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Editorial

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3 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial to the Special Issue “Probing New Physics with Black Holes”

by Aurélien Barrau

Universe 2020, 6(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6040058 - 22 Apr 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4001

Abstract

Black holes are fantastic laboratories for probing new physics. Both theoretically and experimentally, many new ideas are emerging to use them as tools for understanding better quantum gravity or classical gravity beyond general relativity. I briefly review some new results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

Research

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26 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformed General Relativity and Quantum Black Holes Interior

by Denis Arruga, Jibril Ben Achour and Karim Noui

Universe 2020, 6(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6030039 - 4 Mar 2020

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 2736

Abstract

Effective models of black holes interior have led to several proposals for regular black holes. In the so-called polymer models, based on effective deformations of the phase space of spherically symmetric general relativity in vacuum, one considers a deformed Hamiltonian constraint while keeping [...] Read more.

Effective models of black holes interior have led to several proposals for regular black holes. In the so-called polymer models, based on effective deformations of the phase space of spherically symmetric general relativity in vacuum, one considers a deformed Hamiltonian constraint while keeping a non-deformed vectorial constraint, leading under some conditions to a notion of deformed covariance. In this article, we revisit and study further the question of covariance in these deformed gravity models. In particular, we propose a Lagrangian formulation for these deformed gravity models where polymer-like deformations are introduced at the level of the full theory prior to the symmetry reduction and prior to the Legendre transformation. This enables us to test whether the concept of deformed covariance found in spherically symmetric vacuum gravity can be extended to the full theory, and we show that, in the large class of models we are considering, the deformed covariance cannot be realized beyond spherical symmetry in the sense that the only deformed theory which leads to a closed constraints algebra is general relativity. Hence, we focus on the spherically symmetric sector, where there exist non-trivial deformed but closed constraints algebras. We investigate the possibility to deform the vectorial constraint as well and we prove that non-trivial deformations of the vectorial constraint with the condition that the constraints algebra remains closed do not exist. Then, we compute the most general deformed Hamiltonian constraint which admits a closed constraints algebra and thus leads to a well-defined effective theory associated with a notion of deformed covariance. Finally, we study static solutions of these effective theories and, remarkably, we solve explicitly and in full generality the corresponding modified Einstein equations, even for the effective theories which do not satisfy the closeness condition. In particular, we give the expressions of the components of the effective metric (for spherically symmetric black holes interior) in terms of the functions that govern the deformations of the theory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

9 pages, 8960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curvature Invariants for Charged and Rotating Black Holes

by James Overduin, Max Coplan, Kielan Wilcomb and Richard Conn Henry

Universe 2020, 6(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6020022 - 24 Jan 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4747

Abstract

Riemann curvature invariants are important in general relativity because they encode the geometrical properties of spacetime in a manifestly coordinate-invariant way. Fourteen such invariants are required to characterize four-dimensional spacetime in general, and Zakhary and McIntosh showed that as many as seventeen can [...] Read more.

Riemann curvature invariants are important in general relativity because they encode the geometrical properties of spacetime in a manifestly coordinate-invariant way. Fourteen such invariants are required to characterize four-dimensional spacetime in general, and Zakhary and McIntosh showed that as many as seventeen can be required in certain degenerate cases. We calculate explicit expressions for all seventeen of these Zakhary–McIntosh curvature invariants for the Kerr–Newman metric that describes spacetime around black holes of the most general kind (those with mass, charge, and spin), and confirm that they are related by eight algebraic conditions (dubbed syzygies by Zakhary and McIntosh), which serve as a useful check on our results. Plots of these invariants show richer structure than is suggested by traditional (coordinate-dependent) textbook depictions, and may repay further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

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22 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black Hole Evaporation: A Perspective from Loop Quantum Gravity

by Abhay Ashtekar

Universe 2020, 6(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6020021 - 24 Jan 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

A personal perspective on the black hole evaporation process is presented using, as guidelines, inputs from: (i) loop quantum gravity, (ii) simplified models where concrete results have been obtained, and, (iii) semi-classical quantum general relativity. On the one hand, the final picture is [...] Read more.

A personal perspective on the black hole evaporation process is presented using, as guidelines, inputs from: (i) loop quantum gravity, (ii) simplified models where concrete results have been obtained, and, (iii) semi-classical quantum general relativity. On the one hand, the final picture is conservative in that there are concrete results that support each stage of the argument, and there are no large departures from general relativity or semi-classical gravity in tame regions outside macroscopic black holes. On the other hand, it argues against certain views that are commonly held in many quarters, such as persistence of a piece of singularity that constitutes a part of the final boundary of space–time; presence of an event horizon serving as an absolute barrier between the interior and the exterior, and the (often implicit) requirement that purification must be completed by the time the ‘last rays’ representing the extension of this event horizon reach

I^{+}

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

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9 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Singular Model of Magnetized Black Hole Based on Nonlinear Electrodynamics

by Sergey I. Kruglov

Universe 2019, 5(12), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5120225 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

A new modified Hayward metric of magnetically charged non-singular black hole spacetime in the framework of nonlinear electrodynamics is constructed. When the fundamental length introduced, characterising quantum gravity effects, vanishes, one comes to the general relativity coupled with the Bronnikov model of nonlinear [...] Read more.

A new modified Hayward metric of magnetically charged non-singular black hole spacetime in the framework of nonlinear electrodynamics is constructed. When the fundamental length introduced, characterising quantum gravity effects, vanishes, one comes to the general relativity coupled with the Bronnikov model of nonlinear electrodynamics. The metric can have one (an extreme) horizon, two horizons of black holes, or no horizons corresponding to the particle-like solution. Corrections to the Reissner–Nordström solution are found as the radius approaches infinity. As

r \to 0

the metric has a de Sitter core showing the absence of singularities, the asymptotic of the Ricci and Kretschmann scalars are obtained and they are finite everywhere. The thermodynamics of black holes, by calculating the Hawking temperature and the heat capacity, is studied. It is demonstrated that phase transitions take place when the Hawking temperature possesses the maximum. Black holes are thermodynamically stable at some range of parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

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14 pages, 466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Overview of Quasinormal Modes in Modified and Extended Gravity

by Flora Moulin, Aurélien Barrau and Killian Martineau

Universe 2019, 5(9), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5090202 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3963

Abstract

As gravitational waves are now being nearly routinely measured with interferometers, the question of using them to probe new physics becomes increasingly legitimate. In this article, we rely on a well established framework to investigate how the complex frequencies of quasinormal modes are [...] Read more.

As gravitational waves are now being nearly routinely measured with interferometers, the question of using them to probe new physics becomes increasingly legitimate. In this article, we rely on a well established framework to investigate how the complex frequencies of quasinormal modes are affected by different models. The tendencies are explicitly shown for both the pulsation and the damping rate. The goal is, at this stage, purely qualitative. This opportunity is also taken to derive the Regge-Wheeler equation for general static and spherically symmetric metrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

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6 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Searching for Quantum Black Hole Structure with the Event Horizon Telescope

by Steven B. Giddings

Universe 2019, 5(9), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe5090201 - 17 Sep 2019

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 3777

Abstract

The impressive images from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) sharpen the conflict between our observations of gravitational phenomena and the principles of quantum mechanics. Two related scenarios for reconciling quantum mechanics with the existence of black hole-like objects, with “minimal” departure from general [...] Read more.

The impressive images from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) sharpen the conflict between our observations of gravitational phenomena and the principles of quantum mechanics. Two related scenarios for reconciling quantum mechanics with the existence of black hole-like objects, with “minimal” departure from general relativity and local quantum field theory, have been explored; one of these could produce signatures visible to EHT observations. A specific target is temporal variability of images, with a characteristic time scale determined by the classical black hole radius. The absence of evidence for such variability in the initial observational span of seven days is not expected to strongly constrain such variability. Theoretical and observational next steps towards investigating such scenarios are outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

Review

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73 pages, 6133 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Quantum Black Holes in the Sky

by Jahed Abedi, Niayesh Afshordi, Naritaka Oshita and Qingwen Wang

Universe 2020, 6(3), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe6030043 - 10 Mar 2020

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5449

Abstract

Black Holes are possibly the most enigmatic objects in our universe. From their detection in gravitational waves upon their mergers, to their snapshot eating at the centres of galaxies, black hole astrophysics has undergone an observational renaissance in the past four years. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

Black Holes are possibly the most enigmatic objects in our universe. From their detection in gravitational waves upon their mergers, to their snapshot eating at the centres of galaxies, black hole astrophysics has undergone an observational renaissance in the past four years. Nevertheless, they remain active playgrounds for strong gravity and quantum effects, where novel aspects of the elusive theory of quantum gravity may be hard at work. In this review article, we provide an overview of the strong motivations for why “Quantum Black Holes” may be radically different from their classical counterparts in Einstein’s General Relativity. We then discuss the observational signatures of quantum black holes, focusing on gravitational wave echoes as smoking guns for quantum horizons (or exotic compact objects), which have led to significant recent excitement and activity. We review the theoretical underpinning of gravitational wave echoes and critically examine the seemingly contradictory observational claims regarding their (non-)existence. Finally, we discuss the future theoretical and observational landscape for unraveling the “Quantum Black Holes in the Sky”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probing New Physics with Black Holes)

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