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12 pages, 23946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound B-Mode Visualization of Imperceptible Subwavelength Vibration in Magnetomotive Ultrasound Imaging

by Wei-Hsiang Shen, Tzu-Min Yeh, Mei-Yi Liao and Meng-Lin Li

Vibration 2024, 7(3), 764-775; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7030040 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) is a promising imaging modality for detecting magnetic nanoparticles. In MMUS, an external oscillating magnetic field induces the motion of the injected magnetic nanoparticles within tissue, and phase-based tracking algorithms are used to detect the motion. However, the subwavelength scale [...] Read more.

Magnetomotive ultrasound (MMUS) is a promising imaging modality for detecting magnetic nanoparticles. In MMUS, an external oscillating magnetic field induces the motion of the injected magnetic nanoparticles within tissue, and phase-based tracking algorithms are used to detect the motion. However, the subwavelength scale of these displacements (often a few micrometers) makes direct visualization on conventional ultrasound B-mode images impossible. In this work, we adapt the Eulerian motion magnification technique to create a novel ultrasound display mode for identifying the nanoparticle locations, eliminating the need for displacement tracking algorithms. Phantom and in vivo experiments demonstrate that our technique successfully magnifies magnetomotion and the associated shear wave propagation in ultrasound B-mode imaging and pinpoints the nanoparticle vibration source, even in low-concentration scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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16 pages, 3048 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rat-Tail Models for Studying Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome: A Comparison between Living and Cadaver Rat Tails

by Christopher M. Warren, Xueyan S. Xu, Mark Jackson, Walter G. McKinney, John Z. Wu, Daniel E. Welcome, Stacey Waugh, Phillip Chapman, Erik W. Sinsel, Samantha Service, Kristine Krajnak and Ren G. Dong

Vibration 2024, 7(3), 722-737; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7030038 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

Over-exposure of the hand-arm system to intense vibration and force over time may cause degeneration of the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems in the fingers. A novel animal model using rat tails has been developed to understand the health effects on human fingers [...] Read more.

Over-exposure of the hand-arm system to intense vibration and force over time may cause degeneration of the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems in the fingers. A novel animal model using rat tails has been developed to understand the health effects on human fingers exposed to vibration and force when operating powered hand tools or workpieces. The biodynamic responses, such as vibration stress, strain, and power absorption density, of the rat tails can be used to help evaluate the health effects related to vibration and force and to establish a dose-effect relationship. While the biodynamic responses of cadaver rat tails have been investigated, the objective of the current study was to determine whether the biodynamic responses of living rat tails are different from those of cadaver rat tails, and whether the biodynamic responses of both living and cadaver tails change with exposure duration. To make direct comparisons, the responses of both cadaver and living rat tails were examined on four different testing stations. The transfer function of each tail under a given contact force (2 N) was measured at each frequency in the one-third octave bands from 20 to 1000 Hz, and used to calculate the mechanical system parameters of the tails. The transfer functions were also measured at different exposure durations to determine the time dependency of the response. Differences were observed in the vibration biodynamic responses between living and cadaver tails, but the general trends were similar. The biodynamic responses of both cadaver and living rat tails varied with exposure duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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15 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Study of Nonlinear Flexural Vibration of a Beam with Geometric, Material and Combined Nonlinearities

by Yoganandh Madhuranthakam and Sunil Kishore Chakrapani

Vibration 2024, 7(2), 464-478; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7020025 - 13 May 2024

Viewed by 3119

Abstract

This article explores the nonlinear vibration of beams with different types of nonlinearities. The beam vibration was modeled using Hamilton’s principle, and the equation of motion was solved using method of multiple time scales. Three models were developed assuming (a) geometric nonlinearity, (b) [...] Read more.

This article explores the nonlinear vibration of beams with different types of nonlinearities. The beam vibration was modeled using Hamilton’s principle, and the equation of motion was solved using method of multiple time scales. Three models were developed assuming (a) geometric nonlinearity, (b) material nonlinearity and (c) combined geometric and material nonlinearity. The material nonlinearity also included both third and fourth nonlinear elasticity terms. The frequency response equation of these models were further evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. The models capture the hardening effect, i.e., increase in resonant frequency as a function of forcing amplitude for geometric nonlinearity, and the softening effect, i.e., decrease in resonant frequency for material nonlinearity. The model is applied on the first three bending modes of the cantilever beam. The effect of the fourth-order material nonlinearity was smaller compared to the third-order term in the first mode, whereas it is significantly larger in second and third mode. The combined nonlinearity models shows a discontinuous frequency shift, which was resolved by utilizing a set of transition assumptions. This results in a smooth transition between the material and geometric zones in amplitude. These parametric models allow us to fine tune the nonlinear response of the system by changing the physical properties such as geometry, linear and nonlinear elastic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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11 pages, 2479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antihistamine Medication Blunts Localized-Vibration-Induced Increases in Popliteal Blood Flow

by Devin Needs, Jonathan Blotter, Gilbert W. Fellingham, Glenn Cruse, Jayson R. Gifford, Aaron Wayne Johnson and Jeffrey Brent Feland

Vibration 2024, 7(2), 351-361; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7020017 - 29 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1428

Abstract

Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of [...] Read more.

Localized vibration (LV) of the lower leg increases arterial blood flow (BF). However, it is unclear how LV causes this increase. Understanding the mechanisms of this response could lead to the optimized future use of LV as a therapy. One possible mechanism of LV-mediated BF is through histamine release by mechanosensitive mast cells. The purpose of this study was to measure the BF response of 21 recreationally active young adults (11 male, 10 female, mean age 22.1 years) after 47 Hz and 10 min LV to the calf, with and without antihistamine medication (180 mg Fexofenadine). Each participant received both control (no antihistamine) and antihistamine (treatment) conditions separated by at least 24 h. BF ultrasound measurements (mean and peak blood velocity, volume flow, popliteal diameter, and heart rate) were taken before LV therapy and periodically for 19 min post LV. Using a cell means mixed model, we found that LV significantly increased the control mean blood velocity immediately post LV but did not significantly increase the antihistamine mean blood velocity immediately post LV. Therefore, we hypothesize that a primary mechanism of LV increase in BF is histamine release from mechano-sensing mast cells, and that this response is force-dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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31 pages, 2105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Preserving/Group-Preserving Schemes for Depicting Nonlinear Vibrations of Multi-Coupled Duffing Oscillators

by Chein-Shan Liu, Chung-Lun Kuo and Chih-Wen Chang

Vibration 2024, 7(1), 98-128; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7010006 - 18 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1556

Abstract

In the paper, we first develop a novel automatically energy-preserving scheme (AEPS) for the undamped and unforced single and multi-coupled Duffing equations by recasting them to the Lie-type systems of ordinary differential equations. The AEPS can automatically preserve the energy to be a [...] Read more.

In the paper, we first develop a novel automatically energy-preserving scheme (AEPS) for the undamped and unforced single and multi-coupled Duffing equations by recasting them to the Lie-type systems of ordinary differential equations. The AEPS can automatically preserve the energy to be a constant value in a long-term free vibration behavior. The analytical solution of a special Duffing–van der Pol equation is compared with that computed by the novel group-preserving scheme (GPS) which has fourth-order accuracy. The main novelty is that we constructed the quadratic forms of the energy equations, the Lie-algebras and Lie-groups for the multi-coupled Duffing oscillator system. Then, we extend the GPS to the damped and forced Duffing equations. The corresponding algorithms are developed, which are effective to depict the long term nonlinear vibration behaviors of the multi-coupled Duffing oscillators with an accuracy of

O (h^{4})

for a small time stepsize h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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17 pages, 2736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Contact-Less Sensing and Fault Diagnosis Characteristics in Vibrating Thin Cantilever Beams with a MetGlas^® 2826MB Ribbon

by Robert-Gabriel Sultana, Achilleas Davrados and Dimitrios Dimogianopoulos

Vibration 2024, 7(1), 36-52; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration7010002 - 6 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1673

Abstract

The contact-less sensing and fault diagnosis characteristics induced by fixing short Metglas^® 2826MB ribbons onto the surface of thin cantilever polymer beams are examined and statistically evaluated in this study. Excitation of the beam’s free end generates magnetic flux from the vibrating [...] Read more.

The contact-less sensing and fault diagnosis characteristics induced by fixing short Metglas^® 2826MB ribbons onto the surface of thin cantilever polymer beams are examined and statistically evaluated in this study. Excitation of the beam’s free end generates magnetic flux from the vibrating ribbon (fixed near the clamp side), which, via a coil suspended above the ribbon surface, is recorded as voltage with an oscilloscope. Cost-efficient design and operation are key objectives of this setup since only conventional equipment (coil, oscilloscope) is used, whereas filtering, amplification and similar circuits are absent. A statistical framework for extending past findings on the relationship between spectral changes in voltage and fault occurrence is introduced. Currently, different levels of beam excitation (within a frequency range) are shown to result in statistically different voltage spectral changes (frequency shifts). The principle is also valid for loads (faults) of different magnitudes and/or locations on the beam for a given excitation. Testing with either various beam excitation frequencies or different loads (magnitude/locations) at a given excitation demonstrates that voltage spectral changes are statistically mapped onto excitation levels or occurrences of distinct faults (loads). Thus, conventional beams may cost-efficiently acquire contact-less sensing and fault diagnosis capabilities using limited hardware/equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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24 pages, 8513 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defect Detection in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Plate by Imaging of Mechanical Nonlinearity-Induced Sideband Vibrations

by Tommaso Seresini, Sevilia Sunetchiieva, Helge Pfeiffer, Martine Wevers and Christ Glorieux

Vibration 2023, 6(4), 796-819; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6040049 - 1 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1613

Abstract

Laser Doppler scanning vibrometry is used for imaging spectral vibration components in a carbon fiber-reinforced composite plate that contains a sub-surface delamination defect caused by hammer impact. The images reveal sideband generation at the location of the defect, reflecting mechanical nonlinearity-induced mixing between [...] Read more.

Laser Doppler scanning vibrometry is used for imaging spectral vibration components in a carbon fiber-reinforced composite plate that contains a sub-surface delamination defect caused by hammer impact. The images reveal sideband generation at the location of the defect, reflecting mechanical nonlinearity-induced mixing between a high amplitude, low-frequency vibration that modulates the stress–strain behavior near the defect and a low amplitude, high-frequency probe vibration. In this work, a multifrequency probe is used to tackle the problem that the mixing coefficients are, in practice, frequency dependent. Based on the measured sideband amplitudes, a study is presented on the expected feasibility of detecting defects by a full field imaging scheme based on a photorefractive interferometer that is configured as a vibrometer acting as a bandpass filter around a sideband frequency of interest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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13 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quadruped Rotary Galloping Gait Pattern within a Constant Radius Bend Using Accelerometry

by David Eager, Imam Hossain and Callan Brook

Vibration 2023, 6(3), 713-725; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030044 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1429

Abstract

This paper provides an initial investigation of quadruped rotary galloping gait patterns using data from racing greyhounds as they navigate their way around a constant radius bend. This study reviewed actual race data collected over a five month period from 2986 racing greyhounds. [...] Read more.

This paper provides an initial investigation of quadruped rotary galloping gait patterns using data from racing greyhounds as they navigate their way around a constant radius bend. This study reviewed actual race data collected over a five month period from 2986 racing greyhounds. Using numerical dynamics modelling and value range analysis important factors were identified and analysed. By cleaning and synthesising simple X and Y data and also processing data for accuracy greyhound motion path dynamics results were produced for analysis. The results show that the galloping path greyhounds took going into the bend was different from the path coming out of the bend. It also shows that more than 50% of the greyhounds naturally optimised their path for a longer transition while minimising jerk when entering and exiting the bend. This research verified that individual greyhounds naturally chose different path transition lengths for accommodating their dynamic conditions. Finally, it was found that the greyhound galloping path dynamics state is less intense during the second half of the bend. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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15 pages, 7181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Application of Micro-Vibratory Phenomena of a Shape-Memory Alloy Wire to a Novel Vibrator

by Takashi Chujo and Hideyuki Sawada

Vibration 2023, 6(3), 584-598; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030036 - 26 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

The widespread use of smartphones and smart wearable devices has created a great demand for vibrators with complex vibration patterns driven by simple circuits. In our previous studies, we observed that a filiform shape-memory alloy (SMA) wire will shrink and then return to [...] Read more.

The widespread use of smartphones and smart wearable devices has created a great demand for vibrators with complex vibration patterns driven by simple circuits. In our previous studies, we observed that a filiform shape-memory alloy (SMA) wire will shrink and then return to its initial length, perfectly synchronizing with a given pulse current. Here, we developed a novel vibrator whose structure allows the micro-vibrations of an SMA wire to be amplified up to a recognizable level without directly touching the wire. The vibrator has the advantage of independently controlling its magnitude and frequency together with a simple driving circuit since it is directly driven by a frequency-modulated pulse current with a controlled duty ratio. We measured the power consumption and the acceleration generated by the vibrator. The results showed that the vibrator consumed only 4–77 milliwatts of power with a quick vibration response within 5 milliseconds, and the acceleration increased significantly in a duty ratio range of around 1%. Furthermore, user evaluations demonstrated that differences in the magnitude and frequency of the generated vibrations were sufficiently recognized when the vibrator was driven by different duty ratios and frequencies, and the vibrator provided various tactile and haptic sensations to users. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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20 pages, 4200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Annoyance Caused by Simultaneous Noise and Vibration in Commercial Vehicles: Multimodal Interaction and the Effects of Sinusoidal Components in Recorded Seat Vibrations

by Maria Mareen Maravich, Robert Rosenkranz and M. Ercan Altinsoy

Vibration 2023, 6(3), 536-555; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030033 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2221

Abstract

Noise and whole-body vibrations (WBV) inside commercial vehicles can lead to annoyance and reduced comfort. As a result, negative effects on the driver can occur even below the legal exposure limits. In order to understand the annoyance perception and the interaction between noise [...] Read more.

Noise and whole-body vibrations (WBV) inside commercial vehicles can lead to annoyance and reduced comfort. As a result, negative effects on the driver can occur even below the legal exposure limits. In order to understand the annoyance perception and the interaction between noise and WBV, two perception experiments were conducted. For both experiments, recorded signals inside different commercial vehicles were used. Sound pressure and acceleration levels varied. In addition, the frequency content of the recorded vertical seat vibrations was reproduced in different modified variants. The varied parameters (sound pressure level, acceleration level and vibration frequency) were investigated within a three-factorial experimental design. It was found that noise and vibration levels, as well as the vibration spectrum, had a significant effect on total annoyance. Furthermore, an interaction between noise and vibration levels in both experiments could be observed. The results show that for the highest noise level, changing vibration exposure influences annoyance ratings less than the lowest noise level. The results also show that despite the same W_k-weighted RMS level of the WBV according to ISO 2631-1, vibration spectra with sinusoidal components or narrowband vibrations below <10 Hz were significantly perceived as more annoying during a ride in a vehicle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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16 pages, 7584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prescribed Performance Control-Based Semi-Active Vibration Controller for Seat Suspension Equipped with an Electromagnetic Damper

by Junjie Zhao, Pengfei Liu, Dingxin Leng, Haoyu Zhan, Guangrui Luan, Donghong Ning and Jianqiang Yu

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 303-318; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010019 - 11 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2573

Abstract

Seat suspension plays a vital role in improving riding comfort and protecting drivers’ health. This paper develops semi-active seat suspension that equips a controllable electromagnetic damper (EMD) and proposes a prescribed performance control-based semi-active vibration controller with experimental validation. The semi-active EMD mainly [...] Read more.

Seat suspension plays a vital role in improving riding comfort and protecting drivers’ health. This paper develops semi-active seat suspension that equips a controllable electromagnetic damper (EMD) and proposes a prescribed performance control-based semi-active vibration controller with experimental validation. The semi-active EMD mainly consists of a permanent magnet synchronous motor, a ball screw, a three-phase rectifier, and a controllable external resistor, which can vary its damping from

90

to

800 N \cdot s / m

by tuning the controllable external resistor in real-time. The EMD is applied to seat suspension, and a semi-active controller is proposed for the EMD seat suspension. In order to control the seat suspension vibration, a prescribed performance method is applied to obtain a desired control force and then a force-tracking strategy is designed to make the EMD track the desired control force. Finally, the semi-active seat suspension with the proposed controller is tested in experiments with different vibration conditions. The semi-active seat suspension performs excellently for the bump, sine wave and random vibration. The root mean square (RMS) acceleration, the frequency-weighted RMS acceleration and the acceleration’s fourth power vibration dose value were reduced by

17.5 %

,

39.9 %

, and

25.4 %

, respectively, in the random vibration, compared with a passive system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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30 pages, 5936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender and Anthropometric Effects on Seat-to-Head Transmissibility Responses to Vertical Whole-Body Vibration of Humans Seated on an Elastic Seat

by Yumeng Yao, Krishna N. Dewangan and Subhash Rakheja

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 165-194; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010012 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2239

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of gender and ten different anthropometric parameters on the vertical vibration transmission from seat to the head of the body seated on an elastic seat. The seat-to-head transmissibility (STHT) responses in the vertical and fore-aft directions of 58 [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of gender and ten different anthropometric parameters on the vertical vibration transmission from seat to the head of the body seated on an elastic seat. The seat-to-head transmissibility (STHT) responses in the vertical and fore-aft directions of 58 participants (31 males and 27 females) were measured under three levels of vertical vibration (root mean square acceleration: 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 m/s²) in the 0.50–20 Hz range, when sitting on a viscoelastic seat with and without a vertical back support, and with hands on a steering wheel. Apart from the important effects of elastic coupling between the body and seat, the results show distinctly different vertical and fore-aft STHT responses from the two genders. Moreover, the gender effect was strongly coupled with back support and excitation conditions. The primary resonance frequencies of male subjects were higher than those of female subjects, while the peak vertical STHT magnitudes were comparable. Owing to the strong coupled effects of gender and anthropometric dimensions, the study is designed to reduce the coupling by considering datasets for subjects with comparable chosen dimensions. Among the various anthropometric dimensions considered, the body mass and fat mass revealed strong influences on the primary resonance frequency, which was similar for male and female subjects with comparable body mass index and body fat mass. The vertical STHT magnitude of the two genders with the same lean body mass was also nearly identical. The peak fore-aft STHT magnitudes of the male subjects were notably higher than those of the female subjects with comparable anthropometric dimensions with the exception of the body mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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16 pages, 5756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vibration Transmission across Seismically Damaged Beam-to-Column Junctions of Reinforced Concrete Using Statistical Energy Analysis

by Marios Filippoupolitis and Carl Hopkins

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 149-164; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010011 - 2 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1745

Abstract

To detect human survivors trapped in buildings after earthquakes by using structure-borne sound it is necessary to have knowledge of vibration transmission in collapsed and fragmented reinforced-concrete buildings. In this paper, statistical energy analysis (SEA) is considered for modelling vibration transmission in seismically [...] Read more.

To detect human survivors trapped in buildings after earthquakes by using structure-borne sound it is necessary to have knowledge of vibration transmission in collapsed and fragmented reinforced-concrete buildings. In this paper, statistical energy analysis (SEA) is considered for modelling vibration transmission in seismically damaged, reinforced concrete, beam-to-column junctions where the connection between the beam and the column is made only via the steel reinforcement. An ensemble of 30 randomly damaged beam-to-column junctions was generated using a Monte Carlo simulation with FEM. Experimental SEA (ESEA) is then considered with two or three subsystems to determine the coupling loss factors (CLFs) between the beam and the column with either bending modes or the combination of all mode types. It is shown that bending modes dominate the dynamic response and that the uncertainty of predicting the CLFs using FEM with ESEA is sufficiently low that it should be feasible to estimate the coupling even when the exact angle between the beam and the column is unknown. In addition, the use of two rather than three subsystems for the junction significantly decreases the number of negative coupling loss factors with ESEA. An initial analysis of the results in this paper was presented at the 50th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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34 pages, 8514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Critical Velocity of Moving Force and Instability of Moving Mass in Layered Railway Track Models by Semianalytical Approaches

by Zuzana Dimitrovová

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 113-146; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010009 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1660

Abstract

This article presents a comparison between layered models of a railway track. All analyses are based on semianalytical approaches to show how powerful they can be. Results are presented in dimensionless form, making them applicable to a wide range of possible real-world scenarios. [...] Read more.

This article presents a comparison between layered models of a railway track. All analyses are based on semianalytical approaches to show how powerful they can be. Results are presented in dimensionless form, making them applicable to a wide range of possible real-world scenarios. The main results and conclusions are obtained using repeated exact calculations of the equivalent flexibility of supporting structure related to each model by contour integration. New terms and a fundamentally different approach with respect to other published works underline the scientific contribution to this field. Semianalytical methods demonstrate that the intended results can be obtained easily and accurately. However, this benefit cannot be extended to a large number of models due to the simplifications that must be introduced in order to apply such methods. It turns out that even though the one-layer model is the furthest away from reality, it is easy to handle analytically because it has a regular and predictable behavior. The three-layer model, on the other hand, has many unpredictable properties that will be detailed in this article. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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11 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of the Seesaw System as a Means of Seismic Upgrading in Older, Non-Ductile Reinforced Concrete Buildings

by Panagiota S. Katsimpini and George A. Papagiannopoulos

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 102-112; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010008 - 21 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2271

Abstract

This work investigates and discusses the effectiveness of the seesaw system when installed in an older, non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) building for seismic upgrading purposes. In particular, two different configurations of the seesaw system are assumed in a two-storey 3D RC framed building [...] Read more.

This work investigates and discusses the effectiveness of the seesaw system when installed in an older, non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) building for seismic upgrading purposes. In particular, two different configurations of the seesaw system are assumed in a two-storey 3D RC framed building which was designed according to older seismic provisions and, thus, is susceptible to flexural and shear failures. To check if there is any merit in employing the seesaw system in this RC building, non-linear time-history (NLTH) analyses are conducting using 11 seismic motions. Peak values for inter-story drift ratios (IDR), residual inter-story drift ratios (RIDR) and floor accelerations (FA) are computed, and the sequence and cause (i.e., due to surpass of flexural or shear strength) of plastic hinge formations are monitored. Leaving aside any issues related to fabrication and cost, interpretation of the results obtained by the aforementioned seismic response indices for the RC building under study leads to the conclusion that the seesaw system can be a retrofitting scheme for the seismic upgrading of older, non-ductile RC framed buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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20 pages, 56552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibration Characteristics of Multi-Material Lattice Structures

by Kadir Gunaydin, Ahmet Yavuz and Aykut Tamer

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 82-101; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010007 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2502

Abstract

This paper presents a modal analysis of honeycomb and re-entrant lattice structures to understand the change in natural frequencies when multi-material configuration is implemented. For this purpose, parallel nylon ligaments within re-entrant and honeycomb lattice structures are replaced with chopped and continuous carbon [...] Read more.

This paper presents a modal analysis of honeycomb and re-entrant lattice structures to understand the change in natural frequencies when multi-material configuration is implemented. For this purpose, parallel nylon ligaments within re-entrant and honeycomb lattice structures are replaced with chopped and continuous carbon fibre to constitute multi-material lattice configurations. For each set, the first five natural frequencies were compared using detailed finite element models. For each configuration, three different boundary conditions were considered, which are free–free and clamping at the two sides that are parallel and perpendicular to the vertical parts of the structure. The comparison of the natural frequencies was based on mode-shape matching using modal assurance criteria to identify the correct modes of different configurations. The results showed that the natural frequency of the multi-material configurations increases from 4% to 18% depending on the configuration and material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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17 pages, 6786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigations into Nonlinear Effects of Normal Pressures on Dynamic Cyclic Responses of Novel 3D-Printed TPMS Bridge Bearings

by Pasakorn Sengsri and Sakdirat Kaewunruen

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 65-81; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010006 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2313

Abstract

Bridge bearings are one of the most important components in bridge systems. Typical bearings are extensively used in small- to medium-span highway bridges since they are economical and offer a good performance at service-level conditions. On the other hand, common bridge bearings possess [...] Read more.

Bridge bearings are one of the most important components in bridge systems. Typical bearings are extensively used in small- to medium-span highway bridges since they are economical and offer a good performance at service-level conditions. On the other hand, common bridge bearings possess a low performance-to-weight ratio under combined compression and shear loading conditions (low crashworthiness and specific energy absorption), due to their heavy weight, high costs, and the non-recyclability of steel and elastomer materials. With the help of a relatively higher ratio of a 3D-printed triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structure, this method can potentially be used for bridge bearing applications. However, the cyclic responses of this TPMS structure used in bearings have never been completely investigated. This study is the world’s first to investigate the effects of normal pressure on the cyclic responses of novel 3D-printed TPMS bridge bearings. A numerical TPMS unit cell model considering the effects of normal pressure on cyclic responses of a novel TPMS bridge bearing is developed and validated with experimental data. The numerical results reveal new insights related to the nonlinear effects of normal pressure on the cyclic behaviours of 3D-printed TPMS bearings. Higher normal pressures result in a higher degree of nonlinearity in the dynamic cyclic responses of the 3D-printed TPMS bearings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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8 pages, 485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Asymptotic Formulation for the Rayleigh Wave on a Nonlocally Elastic Half-Space

by Danila A. Prikazchikov

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 57-64; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010005 - 7 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1504

Abstract

This paper deals with the Rayleigh wave, propagating on a nonlocally elastic, linearly isotropic half-space, excited by a prescribed surface loading. The consideration develops the methodology of hyperbolic–elliptic models for Rayleigh and Rayleigh-type waves, and relies on the effective boundary conditions formulated recently, [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the Rayleigh wave, propagating on a nonlocally elastic, linearly isotropic half-space, excited by a prescribed surface loading. The consideration develops the methodology of hyperbolic–elliptic models for Rayleigh and Rayleigh-type waves, and relies on the effective boundary conditions formulated recently, accounting for the crucial contributions of the nonlocal boundary layer. A slow-time perturbation scheme is established, leading to the reduced model for the Rayleigh wave field, comprised of a singularly perturbed hyperbolic equation for the longitudinal wave potential on the surface, acting as a boundary condition for the elliptic equation governing the decay over the interior. An equivalent alternative formulation involving a pseudo-differential operator acting on the loading terms, with parametric dependence on the depth coordinate, is also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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16 pages, 8187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unsteady Aerodynamic Lift Force on a Pitching Wing: Experimental Measurement and Data Processing

by Péter Zoltán Csurcsia, Muhammad Faheem Siddiqui, Mark Charles Runacres and Tim De Troyer

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 29-44; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010003 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3429

Abstract

This work discusses the experimental challenges and processing of unsteady experiments for a pitching wing in the low-speed wind tunnel of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The setup used for unsteady experiments consisted of two independent devices: (a) a position control device to steer [...] Read more.

This work discusses the experimental challenges and processing of unsteady experiments for a pitching wing in the low-speed wind tunnel of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The setup used for unsteady experiments consisted of two independent devices: (a) a position control device to steer the pitch angle of the wing, and (b) a pressure measurement device to measure the aerodynamic loads. The position control setup can pitch the wing for a range of frequencies, amplitude, and offset levels. In this work, a NACA-0018 wing profile was used with an aspect ratio of 1.8. The position control and the pressure measurement setups operate independently of each other, necessitating advanced signal processing techniques to synchronize the pitch angle and the lift force. Furthermore, there is a (not well-documented) issue with the (sampling) clock frequency of the pressure measurement setup, which was resolved using a fully automated spectral analysis technique. The wing was pitched using a simple harmonic sine excitation signal at eight different offset levels (between 6° and 21°) for a fixed amplitude variation (std) of 6°. At each offset level, the wing was pitched at five different frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 2 Hz (that correspond to reduced frequencies k ranging from 0.006 to 0.125). All the experiments were conducted at a fixed chord-based Reynolds number of 2.85 × 10⁵. The choice of operating parameters invokes the linear and nonlinear behavior of the wing. The linear unsteady measurements agreed with the analytical results. The unsteady pressure measurements at higher offset levels revealed the nonlinear aerodynamic phenomenon of dynamic stall. This confirms that a nonlinear and dynamic model is required to capture the salient characteristics of the lift force on a pitching wing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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22 pages, 1816 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free Vibrations of Multi-Degree Structures: Solving Quadratic Eigenvalue Problems with an Excitation and Fast Iterative Detection Method

by Chein-Shan Liu, Chung-Lun Kuo and Chih-Wen Chang

Vibration 2022, 5(4), 914-935; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration5040053 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2221

Abstract

For the free vibrations of multi-degree mechanical structures appeared in structural dynamics, we solve the quadratic eigenvalue problem either by linearizing it to a generalized eigenvalue problem or directly treating it by developing the iterative detection methods for the real and complex eigenvalues. [...] Read more.

For the free vibrations of multi-degree mechanical structures appeared in structural dynamics, we solve the quadratic eigenvalue problem either by linearizing it to a generalized eigenvalue problem or directly treating it by developing the iterative detection methods for the real and complex eigenvalues. To solve the generalized eigenvalue problem, we impose a nonzero exciting vector into the eigen-equation, and solve a nonhomogeneous linear system to obtain a response curve, which consists of the magnitudes of the n-vectors with respect to the eigen-parameters in a range. The n-dimensional eigenvector is supposed to be a superposition of a constant exciting vector and an m-vector, which can be obtained in terms of eigen-parameter by solving the projected eigen-equation. In doing so, we can save computational cost because the response curve is generated from the data acquired in a lower dimensional subspace. We develop a fast iterative detection method by maximizing the magnitude to locate the eigenvalue, which appears as a peak in the response curve. Through zoom-in sequentially, very accurate eigenvalue can be obtained. We reduce the number of eigen-equation to

n - 1

to find the eigen-mode with its certain component being normalized to the unit. The real and complex eigenvalues and eigen-modes can be determined simultaneously, quickly and accurately by the proposed methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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31 pages, 9065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fourier Series Approximation of Vertical Walking Force-Time History through Frequentist and Bayesian Inference

by Angus Ewan Peters, Vitomir Racic, Stana Živanović and John Orr

Vibration 2022, 5(4), 883-913; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration5040052 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2612

Abstract

The increased ambition of architects coupled with advancements in structural materials, as well as the rapidly increasing pressure on civil engineering sector to reduce embodied carbon, have resulted in longer spans and more slender pedestrian structures. These structures often have one or more [...] Read more.

The increased ambition of architects coupled with advancements in structural materials, as well as the rapidly increasing pressure on civil engineering sector to reduce embodied carbon, have resulted in longer spans and more slender pedestrian structures. These structures often have one or more low natural frequencies in the range of human walking accompanied with low modal masses and damping ratios. Thus, they are prone to excessive and often resonant vibrations that may compromise the serviceability limit state. Principally the uncertainty in prediction of the vibration serviceability limit state mainly originates from unreliable estimates of pedestrian loading. The key rationale behind this situation is the limited mathematical characterisation featuring in current design codes and guidelines pertinent to pedestrian-induced loading. The Fourier approximation is typically used to describe individual walking forces. Historically, such models are based on limited experimental data and deterministic mathematical descriptions. Current industry used load models featured in design codes and guidelines have been shown to incorporate inherent bias through limited intra-subject variation and poor correlation with real walking loads. This paper presents an improved Fourier model of vertical walking force across multiple harmonics, presented in a Bayesian and Frequentist statistical parameterisation. They are derived using the most comprehensive dataset to date, comprising of over ten hours of continuous vertical walking force signals. Dissimilar to previous Fourier models, the proposed models attempt to encapsulate the surround energy leakage around harmonic integers with a singular value. The proposed models provide consistently lower force amplitudes than any previous model and is shown to be more representative of real walking. The proposed model provides a closer approximation of a structural acceleration than any other similar Fourier-based model. The proposed model provides further evidence to combine the so called high and low frequency load models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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23 pages, 5533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seat-to-Head Transmissibility Responses of Seated Human Body Coupled with Visco-Elastic Seats

by K. N. Dewangan, Yumeng Yao and S. Rakheja

Vibration 2022, 5(4), 860-882; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration5040051 - 5 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2375

Abstract

This study investigated the seat-to-head vibration transmissibility (STHT) responses of 58 subjects (31 males and 27 females) seated on three different elastic seats with (WB) and without back support (NB) and under three levels of vertical vibration (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m/s² [...] Read more.

This study investigated the seat-to-head vibration transmissibility (STHT) responses of 58 subjects (31 males and 27 females) seated on three different elastic seats with (WB) and without back support (NB) and under three levels of vertical vibration (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 m/s² RMS) in the 0.50–20 Hz range. The STHT responses with elastic seats were significantly different from the widely reported responses with rigid seats, irrespective of sitting and excitation conditions. The peak STHT magnitudes with elastic seats were relatively higher than those obtained with a rigid seat. Moreover, the transmission of seat vibration showed a strong dependence on the elastic properties of the body-seat coupling. The primary resonance frequencies were also significantly different among the elastic seats. Compared to NB conditions, the peak STHT magnitudes and the primary resonance frequencies obtained with WB conditions were significantly lower. An increase in excitation magnitude resulted in a statistically significant (p < 0.001) decrease in the primary resonance frequency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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11 pages, 3746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement and Analysis of Crowdsourced Vehicle Vibration Levels during Last Mile Delivery Segments for Parcel Shipments

by Kyle Dunno and Purushottam Chavan

Vibration 2022, 5(4), 792-802; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration5040046 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2780

Abstract

Crowdsourced logistics has emerged as a delivery channel for many single-parcel packages. As a result, this logistics network has introduced personal passenger vehicles as a means to transport parcels during last mile delivery segments. To understand this network’s vibration levels and cargo capacity [...] Read more.

Crowdsourced logistics has emerged as a delivery channel for many single-parcel packages. As a result, this logistics network has introduced personal passenger vehicles as a means to transport parcels during last mile delivery segments. To understand this network’s vibration levels and cargo capacity restraints, four vehicle types (a sedan, sports sedan, compact SUV and full-size SUV) commonly used in crowdsourced logistics deliveries were selected for measurement and analysis. This study shows that the vibration levels were significantly higher in the vertical axis and that the overall vibration energy increased as vehicle speed increased, except in the sedan. The sedan and SUV vehicles showed power spectral density peak frequencies in the low-frequency range, occurring at approximately 2 Hz, matching previous studies using similar vehicles. The vibration levels were greatest in the sports sedan and lowest in the sedan. The recorded vibration events showed a right-skewed heavy-tailed distribution and were non-Gaussian. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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19 pages, 2162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Voice Fundamental Frequency and Intensity from Surface Electromyographic Signals of the Face and Neck

by Jennifer M. Vojtech, Claire L. Mitchell, Laura Raiff, Joshua C. Kline and Gianluca De Luca

Vibration 2022, 5(4), 692-710; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration5040041 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

Silent speech interfaces (SSIs) enable speech recognition and synthesis in the absence of an acoustic signal. Yet, the archetypal SSI fails to convey the expressive attributes of prosody such as pitch and loudness, leading to lexical ambiguities. The aim of this study was [...] Read more.

Silent speech interfaces (SSIs) enable speech recognition and synthesis in the absence of an acoustic signal. Yet, the archetypal SSI fails to convey the expressive attributes of prosody such as pitch and loudness, leading to lexical ambiguities. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of using surface electromyography (sEMG) as an approach for predicting continuous acoustic estimates of prosody. Ten participants performed a series of vocal tasks including sustained vowels, phrases, and monologues while acoustic data was recorded simultaneously with sEMG activity from muscles of the face and neck. A battery of time-, frequency-, and cepstral-domain features extracted from the sEMG signals were used to train deep regression neural networks to predict fundamental frequency and intensity contours from the acoustic signals. We achieved an average accuracy of 0.01 ST and precision of 0.56 ST for the estimation of fundamental frequency, and an average accuracy of 0.21 dB SPL and precision of 3.25 dB SPL for the estimation of intensity. This work highlights the importance of using sEMG as an alternative means of detecting prosody and shows promise for improving SSIs in future development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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Review

Jump to: Research

20 pages, 7389 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vibration Measurements by Self-Mixing Interferometry: An Overview of Configurations and Benchmark Performances

by Silvano Donati

Vibration 2023, 6(3), 625-644; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030039 - 2 Aug 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) is suitable to sense and measure vibrations of amplitudes ranging from picometers to millimeters at frequencies from sub-Hz to MHz’s. As an optical probe, SMI has the advantage of being non-invasive with the ability to measure without any treatment of [...] Read more.

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) is suitable to sense and measure vibrations of amplitudes ranging from picometers to millimeters at frequencies from sub-Hz to MHz’s. As an optical probe, SMI has the advantage of being non-invasive with the ability to measure without any treatment of the target surface and operate from a substantial standoff distance from the target. As an additional advantage, the SMI configuration is much simpler than that of conventional interferometers as it does not require any optical part external to the laser source. After a short introduction to the basics of SMI, we review the development of configurations of SMI instruments for vibration measurements, based on both analog and digital processing, with record performance to cover the range of vibration amplitudes from 0.1 nm to 1 mm, frequencies up to MHz, and stand-off distances up to 100 m. These performances set a benchmark that is unequaled by other approaches reported so far in the literature. The configurations we describe are (i) a simple MEMS-response testing instrument based on fringe counting, (ii) a half-fringe locking vibrometer for mechanical mode analysis and transfer function measurements, with a wide linear response on six decades of amplitude, (iii) a vibrometer with analog switching cancellation for μm-to-mm amplitude of vibrations, and (iv) a long standoff distance vibrometer for testing large structures at distances up to 100 m and with nm sensitivity. Lastly, as the vibrometer will almost invariably operate on untreated, diffusing surfaces, we provide an evaluation of phase-induced speckle pattern errors affecting the SMI measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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18 pages, 6748 KiB

Open AccessReview

State-of-the-Art Review on the Seismic Performance Assessment of On-Ground Steel Cylindrical Tanks

by Mehran S. Razzaghi

Vibration 2023, 6(3), 494-511; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030031 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2163

Abstract

Steel cylindrical tanks are vital structures for storing various types of liquid in industrial plants or as a component in a water distributing system. As they sometimes are used to store toxic, flammable, and explosive material, their inapt performance during an earthquake may [...] Read more.

Steel cylindrical tanks are vital structures for storing various types of liquid in industrial plants or as a component in a water distributing system. As they sometimes are used to store toxic, flammable, and explosive material, their inapt performance during an earthquake may lead to catastrophic consequences. Therefore, practicing engineers, researchers, and industry owners are concerned about their structural safety. Meanwhile, the seismic performance of liquid storage tanks is rather complex. Thus, this subject has garnered many researchers’ interest in the past decades. This paper aims to briefly review the most significant studies on the seismic performance of on-ground steel cylindrical tanks. It focuses on analytical approaches and does not include experimental and on-site ones. Finally, the new horizons for the seismic performance assessment of such structures are presented herein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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21 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessReview

Deep Transfer Learning Models for Industrial Fault Diagnosis Using Vibration and Acoustic Sensors Data: A Review

by Md Roman Bhuiyan and Jia Uddin

Vibration 2023, 6(1), 218-238; https://doi.org/10.3390/vibration6010014 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 6550

Abstract

In order to evaluate final quality, nondestructive testing techniques for finding bearing flaws have grown in favor. The precision of image processing-based vision-based technology has greatly improved for defect identification, inspection, and classification. Deep Transfer Learning (DTL), a kind of machine learning, combines [...] Read more.

In order to evaluate final quality, nondestructive testing techniques for finding bearing flaws have grown in favor. The precision of image processing-based vision-based technology has greatly improved for defect identification, inspection, and classification. Deep Transfer Learning (DTL), a kind of machine learning, combines the superiority of Transfer Learning (TL) for knowledge transfer with the benefits of Deep Learning (DL) for feature representation. As a result, the discipline of Intelligent Fault Diagnosis has extensively developed and researched DTL approaches. They can improve the robustness, reliability, and usefulness of DL-based fault diagnosis techniques (IFD). IFD has been the subject of several thorough and excellent studies, although most of them have appraised important research from an algorithmic standpoint, neglecting real-world applications. DTL-based IFD strategies have also not yet undergone a full evaluation. It is necessary and imperative to go through the relevant DTL-based IFD publications in light of this. Readers will be able to grasp the most cutting-edge concepts and develop practical solutions to any IFD challenges they may encounter by doing this. The theory behind DTL is briefly discussed before describing how transfer learning algorithms may be included into deep learning models. This research study looks at a number of vision-based methods for defect detection and identification utilizing vibration acoustic sensor data. The goal of this review is to assess where vision inspection system research is right now. In this respect, image processing as well as deep learning, machine learning, transfer learning, few-shot learning, and light-weight approach and its selection were explored. This review addresses the creation of defect classifiers and vision-based fault detection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Vibration)

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