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A special issue of Sustainability (ISSN 2071-1050). This special issue belongs to the section "Sustainability in Geographic Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2023) | Viewed by 23920

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhongzhen Yang

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Maritime and Transportation, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
Interests: transportation facilities planning; port planning and production scheduling optimization management; integrated transportation network analysis; traffic environment load
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Dan Liu

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Guest Editor

Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
Interests: urban logistics; freight transportation planning; last-mile delivery

Prof. Dr. Zhongyi Zuo

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Guest Editor

School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian 116028, China
Interests: public transit; traffic planning; rail transit operation and management
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the 1950s, urbanization and motorization began to develop rapidly all over the world, and many large cities began to encounter serious road traffic congestion. In this context, city managers, together with experts and scholars in the field of transportation, have carried out a large number of studies on eliminating or alleviating urban road traffic congestion. Considering the interaction between traffic demand and transportation services, various models have been developed to optimize land use and transportation infrastructures during the process of urbanization and motorization. At the beginning of this century, the carbon emission from urban transportation became the object of attention, so the land-use and transportation model has evolved into the land-use, transport, and emission model, which became the powerful technical means to effectively optimize urban land use and transportation infrastructure under emission constraints. From 2010 to 2020, under the new environment of the full realization of mobile Internet, green, sharing, and smart become the new research themes of land use and transportation model.

The aim of this Special Issue is to inspire experts in the field of urban planning and transportation carrying out in-depth research on urban development, urban transportation system planning and management in the new era and develop updated land-use and transportation models. All of these will be helpful for construction of the green transportation and the smart city under the two-carbon goal and then improve the service capacity of transportation and the quality of life of urban residents. We hope that this Special Issue will contribute to sustainability in terms of city growth.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

History of urbanization
History of motorization
Shared transportation
Traffic demand forecasting
Location of facilities and travel behaviors
Public transit planning and operation
Parking supply and management
Modal shift
Road network planning
TOD
Compact city

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Zhongzhen Yang
Dr. Dan Liu
Prof. Dr. Zhongyi Zuo
Guest Editors

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Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Sustainability is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

urbanization
compact city
low carbon mobility
public transit
commuting travel
online car-hailing
city logistics
modal shift
TOD

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use

by Zhongzhen Yang and Jionghao Li

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020595 - 10 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2339

Abstract

Over the past 60 years, global urbanization and the widespread adoption of motorization have significantly altered urban land use patterns and transport system structure [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

22 pages, 8160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Influence of the Built Environment on the Demand for Online Car-Hailing Services Using a Multi-Scale Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model

by Rongjun Cheng, Wenbao Zeng, Xingjian Wu, Fuzhou Chen and Baobin Miao

Sustainability 2024, 16(5), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051794 - 22 Feb 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1030

Abstract

Online car-hailing is gradually shifting towards a predominant use of electric vehicles, a change that is advantageous for developing a sustainable society. Understanding the patterns of changes in online car-hailing travel can assist transportation authorities in optimizing vehicle dispatching, reducing idle rates, and minimizing resource wastage. The built environment influences the demand for online car-hailing travel. Previous studies have commonly employed the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model and the geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model to examine the relationship between the demand for online car-hailing trips and the built environment. However, these studies have ignored that the impact range of the built environment also varies with time and space. To fully consider the variations in the impact range of the built environment, this study established multi-scale geographically and temporally weighted regression (MGTWR) to examine the spatiotemporal impacts of urban built environments on the demand for online car-hailing travel. An empirical study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the MGTWR model using point of interest (POI) data and online car-hailing order data from Haikou. The evaluation indicators showed that the MGTWR model has higher fitting accuracy than the GTWR model. Moreover, the impact of each type of POI on the demand for online car-hailing travel was analyzed by examining the temporal and spatial distribution of the regression coefficients. Additionally, we observed that transport facility POIs and healthcare service POIs exerted the most pronounced influence on the demand for online car-hailing. In contrast, the impact of shopping service POIs and catering service POIs was relatively weaker. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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22 pages, 4941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Use of Biofuels for Cleaner Cities: Assessing Vehicular Pollution through Digital Twins and Machine Learning Algorithms

by Matheus Andrade, Morsinaldo Medeiros, Thaís Medeiros, Mariana Azevedo, Marianne Silva, Daniel G. Costa and Ivanovitch Silva

Sustainability 2024, 16(2), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020708 - 13 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1224

Abstract

The air pollution caused by greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO

_{2}

), is a significant environmental concern that impacts air quality and contributes to global warming. The transportation sector plays a pivotal role in this issue, being a major contributor to [...] Read more.

The air pollution caused by greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO

_{2}

), is a significant environmental concern that impacts air quality and contributes to global warming. The transportation sector plays a pivotal role in this issue, being a major contributor to CO

_{2}

emissions. In light of this situation, this article proposes a methodology that utilizes a supervised learning algorithm to estimate CO

_{2}

emissions and compare vehicles fueled with ethanol and gasoline. Additionally, the solution adopts an online, unsupervised machine learning algorithm to identify data outliers and improve the confidence in the results. Furthermore, this work incorporates the concept of digital twins, using virtual models of vehicles to carry out more extensive pollution simulations and allowing the simulation of various types of vehicles and the modeling of realistic traffic scenarios. A supervised machine learning approach was adopted to infer emission data in the model, allowing more comprehensive and meaningful comparisons between real-world and simulated measurements. The performed analyses of pollution emissions for different speeds and sections of routes demonstrate that CO

_{2}

emissions from ethanol were significantly lower than those from gasoline, favoring more sustainable fuels even in combustion engine vehicles. Adopting cleaner fuels is perceived as crucial to mitigate the negative effects of climate change, with plant-based fuels like ethanol being crucial during the transition from fossil fuels to a more sustainable vehicular landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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25 pages, 3223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of Fuel Cell Electric Bus with Different Hydrogen Supply Alternatives

by Zhetao Chen and Hao Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010259 - 27 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

In the transition to sustainable public transportation with zero-emission buses, hydrogen fuel cell electric buses have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional diesel buses. However, assessing their economic viability is crucial for widespread adoption. This study carries out a comprehensive examination, encompassing both sensitivity and probabilistic analyses, to assess the total cost of ownership (TCO) for the bus fleet and its corresponding infrastructure. It considers various hydrogen supply options, encompassing on-site electrolysis, on-site steam methane reforming, and off-site hydrogen procurement with both gaseous and liquid delivery methods. The analysis covers critical cost elements, encompassing bus acquisition costs, infrastructure capital expenses, and operational and maintenance costs for both buses and infrastructure. This paper conducted two distinct case studies: one involving a current small bus fleet of five buses and another focusing on a larger fleet set to launch in 2028. For the current small fleet, the off-site gray hydrogen purchase with a gaseous delivery option is the most cost-effective among hydrogen alternatives, but it still incurs a 26.97% higher TCO compared to diesel buses. However, in the case of the expanded 2028 fleet, the steam methane-reforming method without carbon capture emerges as the most likely option to attain the lowest TCO, with a high probability of 99.5%. Additionally, carbon emission costs were incorporated in response to the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability. The findings indicate that although diesel buses currently represent the most economical option in terms of TCO for the existing small fleet, steam methane reforming with carbon capture presents a 69.2% likelihood of being the most cost-effective solution, suggesting it is a strong candidate for cost efficiency for the expanded 2028 fleet. Notably, substantial investments are required to increase renewable energy integration in the power grid and to enhance electrolyzer efficiency. These improvements are essential to make the electrolyzer a more competitive alternative to steam methane reforming. Overall, the findings in this paper underscore the substantial impact of the hydrogen supply chain and carbon emission costs on the TCO of zero-emission buses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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16 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Evolution of Coupling Coordination Development between Regional Highway Transportation and New Urbanization: A Case Study of Heilongjiang, China

by Biao Wu, Xinzhu Jin, Dan Li and Baojie Wang

Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316365 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 993

Abstract

The coupling coordination relationship between regional highway transportation and new urbanization is an increasingly important issue in the field of regional sustainable development. This paper aims to establish an index system and develop an integrated method to measure the coupling coordination between regional highway transportation and new urbanization. The evaluation index system comprised two hierarchies, six aspects and 19 indexes, which were weighted by the entropy weight method (EWM). Furthermore, a coupling degree model (CDM) and a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) were established based on the statistical data from 2011 to 2017 in Heilongjiang Province, China. The ArcGIS spatial analysis method was utilized to analyze the spatial–temporal coupling evolution characteristics of the two subsystems. The findings revealed that the development level of the two subsystems showed an upward tendency. The coupling degree between the two subsystems was leaping from antagonistic stage to breaking-in period. The coupling coordination degree between the two subsystems was the transition stage from imbalance to coordination. Specifically, the spatial differentiation characteristics of the coupling coordination development between the two subsystems were prominent in Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the approach combining CCDM with ArcGIS spatial analysis can be applied as an effective method to explore the spatial–temporal evolution of coupling coordination development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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40 pages, 10485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Impact of Transportation Infrastructure-Based Accessibility on the Development of Mixed Land Use Using Deep Neural Networks: Evidence from Jiang’an District, City of Wuhan, China

by Yunes Almansoub, Ming Zhong, Muhammad Safdar, Asif Raza, Abdelghani Dahou and Mohammed A. A. Al-qaness

Sustainability 2023, 15(21), 15470; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115470 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1718

Abstract

Mixed land use (MLU) plays a crucial role in fostering a sustainable urban development, vibrant communities, and efficient land utilization, providing a viable solution for smart growth, inclusive public transit, and urban sustainability. This study employs deep neural network (DNN) models: multilayer perceptron (MLP), and long short-term memory (LSTM), to analyze the effect of the transportation infrastructure-based accessibility on the prevalence of MLU patterns, based on the following data: infrastructure-based accessibility measures represented by the logsum (or transport supply), MLU patterns at the parcel level, and floor space prices by space type, for the years 2012 and 2015. Furthermore, the proposed methods are applied to the Jiang’an District of the city of Wuhan, China, at the parcel level as the case study. The study results reveal that MLU is predominantly accessible in areas close to the city center, characterized by a high density, and is relatively scarce on the city outskirts. Notably, parcels exhibiting mixed residential–commercial and residential land-use patterns underwent significant changes between 2012 and 2015, particularly in regions with robust accessibility via non-motorized modes and public transit, specifically in the central and southern parts of Jiang’an District. This transition is evident under scenario 3 (walk, bike, bus, subway) and scenario 6 (walk, bus, car) considered in this study. Furthermore, the study observed a substantial expansion in mixed commercial–residential and commercial districts, significantly near the high-transit accessibility area of subway line 1, as demonstrated in scenario 7 (bike, subway, taxi). The results from the MLP models show a mean relative error (MRE) of 4.7–14.08% for the MLU, and the LSTM models show an MRE of 3.74–10.38% for the MLU. More importantly, both the training and forecasting errors of the above models are lower, in most cases, than those reported in the literature. Moreover, these results indicate that the transportation supply or the infrastructure-based accessibility (represented by logsum) significantly influences MLU patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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17 pages, 2847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recovery Strategies for Urban Rail Transit Network Based on Comprehensive Resilience

by Mingming Zheng, Hanzhang Zuo, Zitong Zhou and Yuhan Bai

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 15018; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015018 - 18 Oct 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

To enhance the resilience of urban rail transit networks in dealing with interference events and facilitating rapid network recovery, this paper focuses on studying damaged urban rail transit networks and proposes comprehensive resilience evaluation indexes for urban rail transit networks that take into account two dimensions: network topology and passenger travel path selection. A bi-level programming model is constructed to maximize the comprehensive toughness, where the upper-level model is an integer planning model for determining the optimal recovery sequence of the affected stations under interference events that result in station closure or inoperability. The lower-level model is a passenger flow allocation model aiming to minimize travelers’ impedance. A genetic algorithm and Dijkstra’s labeling algorithm are used to solve the upper model as well as the shortest path of the lower model, respectively. Using a real-world urban rail transit network as an example, this research applies different recovery strategies, random recovery, node importance-based recovery, and comprehensive toughness-based recovery, across five common interference scenarios to analyze the recovery sequence of stations in each scenario. The modeling results show that the comprehensive toughness-based restoration strategy yields the most favorable results for the rail transportation network, followed by the node importance-based restoration strategy. In addition, the network’s toughness varies more significantly when employing different restoration strategies during target interference, as compared to the random and range interference scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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19 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Signal Coordination Model for Long Arterials Considering Link Traffic Flow Characteristics

by Xiaoyue Wen, Dianhai Wang, Sheng Jin, Guomin Qian and Yixuan Zhu

Sustainability 2023, 15(20), 14874; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152014874 - 13 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1137

Abstract

In order to improve the travel efficiency on a long arterial with massive signals, this paper proposed a mixed integer linear programming model, MaxBandLAM, to simultaneously optimize the arterial partition scheme and signal coordination schemes with the consideration of link traffic flow characteristics. The weighted sum of the two-way green bandwidths on links across the arterial was taken as its objective. The link volume to capacity rations were taken as the weights. The number of sub-zones, the allocation of signals and links, signal cycle, offset and phase sequence, the coordination speed, as well as the two-way green bandwidths of sub-zones and of links are the decision variables. A numerical test was carried out on a virtual arterial with twenty signals. The results indicate the scheme generated by the MaxBandLAM model can provide a more reasonable partition scheme and coordination schemes compared to those generated by Synchro and the models with no traffic flow characteristics of links consideration. For the scenario of dominating the main road through flows, the average delay, average stop number, and average travel speed at intersections for all-turning flows and main road through flows in the MaxBandLAM scheme, all performed well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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17 pages, 2460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evolutionary Game Analysis of Shared Private Charging Pile Behavior in Low-Carbon Urban Traffic

by Lequn Zhu, Ran Zhou, Xiaojun Li and Linlin Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 10149; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310149 - 26 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1328

Abstract

Choosing new energy vehicles for travel, especially electric vehicles, is an important component of building a low-carbon urban transportation system. However, the charging need of electric vehicle users is still constrained by the unreasonable layout and insufficient supply of public charging piles in cities. Private charging pile sharing, as an alternative policy tool, can play a beneficial role in solving this problem. However, it needs decision-makers in urban transportation to take corresponding measures to promote. This paper constructs an evolutionary game model to study the decision behavior of participants in a private pile-sharing platform. Through numerical simulation analysis, it is found that under most parameter conditions, the government tends to establish a shared charging pile platform based on public interests. Private charging pile owners are influenced by the relationship between the cost of supply modification and revenue, and they tend to join the shared platform when they expect to recover the modification cost. The research conclusions of this paper will provide support for exploring how participants make decisions to maximize overall benefits in the development of low-carbon urban transportation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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25 pages, 5883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing the Location of Virtual-Shopping-Experience Stores Based on the Minimum Impact on Urban Traffic

by Shulin Wang and Shanhua Wu

Sustainability 2023, 15(13), 9988; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15139988 - 23 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1440

Abstract

In order to enhance consumers’ experience of online shopping and to reduce their unnecessary car trips for offline shopping, a new mode, namely, establishing the virtual-shopping-experience store, is proposed in this paper. A bi-level programming model is then built with the aim of optimizing the location of the virtual-shopping-experience stores. The upper-level submodel is utilized to optimize the location of the experience stores, as well as the selection of virtual-reality (VR) devices purchased by the stores, by maximizing the social welfare generated from reducing the car trips for offline shopping after the establishment of the virtual-shopping-experience stores. The lower-level submodel is a binary Logit model, one which calculates the probability of consumers’ choices between online and offline shopping according to the locations of the experience stores output by the upper-level submodel. A genetic algorithm is adopted to solve the model. To validate the accuracy of the model, as well as that of the algorithm, case studies are carried out based on the real data collected in Dalian and Ningbo (two cities in China). The case study result demonstrates that the establishment of virtual-shopping-experience stores would contribute to reducing the frequency of car trips for offline shopping, as well as the distance of car trips for offline shopping and the time spent in car trips for offline shopping. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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19 pages, 2535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Quality Status Evaluation of Port Sea Areas Based on EW-GRA-TOPSIS Model

by Kun Lang, Lijun Gu, Zhiying Chen, Chunhui Niu, Lin Li and Jinyuan Ma

Sustainability 2023, 15(11), 8809; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118809 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1294

Abstract

It is of great significance to research a method to evaluate the ecological quality status of port sea areas objectively for the ecological environmental protection and sustainable development of sea areas. In this paper, a novel ecological quality status evaluation model is proposed based on the entropy weight method (EW), the gray relational analysis method (GRA), and the TOPSIS method. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation indicator system is constructed from three aspects, namely seawater quality, sediments, and marine organisms. Secondly, the weight values of different indicators are obtained via the EW method, which can be obtained more objectively than via the subjective weighting method. Afterwards, the ecological quality status of port sea areas can be evaluated using the proposed method, which combines the advantages of the TOPSIS method and the GRA method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed EW-GRA-TOPSIS model is illustrated by a case study based on a port sea area of Tianjin. The results show that 66.7% of the monitoring stations in the port sea area are at a good level, 25% of them are at a fair level, only 8.3% are at a poor level, and none are at an excellent or bad level. Additionally, the evaluation results obtained using the proposed model are more consistent with the actual survey results than the compared typical TOPSIS method. It can objectively reflect the ecological quality status of monitoring stations, and consequently, it could be helpful for the marine department to make decisions on the sustainable development of port sea areas. In a further study, the influence of decision makers’ preferences on the evaluation results could be considered, and a more reasonable method to determine the evaluation grade standard should be researched to improve the proposed model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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20 pages, 3027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing On-Demand Bus Services for Remote Areas

by Xudong Li, Zhongzhen Yang and Feng Lian

Sustainability 2023, 15(9), 7264; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097264 - 27 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

This study proposes on-demand bus services for remote areas with low transit demand, incorporating travelers’ willingness to pay and values of time. To jointly optimize the on-demand service of overlapping bus routes, we construct a bi-level model. The upper-level model (UM) optimizes bus departure frequency in different time windows and ticket prices of on-demand services to minimize the total generalized cost, subject to travelers’ willingness to pay for on-demand services. The lower-level model (LM) calculates the probability of travelers choosing on-demand stops. A numerical analysis based on Meishan Island data in Ningbo indicates that with on-demand bus services, the total generalized cost incurred by buses and travelers can be reduced by 30.36% and 15.35% during rush and off-rush hours, respectively. Additionally, the waiting time at an on-demand bus stop is only 4.3 min during rush hours and 6.8 min during off-rush hours. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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15 pages, 968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Carpooling under Mobile Internet on Travel Mode Choices and Urban Traffic Volume: The Case of China

by Wenyuan Zhou, Xuanrong Li, Zhenguo Shi, Bingjie Yang and Dongxu Chen

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6595; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086595 - 13 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2063

Abstract

This paper firstly analyzes the comparative advantages of carpooling under the mobile Internet and traditional travel modes, including buses, private cars and taxis, as well as the differences between carpooling under the mobile Internet and traditional carpooling, so as to obtain the factors that affect travelers’ mode choices. Secondly, the mixed logit model is used to describe the travelers’ travel mode choice behavior, which effectively avoids the limitations of the IIA characteristics and preference randomness of the logit model. Finally, we conducted an SP survey on 1077 samples online and offline. After eliminating some invalid samples, 984 valid ones were obtained. Based on these survey data, we analyze the impacts of carpooling under the mobile Internet on the mode shares of traditional travel modes. The results show that for different trip lengths, carpooling under the mobile Internet has different degrees of substitution for buses, taxis and private cars. That is to say, travelers who previously chose buses and other modes will shift to carpooling due to the mobile Internet. In addition, in most cases, the emergence of carpooling under the mobile Internet is helpful to reduce the traffic volume in the urban road network, thus alleviating the urban congestion. However, when the trip length is short and the seat utilization ratio of carpooling under the mobile Internet is low, carpooling under the mobile Internet will increase the traffic volume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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18 pages, 15350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation Study of the Effect of Atmospheric Stratification on Aircraft Wake Vortex Encounter

by Weijun Pan, Yanqiang Jiang and Yuqin Zhang

Sustainability 2023, 15(8), 6391; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086391 - 8 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2024

Abstract

The atmospheric environment is an important factor affecting aircraft wake vortex decay and wake separation. In this paper, numerical calculations and strip modeling are combined to complete an analysis of wake encounter under three atmospheric stratifications expressed in Brunt–Väisälä (BV) frequencies. The SST k-ω turbulence model was chosen for the numerical simulation to complete the evolution of the wake vortex field of the A330 aircraft. The A320 and ERJ190 were selected as the aircraft for wake encounter analysis. The dimensionless roll moment coefficient (RMC) was selected as the indicator to construct a three-dimensional hazard zone for wake encounters and then calculate the wake separation. The results show that the higher BV frequencies correspond to faster wake vortex decay and hazard zone dissipation, and a slower decrease in the height of the hazard zone. The risk level of the ERJ190 is higher than that of the A320 with the same wake intensity, and the wake separation of the A320 following the A330 is 5516 m, which is 25.5% less than the ICAO RECAT separation standard, while the wake separation of the A330 following the ERJ190 is 5803 m, which is 37.6% less than the ICAO RECAT separation standard. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Green and Smart Cities: Urban Transport and Land Use)

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