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Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages

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A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2024) | Viewed by 17588

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xiangjun Quan

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Guest Editor

1. School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210018, China
2. Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Technology and Equipment, Nanjing 210018, China
Interests: advanced power electronics control; grid synchronization; renewable energy integration and smart grids; grid-forming and lower-inertia system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tao Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: electricity market; demand side management; data analytics; reinforcement learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the proposal of the ‘carbon peak’ and ‘carbon neutrality’ policy, constructing a new type of renewable-integrated power systems has become the main direction of future development. In this context, large-scale renewable energies are integrated into power systems through power electronic devices, bringing a series of new frequency and voltage characteristics, i.e., reduced inertia, weakened frequency regulation ability and fast voltage dynamic, which are different from traditional power systems. Frequency and voltage stability has gradually become an important factor restricting the increase in penetration rate of renewables in power systems. However, the abundant controllable resources, such as EV and renewable energies, supply sufficient regulation space. Moreover, the high controllability and flexible power control methods of power electronic devices can provide new ways for system frequency control. This Special Issue, “Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages”, aims to explore the potential of electric vehicles (EVS) and new energy sources in providing frequency and voltage support and virtual inertia to the power grid. Displacement of conventional generation via converter-connected resources reduces the available rotational inertia in the power system, which leads to faster frequency dynamics and less stable frequency behavior. EVs can represent a reliable solution for enhancing frequency stability due to their fast response and ability to provide a large amount of aggregated power. New energy sources such as wind and solar can also contribute to frequency regulation by adjusting their output according to grid conditions. Energy storage systems can be used to store excess energy and release it when needed to balance supply and demand. This Special Issue invites original research papers that address the challenges and opportunities of frequency support control by EVs and new energy sources, such as:

Modeling and analysis of voltage/frequency dynamics in low inertia power systems.
Design and implementation of innovative control algorithms, such as grid-forming control, for EVs and new energy sources to provide virtual inertia, damping, and voltage frequency support.
Control design for synchronization stability improvement by the EVs and new energy sources.
Coordinated control of EV charging stations, grid-tied inverters, and energy storage systems for grid voltage and frequency support.
EV, New Energy and Energy Storages integration-based power electronic transformer: design and control.
EV, New Energy and Energy Storages integration-based AC/DC micro-grid.
Impact assessment of EVs and new energy sources on grid frequency stability and reliability.
Optimization and management of EVs and new energy sources for frequency support.
Case studies and experimental validation of frequency support control by EVs and new energy sources.

This Special Issue welcomes papers that present novel theoretical, computational, or experimental results that advance the state of the art in frequency support control by EVs and new energy sources.

Dr. Xiangjun Quan
Dr. Tao Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 4322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Energy Management Technology of Photovoltaic-FESS-EV Load Microgrid System

by Yahong Xing, Wenping Qin, Haixiao Zhu, Kai Liu and Chengpeng Zhou

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110508 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 453

Abstract

This study focuses on the development and implementation of coordinated control and energy management strategies for a photovoltaic–flywheel energy storage system (PV-FESS)-electric vehicle (EV) load microgrid with direct current (DC). A comprehensive PV-FESS microgrid system is constructed, comprising PV power generation, a flywheel energy storage array, and electric vehicle loads. The research delves into the control strategies for each subsystem within the microgrid, investigating both steady-state operations and transitions between different states. A novel energy management strategy, centered on event-driven mode switching, is proposed to ensure the coordinated control and stable operation of the entire system. Based on the simulation results, the PV system cannot cope with the load demand power when it is increased to a maximum of 2800 W, the effectiveness of the individual control strategies, the coordinated control of the subsystems, and the overall energy management approach are confirmed. The main contribution of this research is the development of a coordinated control mechanism that integrates PV generation with FESS and EV loads, ensuring synchronized operation and enhanced stability of the microgrid. This work provides significant insights into optimizing energy distribution and minimizing losses within microgrid systems, thereby advancing the field of energy management in DC microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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19 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Secondary Controller for Enhanced Frequency Regulation of Hybrid Integrated Power System

by Zahid Farooq, Shameem Ahmad Lone, Farhana Fayaz, Masood Ibni Nazir, Asadur Rahman and Saleh Alyahya

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(10), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15100435 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 610

Abstract

This present article examines the frequency control of a dual-area interconnected hybrid power system that integrates conventional as well as non-conventional sources with additional support from electric vehicles. The complicated, non-linear behavior of the system adds to the grid’s already high level of complexity. To navigate this complex environment, it becomes essential to develop a resilient controller. In this respect, a robust secondary controller is developed to handle the problem. The controller is developed while taking into account the intricate design of the contemporary power system. An extensive comparison between well-established controllers is presented to verify the efficacy of the proposed controller. An AI-based optimization technique, namely, COVID-19, is employed to obtain optimal values for different parameters of the controller. This work also investigates the effect of the FACTS device as a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) on the dynamics of the system. Moreover, it also investigates the role of electric vehicles (EVs) and an SSSC on system stability. Further, the developed system is subjected to significant load variations and intermittent solar and wind disturbances to check the response of the optimal controller under dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller reactions successfully handle system disturbances, highlighting the strength of the proposed controller design. Lastly, a case study on an IEEE-39 bus system is carried out to check the optimality of the proposed secondary controller. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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12 pages, 3489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of a Distributed Architecture for EV Chargers Performing Frequency Control

by Simone Striani, Kristoffer Laust Pedersen, Jan Engelhardt and Mattia Marinelli

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080361 - 11 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1171

Abstract

The demand for electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) is increasing because of the rapid shift toward electric transport. Introducing EVSE on a large scale into the power grid can increase power demand volatility, negatively affecting frequency stability. A viable solution to this challenge is the development of smart charging technologies capable of performing frequency regulation. This paper presents an experimental proof of concept for a new frequency regulation method for EVSE utilizing a distributed control architecture. The architecture dynamically adjusts the contribution of electric vehicles (EVs) to frequency regulation response based on the charging urgency assigned by the EV users. The method is demonstrated with two Renault ZOEs responding to frequency fluctuation with a combined power range of 6 kW in the frequency range of 50.1 to 49.9 Hz. The results confirm consistent power sharing and effective frequency regulation, with the system controlling the engagement of the EVs in frequency regulation based on priority. The delay and accuracy analyses reveal a fast and accurate response, with the cross-correlation indicating an 8.48 s delay and an average undershoot of 0.17 kW. In the conclusions, the paper discusses prospective improvements and outlines future research directions for integrating EVs as service providers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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16 pages, 11361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Harmonic Resonance Mechanisms and Influencing Factors of Distributed Energy Grid-Connected Systems

by Minrui Xu, Zhixin Li, Shufeng Lu, Tianyang Xu, Zhanqi Zhang and Xiangjun Quan

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070287 - 26 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1360

Abstract

With the rapid development of global energy transformation and new power system, ensuring the stability of distributed energy grid connections is the key to maintaining the reliable operation of the whole power system. This paper constructs detailed impedance models of grid-following (GFL) and grid-forming (GFM) inverters using a harmonic linearization method and thoroughly investigates the mechanisms of resonance when inverters are connected to the grid, as well as the impact of model parameters on the stability of the grid system. This paper also briefly analyzes the scenario where distributed energy and electric vehicles are integrated into the grid simultaneously, demonstrating that grid system stability can be ensured in complex grid situations through reasonable parameter design. Lastly, the accuracy of the proposed impedance models and analysis is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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18 pages, 7305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Operation Characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor at Zero and Low Speeds Based on Pulse Vibration High-Frequency Injection Method

by Jianfei Wang, Hua Fan, Kai Liu and Xu Liu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040157 - 9 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1045

Abstract

In order to reduce costs, compress space, and improve system stability under harsh operating conditions, the current vehicle motor drive systems often use position sensorless control methods. However, due to the introduction of filters and the hysteresis of position observers, the position sensorless control has the problem of deteriorating dynamic performance when vehicles start from zero and low speeds or their loads change. Therefore, this article focuses on the problem of position sensorless control applied by permanent magnet synchronous motors when vehicles start and operate at zero and low speed. Combined with high-frequency pulse vibration injection method, the relationship between the types of position observers, parameter selection, and position tracking performance is analyzed and compared. The short-pulse injection method is proposed to locate the initial position of the motor, overcoming the inherent 180° position deviation of pulse vibration high-frequency injections. Subsequently, the impact of the amplitude and frequency of the injected high-frequency signal on the performance of position estimation is focused on. Considering the adverse effects caused by the phase delay of the filter, a design method for filter parameters is proposed to achieve a smooth start and operation of the permanent magnet synchronous motor under position sensorless control. Finally, the rationality of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the adopted methods are fully verified through simulation and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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14 pages, 6591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stochastic Optimization of an Electric Bus Dynamic Wireless Charging System

by Xingzheng Zhu, Hua Fan, Shiyao Zhang and Jiao Du

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040137 - 28 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1358

Abstract

The Electric Bus Dynamic Wireless Charging (EB-DWC) system is a bus charging system that enables electric buses to receive power wirelessly from ground-based electromagnetic induction devices. In this system, how to optimally configure the charging infrastructures while considering the unpredictable nature of bus movement is a great challenge. This paper presents an optimization problem for an EB-DWC system in urban settings, addressing stochastic elements inherent in the vehicle speed, initial charging state, and dwell time at bus stops. We formulate a stochastic planning problem for the EB-DWC system by integrating these uncertainties and apply Monte Carlo sampling techniques to effectively solve this problem. The proposed method can improve the system’s robustness effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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13 pages, 4904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Reliability Rotor Position Detection Method for Sensorless Control of Synchronous Condenser

by Xiangjian Shi, Teng Liu, Wei Mu and Jianfeng Zhao

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(10), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14100299 - 21 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2499

Abstract

Static frequency converters (SFCs) are very important for starting the connection of synchronous capacitors to the power grid, which is beneficial for ensuring the impact of electric vehicle connection on the inertia of the power grid. In the traditional sensorless initial rotor position detection method, the signal-to-noise ratio of the induced voltage at the machine terminal is small, making it difficult to accurately extract the rotor position. In this study, a reliable initial position detection method for a sensorless-controlled synchronous machine drive is proposed. A step excitation voltage was applied to the excitation circuit before the motor was started, and the three-phase induction voltage at the terminals was sampled in real time. The sampling signal was processed in two ways: digital filter processing and stator flux calculation. The accuracy of the initial rotor position is determined by comparing the differences between the two results. This algorithm does not depend on additional hardware circuits and has fewer setting parameters; therefore, it is easy to apply in engineering applications. Finally, a comparative experiment was conducted using a real-time digital system (RTDS) to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed rotor position detection method can effectively improve the detection reliability and ensure the start-up reliability of SFCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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13 pages, 4963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Admittance Criterion of Medium-Voltage DC Distribution Power System and Corresponding Small Signal Stability Analysis

by Jinggang Yang, Jianhua Wang, Xiaokuan Jin, Shuo Li, Xiaolong Xiao and Zaijun Wu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(9), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090235 - 28 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1266

Abstract

Aiming at the stability of a medium-voltage DC network based on a modular multilevel converter (MMC), this paper proposes an admittance stability criterion considering the influence of current-limiting inductors at the medium voltage side, which prevents the complex products and matrix calculations of traditional criteria. The DC admittance model DC transformers (DCTs) under different working modes are then established based on Thevenin/Norton equivalent circuit methods to analyze the stability of the DC system based on the proposed admittance stability criterion, which proves that the voltage resonance problem at the medium voltage side can be improved by adding active damping control strategies on DCTs also proves the effectiveness of the proposed stability criterion. The time-domain simulation and the hardware-in-loop simulation are then built in PLECS and RT Box to further verify the correctness of the system stability analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed admittance criterion, which provides a theoretical basis and technical reserve for the stable operation of the DC distribution power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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13 pages, 4750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method for Parameter Identification of Renewable Energy Resources based on Quantum Particle Swarm–Extreme Learning Machine

by Baojun Xu, Yanhe Yin, Junjie Yu, Guohao Li, Zhuohuan Li and Duotong Yang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(8), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080225 - 16 Aug 2023

Viewed by 1290

Abstract

Accurately determining load model parameters is of the utmost importance for conducting power system simulation analysis and designing effective control strategies. Measurement-based approaches are commonly employed to identify load model parameters that closely reflect the actual operating conditions. However, these methods typically rely on iterative parameter search processes, which can be time-consuming, particularly when dealing with complex models. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a parameter identification method for the generalized synthetic load model (SLM) using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) technique, with the aim of enhancing computational efficiency. Furthermore, to achieve better alignment with load response curves, a Quantum Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm is adopted to train the ELM model. The proposed QPSO-ELM-based SLM parameter identification method is subsequently evaluated using a standard test system. To assess its effectiveness, parameter sensitivity analysis is performed, and simulation results are analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the proposed method yields favorable outcomes, offering improved computation efficiency in load model parameter identification tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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14 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Market Trading Mechanisms Considering Multi-Layer Reactive Power Compensation

by Haiyun An, Xiang Jin, Qian Zhou, Bingcheng Cen, Tong Zhu and Yifei Wang

World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14(8), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14080204 - 31 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

In the context of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, focusing on coordinated efficiency in loss and carbon reduction, and promoting comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development are critical strategies. Line loss is an economic and technical indicator for measuring losses in a power system, and loss reduction is one of the important ways to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in the power system. However, with the continuous increase in the power grid scale and the increasingly complex operation mode of the system, it is difficult to clearly quantify the carbon reduction benefits brought by system loss reduction. In order to synergize grid loss reduction and system carbon reduction, and generate economic and environmental benefits at the same time, this paper proposes a carbon market trading model that considers multi-layer reactive power compensation strategies. Based on the carbon emission flow model, a node carbon cost pricing is formed, and multi-layer reactive power compensation measures are set in the distribution network nodes to obtain an optimal loss reduction strategy, with the carbon market trading cost minimization as the objective. The effectiveness of the model is verified by simulating and analyzing four scenarios. Compared with the original system that does not consider carbon trading and reactive compensation, the model proposed in this paper can reduce losses by 20% and reduce carbon emissions by 5.7%. This paper is of great value for reactive power loss reduction management in distribution networks of a low-carbon background. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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Review

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32 pages, 3035 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

by Ahtisham Urooj and Ali Nasir

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080342 - 30 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2947

Abstract

Energy storage systems play a crucial role in the overall performance of hybrid electric vehicles. Therefore, the state of the art in energy storage systems for hybrid electric vehicles is discussed in this paper along with appropriate background information for facilitating future research in this domain. Specifically, we compare key parameters such as cost, power density, energy density, cycle life, and response time for various energy storage systems. For energy storage systems employing ultra capacitors, we present characteristics such as cell voltage, cycle life, power density, and energy density. Furthermore, we discuss and evaluate the interconnection topologies for existing energy storage systems. We also discuss the hybrid battery–flywheel energy storage system as well as the mathematical modeling of the battery–ultracapacitor energy storage system. Toward the end, we discuss energy efficient powertrain for hybrid electric vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Voltage and Frequency Support Control by the EV, New Energy and Energy Storages)

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