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Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition

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A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2025 | Viewed by 13616

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Pakistan
2. School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06910, Republic of Korea
Interests: electrical machines; energy conversion systems; power quality
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Prof. Dr. Jorge Rodas

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Power and Control Systems (LSPyC), Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Luque 2060, Paraguay
Interests: applications of advanced control to real-world problems; applying finite control set model predictive control and nonlinear control to power electronic converters; renewable energy conversion systems; electric motor drives; robotic systems (especially unmanned aerial vehicles)
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Prof. Dr. Jesús Doval-Gandoy

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Guest Editor

Applied Power Electronics Technology Research Group (APET), Universidad de Vigo, Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
Interests: power electronics; electric drives
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this Special Issue is to collect the latest developments from researchers working in the field of electrical machines and drives.

Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions that include, but are not limited to, the following topics of interest:

Design, analysis and applications of electrical machines;
Optimization algorithms;
Control techniques;
Machine fault detection and fault-tolerant control;
Motor drive systems;
Modelling and performance evaluation of electrical machines and drives;
Power electronic converter topologies for motor drives.

Dr. Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari
Prof. Dr. Jorge Rodas
Prof. Dr. Jesús Doval-Gandoy
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electric machines
motor drive
machine design
analysis
modelling
optimization
control techniques
power converters
fault tolerance
machine losses
efficiency
grid-connected generators

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Prediction of the Service Life of the Electrical Contacting of a Wheel Hub Drive

by Markus Hempel, Niklas Umland and Matthias Busse

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020068 - 25 Jan 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

This article examines contacting by means of ultrasonic welding between a cast aluminum winding and a copper conductor of a wheel hub drive for a passenger car. The effect of thermal stress on the formation and growth of intermetallic phases (IMC) in the contact is analyzed. By using microscopy, the growth constant under the specific load conditions can be identified with the help of the parabolic time law and offer a possibility for predicting the service life of the corresponding contacts. As a result, it can be stated that the increase in electrical resistance of the present contact at load temperatures of 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C does not reach a critical value. The growth rates of the IMC also show no critical tendencies at the usual operating temperatures (120 °C and 150 °C, e.g., at 150 °C = 4.59 × 10⁻⁷ μm²/s). The activation energy calculated using the Arrhenius plot of 155 kJ/mol (1.61 eV) can be classified as high in comparison to similar studies. In addition, it was found that future investigations of the IMC growth of corresponding electrical contacts should rather be carried out with electric current. The 180 °C sample series were carried out in the oven and with electric current; the samples in the oven did not show clear IMC, while the samples exposed to electric current already showed IMC under the microscope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 6355 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Wafters on the Thermal Properties and Performance of In-Wheel Motor

by Muhammad Hasan Albana, Ary Bachtiar Khrisna Putra and Harus Laksana Guntur

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120542 - 21 Nov 2024

Viewed by 879

Abstract

Electric vehicle (EV) proliferation is accelerating, characterized by the rising quantity of electric automobiles on global roadways. The electric machine is a crucial component of an EV, and the heat generated within the motor requires consideration as it impacts performance and longevity. A prevalent form of machine in EV is the in-wheel motor (IWM), which is notable for its compact size. However, it presents more significant cooling challenges. This research offers a new cooling method to cool the IWM. The system consists of wafters mounted on the housing of the IWM. Testing was conducted to determine the effect of wafters on the thermal properties and performance of IWMs. The machine used in this research is a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor featuring an outer rotor configuration and a peak power output of 1.5 kW. Testing was carried out experimentally and by simulation, and the simulation used Ansys Motor-CAD software. The research results show that applying wafers to IWM reduces the temperature of IWM components by up to 13.1%. IWM with wafters results in a torque increase of 0.14%, a power increase of 0.64%, and an efficiency improvement of 0.6% compared to IWM without wafters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 11891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Series-Parallel Winding Changeover Circuit and Control Method for Expanding the High-Efficiency Operating Range of IPMSM for xEV Drive Systems

by Yangjin Shin, Suyeon Cho and Ju Lee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110501 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 977

Abstract

The motor characteristics control method using the winding changeover technique can improve the matching ratio between the most frequent operating point of electric vehicle (EV) and the motor’s high-efficiency operating point, thereby enhancing the overall average efficiency of the drive system. This technology reduces back electromotive force and winding resistance by adjusting the effective number of motor winding turns according to the EV’s operating speed, ultimately improving the average efficiency. In this paper, we propose a winding changeover circuit and control method that maximizes the average efficiency in the main driving regions to extend the driving range per charge and improve the fuel efficiency of EVs. The proposed circuit is constructed using thyristor switching devices, offering the advantage of relatively lower overall system losses compared to conventional circuits. Due to the characteristics of the thyristor switching devices used in the proposed circuit, seamless winding changeover is possible during motor operation. Additionally, no extra snubber circuits are required, and the relatively low switch losses suggest the potential for improved efficiency and lightweight design in EV drive systems. To verify the proposed winding changeover circuit and control scheme, experiments were conducted using a dynamometer with an 80 kW permanent magnet motor, inverter, and the developed prototype of the winding changeover circuit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 9814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Performance of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Fractional Slot Concentrated Winding for Electric Vehicles Applications

by Zhiqiang Xi, Lianbo Niu, Xianghai Yan and Liyou Xu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100470 - 14 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1620

Abstract

The fractional-slot, concentrated-winding, interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (FSCW IPMSM) has advantages, such as reducing motor copper consumption, improving flux-weakening capability, and motor fault tolerance, and has certain development potential in application fields such as electric vehicles. However, fractional-slot concentrated-winding motors often contain rich harmonic components due to their winding characteristics, leading to increased motor losses and back electromotive force harmonics, thereby affecting the efficiency and constant power speed regulation range of the motor. Based on this, this article first uses the winding function method to explore the inductance and saliency ratio of the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor with different slot pole combinations in the fractional-slot concentrated- winding of electric vehicles. Secondly, this article will establish a 2D finite element parameterized model to analyze and compare the performance of fractional-slot concentrated-winding motors with different slot pole combinations, including air gap magnetic density, back electromotive force distortion rate, overload multiple, and torque. The structural parameters of the motor were optimized with the objective of minimizing the torque ripple under the constraint of minimizing the average torque reduction. The motor slot width, permanent magnet angle, and permanent magnet pole arc angle were analyzed and optimized. The simulation results showed that 12 slots and 8 poles were the optimal design schemes, providing a theoretical basis for the selection of slot pole coordination in the fractional-slot concentrated-winding interior permanent magnet synchronous motor for electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 6487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Rotor Harmonic Winding Configuration for the Brushless Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine

by Farhan Arif, Arsalan Arif, Qasim Ali, Asif Hussain, Abid Imran, Mukhtar Ullah and Asif Khan

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060226 - 23 May 2024

Viewed by 1422

Abstract

In the last decade, permanent magnet (PM)-free or hybrid PM machines have been extensively researched to find an alternative for high cost rare-earth PM machines. Brushless wound rotor synchronous machines (BL-WRSMs) are one of the alternatives to these PM machines. BL-WRSMs have a lower torque density compared to PM machines. In this paper, a new topology is introduced to improve the torque producing capability of the existing BL-WRSM by utilizing the vacant spaces in the rotor slots. The new topology has two harmonic windings placed on the rotor which induce separate currents. A capacitor is used between the two harmonic windings to bring the currents in phase with each other. The harmonic winding currents are fed to the rectifier which is also placed on the rotor. Due to additional harmonic winding, the overall field current fed to the rotor field winding has been increased and hence the average torque has also increased. Finite element analysis (FEA)-based simulations are performed using ANSYS Maxwell to validate the proposed topology. The results show that the average torque of the machine has been significantly increased compared to the reference model. The detailed comparison results are provided in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 63473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of the In-Wheel Motor Housing and Its Effect on Temperature Reduction

by Muhammad Hasan Albana, Harus Laksana Guntur and Ary Bachtiar Khrisna Putra

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(3), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030078 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 2144

Abstract

This research proposes a novel cooling system to minimize the external rotor type of electric motor temperature by installing fan blades (wafters) on the inner housing of the electric motor. Fan blades (wafters) are made by printing using 3D printer technology and using polylactic acid (PLA) as the material. Wafters are then installed on an in-wheel motor with a power of 1500 W, having 48 poles and 52 slots. The study included thermal simulation and experimental techniques to ascertain how fan blades (wafters) affected the electric motor’s thermal properties. The motor rotated at 500 rpm during the experimental test with no load condition. The temperature of the electric motor is known using an infrared thermal imager. Using Ansys Motor-CAD 15.1 software, thermal modeling employs the lumped circuit model approach. Thermal simulation results show almost the same results as the experimental test results. Applying wafters on the in-wheel motor housing significantly reduces the winding temperature by 3.047 °C or experiences a temperature reduction of 4.34%. Using wafters in the in-wheel motor housing also speeds up the stable state temperature of the electric motor by 9 min compared to in-wheel motors without wafters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Effect of the Improved Power System Integrating Composite Motors on the Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles

by Lijun Jia

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(9), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090257 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1568

Abstract

The multi-power source coupled transmission system is a high-performance and energy-saving potential power transmission system, and most of the commonly used pure electric vehicles in the market that use multi-power source coupled drive adopt the motor dual-axis distributed independent drive scheme. The configuration design method for multi-power source fusion hybrid systems mainly focuses on the search and selection of power split hybrid systems based on planetary gear mechanisms. But it has not yet covered the configuration design of transmission systems, resulting in a lack of universal expression and generation methods for the configuration of multi-power source fusion hybrid systems in pure electric vehicles. Therefore, to solve the configuration optimization design problem of a dual-motor single-planetary-array power system, an improved general matrix topology design method is proposed to generate all feasible topology structures. And energy consumption, economy, and the dynamic performance of alternative configurations are optimized and simulated through the control strategy based on a dynamic programming algorithm. Under comprehensive testing conditions, 25 alternative options that met the screening criteria were selected, and, ultimately, five optimized configuration options were obtained. Configuration 1 has the best economy, reducing energy consumption by about 6.3%and increasing driving range by about 6.7%. Its 0–100 km/h acceleration time is about 31.4% faster than the reference configuration. In addition, the energy consumption economy during actual driving is almost the same as the theoretical optimal energy consumption economy, with a difference of only 0.3%. The success of this study not only provides an innovative method for optimizing the configuration of dual-motor single-row star train power systems, but also has a positive impact on improving energy utilization efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and improving the overall performance of electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 6328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Double Mode Dual-Stator Wound Rotor Synchronous Machine for Variable Speed Applications

by Asif Hussain, Arsalan Arif, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari, Zafar Baig, Tanveer Yazdan and Muhammad Shoaib

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(8), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080217 - 13 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1790

Abstract

This paper offers a novel dual-mode double stator wound rotor synchronous machine for variable speed applications. The proposed motor integrates the benefits of both the traditional wound rotor synchronous machine (WRSM) and brushless wound rotor synchronous machine (BL-WRSM). A constant torque can be attained in the maximum torque per ampere region by operating the proposed machine as a traditional WRSM in Mode I, and a constant power can be attained in the field-weakening region by operating it as a BL-WRSM in Mode II. Moreover, due to the dual-stator structure, the proposed machine exhibits improved performance in terms of high torque density as compared to the existing single stator BL-WRSM. By using a special stator winding arrangement to achieve the sub-harmonic component of the stator magnetomotive force, the brushless operation of the proposed machine is achieved. The additional sub-harmonic component induces a voltage in the harmonic winding placed on the rotor, which is then rectified and provided a DC current to field winding for brushless excitation. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed machine, a two-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) is carried out. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 6812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Architecture on Sub-Synchronous Control Interactions (SSCI) for Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-Based Type 4 Wind Farms

by Arslan Ashraf and Muhammad Saadi

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(8), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080206 - 3 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising solution to reduce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, but this reduction depends on the fraction of renewable sources used to generate electricity. Wind energy is thus a vital candidate and has experienced a remarkable surge recently, establishing itself as a leading renewable power source worldwide. The research on Direct-Driven Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)-based type 4 wind farms has indicated that the Phase-locked Loop (PLL) bandwidth significantly impacts Sub-Synchronous Resonance (SSR). However, the influence of PLL architecture on SSR remains unexplored and warrants investigation. Therefore, this paper investigates PLL architectural variations in PLL Loop Filter (LF) to understand their impact on SSR in type 4 wind farms. Specifically, an in-depth analysis of the Notch Filter (NF)-based enhanced PLL is conducted using eigenvalue analysis of the admittance model of a PMSG-based type 4 wind farm. The findings demonstrate that the NF-based enhanced PLL exhibits superior performance and improved passivity in the sub-synchronous frequency range, limiting the risk of SSR below 20 Hz. Additionally, Nyquist plots are employed to assess the impact on system stability resulting in increased stability margins. In the future, it is recommended to further investigate and optimize the PLL to mitigate SSR in wind farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Analysis and Optimization of Electrical Machines and Drives for Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)

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