily applied to existing chairs. Both algorithms installed in the system detected the center of gravity of the seated person and displayed positional changes that occurred based on the intensity of the postural changes when moving; thus, simultaneous determination of posture and impulsive behavior was possible. To evaluate the system performance, a posture determination evaluation was conducted, along with distraction estimation according to the rate of changes in posture that occur in everyday life. In addition, to evaluate performance in daily life, a movie-watching scenario was set up, and the distracted-limit estimation and concentration indices according to the rate of changes in posture were comparatively evaluated by reviewing a video of the subjects. The results of the posture determination performance evaluation through 100 posture repetitions on 10 subjects showed a high detection performance of 99.04%. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient results showed a high correlation coefficient (inverse) of r = −0.975076 and a P-VALUE =

1.654 \times 10^{- 6}

. This experiment objectively confirmed the correlation between the DLE Index (based on postural change) and the CI Index (based on EEG). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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23 pages, 8907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Personalized Rehabilitation Recognition for Ubiquitous Healthcare Measurements

by Yao-Chiang Kan, Yu-Chieh Kuo and Hsueh-Chun Lin

Sensors 2019, 19(7), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071679 - 8 Apr 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3830

Abstract

The physical therapeutic application needs personalized rehabilitation recognition (PRR) for ubiquitous healthcare measurements (UHMs). This study employed the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to generate a PRR model for a self-development system of UHM. The subjects wore a sensor-enabled wristband during physiotherapy exercises [...] Read more.

The physical therapeutic application needs personalized rehabilitation recognition (PRR) for ubiquitous healthcare measurements (UHMs). This study employed the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to generate a PRR model for a self-development system of UHM. The subjects wore a sensor-enabled wristband during physiotherapy exercises to measure the scheduled motions of their limbs. In the model, the sampling data collected from the scheduled motions are labeled by an arbitrary number within a defined range. The sample datasets are referred as the design of an initial fuzzy inference system (FIS) with data preprocessing, feature visualizing, fuzzification, and fuzzy logic rules. The ANFIS then processes data training to adjust the FIS for optimization. The trained FIS then can infer the motion labels via defuzzification to recognize the features in the test data. The average recognition rate was higher than 90% for the testing motions if the subject followed the sampling schedule. With model implementation, the middle section of motion datasets in each second is recommended for recognition in the UHM system which also includes a mobile App to retrieve the personalized FIS in order to trace the exercise. This approach contributes a PRR model with trackable diagrams for the physicians to explore the rehabilitation motions in details. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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16 pages, 4866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Instant Donning Multi-Channel EEG Headset (with Comb-Shaped Dry Electrodes) and BCI Applications

by Jeehoon Kim, Jeongsu Lee, Chungmin Han and Kwangsuk Park

Sensors 2019, 19(7), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19071537 - 29 Mar 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6621

Abstract

We developed a new type of electroencephalogram (EEG) headset system with comb-shaped electrodes that enables the wearer to quickly don and utilize it in daily life. Two models that can measure EEG signals using up to eight channels have been implemented. The electrodes [...] Read more.

We developed a new type of electroencephalogram (EEG) headset system with comb-shaped electrodes that enables the wearer to quickly don and utilize it in daily life. Two models that can measure EEG signals using up to eight channels have been implemented. The electrodes implemented in the headsets are similar to a comb and are placed quickly by wiping the hair (as done with a comb) using the headset. To verify this headset system, donning time was measured and three brain computer interface (BCI) application experiments were conducted. Alpha rhythm-based, steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based, and auditory steady state response (ASSR)-based BCI systems were adopted for the validation experiments. Four subjects participated and ten trials were repeated in the donning experiment. The results of the validation experiments show that reliable EEG signal measurement is possible immediately after donning the headsets without any preparation. It took approximately 10 s for healthy subjects to don the headsets, including an earclip with reference and ground electrodes. The results of alpha rhythm-based BCI showed 100% accuracy. Furthermore, the results of SSVEP-based and ASSR-based BCI experiments indicate that performance is sufficient for BCI applications; 95.7% and 76.0% accuracies were obtained, respectively. The results of BCI paradigm experiments indicate that the new headset type is feasible for various BCI applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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9 pages, 2787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Chair-Based Unconstrained/Nonintrusive Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring System Using a Two-Channel Ballistocardiogram

by Kwang Jin Lee, Jongryun Roh, Dongrae Cho, Joonho Hyeong and Sayup Kim

Sensors 2019, 19(3), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030595 - 31 Jan 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6006

Abstract

Hypertension is a well-known chronic disease that causes complications such as cardiovascular diseases or stroke, and thus needs to be continuously managed by using a simple system for measuring blood pressure. The existing method for measuring blood pressure uses a wrapping cuff, which [...] Read more.

Hypertension is a well-known chronic disease that causes complications such as cardiovascular diseases or stroke, and thus needs to be continuously managed by using a simple system for measuring blood pressure. The existing method for measuring blood pressure uses a wrapping cuff, which makes measuring difficult for patients. To address this problem, cuffless blood pressure measurement methods that detect the peak pressure via signals measured using photoplethysmogram (PPG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) sensors and use it to calculate the pulse transit time (PTT) or pulse wave velocity (PWV) have been studied. However, a drawback of these methods is that a user must be able to recognize and establish contact with the sensor. Furthermore, the peak of the PPG or ECG cannot be detected if the signal quality drops, leading to a decrease in accuracy. In this study, a chair-type system that can monitor blood pressure using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films in a nonintrusive manner to users was developed. The proposed method also uses instantaneous phase difference (IPD) instead of PTT as the feature value for estimating blood pressure. Experiments were conducted using a blood pressure estimation model created via an artificial neural network (ANN), which showed that IPD could estimate more accurate readings of blood pressure compared to PTT, thus demonstrating the possibility of a nonintrusive blood pressure monitoring system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Biopotential, Physiological and Biomedical Monitoring)

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