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Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and...
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Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs)

A special issue of World Electric Vehicle Journal (ISSN 2032-6653).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2025 | Viewed by 15960

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jianguo Zhu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
Interests: computational electromagnetics; measurement and modeling of magnetic properties of materials; electrical machines and drives; power electronics; renewable energy systems; smart microgrids; digital energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yu Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Light Sources and Illuminating Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Interests: new energy generation and electrical energy storage technology; low-carbon energy intelligent and green technology; large-capacity energy storage system digital technology; power system and information technology intersection
Dr. Weiwei Geng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Interests: PM machines and control; electric drive for electric vehicles and hybrid propulsion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly transforming the automotive landscape, offering sustainable and energy-efficient transportation options. The effectiveness and efficiency of EVs hinge on the design and control of their drive systems, encompassing motors, power electronics, energy management, and integration with other vehicle components. In the realm of electric vehicles, electrical machines have evolved into sophisticated and highly efficient devices designed to meet the demands of modern transportation. These machines play a critical role in converting electrical energy into mechanical power, whether for propelling the vehicle or regenerating energy during deceleration. Power electronics, on the other hand, form the bridge that connects the vehicle to the charging infrastructure and ensures the safe, efficient conversion of electrical energy. They enable fast charging, bidirectional energy flow, and power management, revolutionizing how we charge our EVs and manage energy in the grid. 

This Special Issue seeks to advance the understanding of electric vehicle drive systems, exploring the latest innovations and addressing the challenges. We invite researchers, engineers, and experts in this field to submit their original research, review articles, and insights to foster knowledge exchange and shape the future of electric mobility.

Prof. Dr. Jianguo Zhu
Dr. Yu Wang
Dr. Weiwei Geng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. World Electric Vehicle Journal is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • new principles and novel topologies of motors for drive systems
  • coupled and intelligent analysis of multi-discipline fields in drive motor systems
  • advanced and data-driven control strategy/analysis for drive and charging systems
  • fault diagnosis and health management of drive/charging systems
  • integration technology for drive/charging system
  • noise and vibration control
  • sustainability and environmental Impact
  • multilevel converters for charging system
  • energy management for V2G systems

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 10803 KiB  
Article
Improvement on Electromagnetic Performance of Axial–Radial Flux Type Permanent Magnet Machines by Optimal Stator Slot Number
by Ran Yi, Chunwei Yuan, Hongbo Qiu, Wenhao Gao and Junyi Ren
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(11), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15110535 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 877
Abstract
To achieve the objective of high torque, a high utilization rate of PMs, and flexible flux regulation capability of the permanent magnet (PM) machine, an axial–radial flux type permanent magnet (ARFTPM) machine was studied in this paper. The working principle of the ARFTPM [...] Read more.
To achieve the objective of high torque, a high utilization rate of PMs, and flexible flux regulation capability of the permanent magnet (PM) machine, an axial–radial flux type permanent magnet (ARFTPM) machine was studied in this paper. The working principle of the ARFTPM machine is analyzed by illustrating the flux paths. Then, the influence of stator slot number on the flux regulation capability and torque is studied. A full comparison of the main parameters and electromagnetic performances of the ARFTPM machine with different stator slot numbers is presented, including winding coefficient, back electromotive force (EMF), cogging torque, average torque, and torque-angle characteristics. The optimal stator slot number was obtained. Finally, the 12-slot/10-pole prototype machine is manufactured and tested to validate the simulation data and theoretical analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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14 pages, 5498 KiB  
Article
Influence of Dual Air Gaps on Flux–Torque Regulation Hybrid Excitation Machine with Axial–Radial Magnetic Circuit
by Yong Dai, Yifeng Zheng, Chunwei Yuan, Yuqing Zhang and Hongbo Qiu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090430 - 21 Sep 2024
Viewed by 983
Abstract
In this paper, a flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine (FTRHEM) with axial–radial dual air gaps, which can increase torque and regulate magnetic flux by changing the exciting current, is studied. Dual air gaps have a huge impact on the magnetic flux and additional [...] Read more.
In this paper, a flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine (FTRHEM) with axial–radial dual air gaps, which can increase torque and regulate magnetic flux by changing the exciting current, is studied. Dual air gaps have a huge impact on the magnetic flux and additional torque. The effect of the air gap reluctances on the magnetic flux of the machine is obtained by establishing equivalent magnetic network models, which show that the dual air gaps are the key component in the axial–radial magnetic circuit. This study examines the flux regulation ability and the enhanced torque performance of an FTRHEM with dual air gaps. The mechanism by which the dual air gaps affect the machine’s magnetic field is clarified, and the constraints and relationships between the dual air gaps are explained, offering a theoretical foundation for future machine optimization. As the axial air gap decreases from 0.95 mm to 0.35 mm, the flux regulation capability improves from 15.44% to 26.51%, while the additional torque increases by 40.77%. Ultimately, prototypes are manufactured for experimental testing to validate the viability of the structure and the accuracy of the FEA for the FTRHEM featuring an axial–radial magnetic circuit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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12 pages, 5791 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Suppression of Spoke-Type Permanent Magnet Machines Cogging Torque with Different Conditions for Electric Vehicles
by Jinlin Huang and Chen Wang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080376 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 827
Abstract
Spoke-type permanent magnet (STPM) machines have high power density and low cost due to flux concentrated effect and high air-gap flux density, but they can cause high cogging torque and torque ripple. To reduce the cogging torque, the analytical model considering a rotor [...] Read more.
Spoke-type permanent magnet (STPM) machines have high power density and low cost due to flux concentrated effect and high air-gap flux density, but they can cause high cogging torque and torque ripple. To reduce the cogging torque, the analytical model considering a rotor slot is established and compared with the finite element mothed (FEM). Then, the cogging torque production mechanism is revealed and analyzed under different conditions, which provides direction to optimize the cogging torque STPM machines. The harmonic content of cogging torque under different conditions is obtained based on the freezing permeability (FP) method. It is found that the fundamental waves mainly generate the cogging torque under a no-load condition, and it is mainly generated by the second harmonics under an on-load condition. In addition, the optimization method is introduced and researched, including rotor slot width, uneven rotor core, and so on. Finally, a 50 kW STPM machine prototype is manufactured and tested to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the analysis method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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15 pages, 4744 KiB  
Article
Parameter Identification for Fault Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Transient Processes
by Chaoqiang Wu and Alexander Verl
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080347 - 1 Aug 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
As the market for hybrid and electric vehicles expands, electric motor production and testing technology must be continuously improved to meet the cost and quality requirements of mass production. In order to detect faults in motors during the production process, a condition monitoring [...] Read more.
As the market for hybrid and electric vehicles expands, electric motor production and testing technology must be continuously improved to meet the cost and quality requirements of mass production. In order to detect faults in motors during the production process, a condition monitoring tool is used for the motor end line. During most condition monitoring, the motor operates in a static state where the speed of the motor remains constant and the voltage/current is recorded for a certain period. This process usually takes a long time and requires a loader to drag the motor to a standstill at a constant speed. In this paper, various transient process testing methods are introduced. For these processes, only transient operation of the motor, such as acceleration, loss, or a short circuit, is required. By analyzing the measurement results and simulation results of motor models, unhealthy motors can be detected more effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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16 pages, 8374 KiB  
Article
Vibration Performance Analysis of a Yokeless Stator Axial Flux PM Motor with Distributed Winding for Electric Vehicle Application
by Xue Yu, Qin Wang, Yu Fu, Hao Chen, Jianfu Zhang and Weiwei Geng
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080335 - 26 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1527
Abstract
This article presents a detailed analysis of the electromagnetic force and vibration behavior of a new axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine with a yokeless stator and interior PM rotor. Firstly, the configuration of an AFPM machine with a dual rotor and a [...] Read more.
This article presents a detailed analysis of the electromagnetic force and vibration behavior of a new axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine with a yokeless stator and interior PM rotor. Firstly, the configuration of an AFPM machine with a dual rotor and a sandwiched stator is introduced, including the structural design, fixation of the yokeless stator and segmented skew rotor structure. Then, the influence of anisotropic material and a fixed structure on stator modes is analyzed, including elastic modulus, shear model, the skew angle of slot and the thickness of stator yoke. Furthermore, a new non-equally segmented skew rotor structure is proposed and calculated for the reduction in vibration based on the multiphysics model. Three different segmented skew rotor schemes are compared to illustrate the influence of reducing vibration and noise. The predicted results show that the effect of the non-equally segmented skew rotor on reducing vibration is better than the other two schemes. Finally, a 120 kW AFPM motor is experimented with and the result matches well with the predicted data. The vibration performance of the AFPM motor with a dual rotor and sandwiched yokeless stator is revealed comprehensively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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21 pages, 5003 KiB  
Article
Analytical Calculation of Magnetic Field and Analysis of Rotor Permeability Effects on Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor with Fractional Slot Concentrated Winding
by Xuandong Wu, Huaiyuan Zhang, Cunxiang Yang and Hongbo Qiu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(7), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15070312 - 16 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
Accurate calculation of the flux and the magnetic field distribution of fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (FSCW PMSM) is the basis for motor performance analysis, and rapid calculation is key. In this paper, to solve the problem of difficult modeling [...] Read more.
Accurate calculation of the flux and the magnetic field distribution of fractional slot concentrated winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (FSCW PMSM) is the basis for motor performance analysis, and rapid calculation is key. In this paper, to solve the problem of difficult modeling and accuracy guarantee of the flux linkage differential method, a method is proposed to calculate the flux and the no-load back EMF by the slotless subdomain model. By introducing the leakage flux calculation link, the calculation accuracy is improved, the analytical method results are compared with the finite element method results, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. On this basis, the nonlinear variations of the magnetic field and the no-load back EMF with rotor permeability are determined, and the influence mechanism of rotor length and rotor permeability on the main magnetic circuit is revealed. Finally, an experiment of the prototype is carried out, and the correctness and accuracy of the analytical method and the finite element method is verified by comparing with the experimental results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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18 pages, 5451 KiB  
Article
Permanent Magnet Installation Optimization of Outer Rotor PMSM Depending on Adding Auxiliary Teeth
by Jiayin Su, Rui Nie, Peixin Wang, Shuai Xu, Jing Liang and Jikai Si
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(6), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15060271 - 19 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1651
Abstract
To reduce the influence of the permanent magnet (PM) installation error on the electromagnetic characteristics of the outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (OPMSM), the rotor structure of the OPMSM is optimized in this paper. The optimization method of adding auxiliary teeth on [...] Read more.
To reduce the influence of the permanent magnet (PM) installation error on the electromagnetic characteristics of the outer rotor permanent magnet synchronous motor (OPMSM), the rotor structure of the OPMSM is optimized in this paper. The optimization method of adding auxiliary teeth on the surface of the rotor core is studied, and the influence of different auxiliary teeth heights on the electromagnetic performance of OPMSM is analyzed. It is found that adding auxiliary teeth with suitable height can greatly reduce the installation error of the PM, increase the mechanical stability of the motor, and ensure that the electromagnetic characteristics of the motor remain at a good level. Firstly, the topology and parameters of the motor proposed in this paper are introduced and analyzed. Secondly, the influence of PM installation error on the electromagnetic performance of the motor is analyzed based on the finite element method (FEM), and the necessity of eliminating PM installation error is demonstrated. Then, the parametric scanning method is used to analyze the influence of auxiliary teeth height change on the electromagnetic performance of the motor, and the selection standard of the optimal auxiliary teeth height is determined. By comparing and analyzing OPMSM with different sizes and different pole–slot ratios, the universality of the conclusions is demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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19 pages, 26111 KiB  
Article
Optimization Design of Variable Reluctance Resolver Based on Three-phase Symmetrical Winding
by Xinmin Li, Jiannan Chen and Zhen Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050201 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 1841
Abstract
In order to ease the structure and manufacturing process of the variable reluctance (VR) resolver, the three-phase symmetrical single-layer winding commonly used in the stator winding of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is applied to the VR resolver in this paper. The proposed [...] Read more.
In order to ease the structure and manufacturing process of the variable reluctance (VR) resolver, the three-phase symmetrical single-layer winding commonly used in the stator winding of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is applied to the VR resolver in this paper. The proposed resolver has the same winding direction and number of turns on all teeth. And the non-overlapping distribution of the three-phase windings of the resolver is ensured. For this novel resolver, the resolver-to-digital conversion (RDC) method references the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) signal injection method used when a PMSM is powered off and restarted. Instead of the need for the orthogonal envelope RDC required by conventional resolvers, the absolute position of the rotor can be obtained. In this paper, the prototype of the proposed resolver and the peripheral circuits are fabricated and compared with the position detected by the optical encoder, and the validity of the proposed resolver and the accuracy of the RDC are verified by the results of the comparison experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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21 pages, 4797 KiB  
Article
Sliding Mode Control of an Electric Vehicle Driven by a New Powertrain Technology Based on a Dual-Star Induction Machine
by Basma Benbouya, Hocine Cheghib, Daniela Chrenko, Maria Teresa Delgado, Yanis Hamoudi, Jose Rodriguez and Mohamed Abdelrahem
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040155 - 9 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2067
Abstract
This article examines a new powertrain system for electric vehicles based on the dual-star induction machine, presented as a promising option due to its significant advantages in terms of performance, energy efficiency, and reliability. This system could play a key role in the [...] Read more.
This article examines a new powertrain system for electric vehicles based on the dual-star induction machine, presented as a promising option due to its significant advantages in terms of performance, energy efficiency, and reliability. This system could play a key role in the evolution of electro-mobility technology. The dual-star induction machine reduces electromagnetic torque fluctuations, limits current harmonics, improves power factor, and enables half-speed operation. Our study focuses on the control strategy and operation of the traction chain for electric vehicles propelled by the dual-star induction machine (DSIM) using Matlab software with version 2017. We integrate the battery as the main energy source, along with three-level static converters for energy conversion in the vehicle’s four operating quadrants. We have opted for sliding mode control, which has proven to be feasible and robust against external disturbances. Although we have modeled driver behavior, we consider it as an aspect of control, to which we add the driving profile to guide our evaluation of the control to be used for vehicle operation. The results of our study demonstrate the reliability and robustness of DSIM for electric vehicle motorization and speed control. Promoting this technology is essential to improve the overall performance and efficiency of electric vehicles, especially in traction and braking modes for energy recovery. This underscores the importance of DSIM in the sustainable development of the electric transportation system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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17 pages, 6709 KiB  
Article
An Open-Circuit Fault Diagnosis System Based on Neural Networks in the Inverter of Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
by Kenny Sau Kang Chu, Kuew Wai Chew, Yoong Choon Chang and Stella Morris
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(2), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15020071 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 2112
Abstract
Three-phase motors find extensive applications in various industries. Open-circuit faults are a common occurrence in inverters, and the open-circuit fault diagnosis system plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing these faults to enhance the safety of motor operations. Nevertheless, the current open-circuit [...] Read more.
Three-phase motors find extensive applications in various industries. Open-circuit faults are a common occurrence in inverters, and the open-circuit fault diagnosis system plays a crucial role in identifying and addressing these faults to enhance the safety of motor operations. Nevertheless, the current open-circuit fault diagnosis system faces challenges in precisely detecting specific faulty switches. The proposed work presents a neural network-based open-circuit fault diagnosis system for identifying faulty power switches in inverter-driven motor systems. The system leverages trained phase-to-phase voltage data from the motor to recognize the type and location of faults in each phase with high accuracy. Employing separate neural networks for each of the three phases in a three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor, the system achieves an outstanding overall fault detection accuracy of approximately 99.8%, with CNN and CNN-LSTM architectures demonstrating superior performance. This work makes two key contributions: (1) implementing neural networks to significantly improve the accuracy of locating faulty switches in open-circuit fault scenarios, and (2) identifying the optimal neural network architecture for effective fault diagnosis within the proposed system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
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