Diversity

18 pages, 4698 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Farming Beginning in Southwestern Transylvania (Romania). Subsistence Strategies in Mureş Valley during the Early Neolithic

by Daniel Ioan Malaxa, Margareta Simina Stanc, Ioan Alexandru Bărbat, Oana Gâza, Doru Păceşilă, Luminița Bejenaru and Mihaela Danu

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100894 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

Early Neolithic communities penetrated in southwestern Transylvania and were established in the Mureș Valley where they found suitable territories for domestic animal herds and probably plant cultivation. The present study tries to answer questions related to the beginnings of the neolithisation in this [...] Read more.

Early Neolithic communities penetrated in southwestern Transylvania and were established in the Mureș Valley where they found suitable territories for domestic animal herds and probably plant cultivation. The present study tries to answer questions related to the beginnings of the neolithisation in this area, from an interdisciplinary perspective, valuing archeozoologically and archeobotanically the Starčevo-Criș site of Soimuș-Teleghi (Hunedoara County), dating to the 7th–6th millennium BC. Animal skeletal remains and phytoliths are the proxies analysed in this paper, offering data about the palaeoeconomy and palaeoenvironment of the Early Neolithic settlement. In the archaeozoological samples, the remains coming from domestic mammals are the most frequent, being identified as cattle (Bos taurus), sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), pig (Sus domesticus), and dog (Canis familiaris). The fact that pig remains are almost absent in the samples is significant, suggesting a mobility of the evaluated communities. The skeletal remains of wild mammal species are rare, belonging to red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), aurochs (Bos primigenius), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and polecat (Mustela putorius). The strong dominance of grasses is attested through the phytoliths’ assemblages. ELONGATE DENDRITIC phytoliths are well represented. This morphotype, which originates from the inflorescence or the husk of Poaceae, is most likely derived from cultivated plants (cereals such as wheat, barley, etc.). Archaeozoological and archaeobotanical data resulting from this study suggest an open environment around the Early Neolithic settlement, where communities of the Starčevo-Criș culture mainly raised herds of cattle and sheep/goat. Sporadically, hunting and gathering molluscs were practised by the inhabitants, as indicated by archaeozoological results. Full article

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8 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genetic Assessment of Remnant Sub-Populations of Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758) in the Upper Danube

by Thomas Friedrich, Dietmar Lieckfeldt and Arne Ludwig

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100893 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2947

Abstract

While the potamodromous sterlet was common in the past throughout the Upper Danube in Germany and Austria, it nearly vanished in the second half of the 20th century. Until recently, only one small and isolated reproductive sub-population is known from the German–Austrian border. [...] Read more.

While the potamodromous sterlet was common in the past throughout the Upper Danube in Germany and Austria, it nearly vanished in the second half of the 20th century. Until recently, only one small and isolated reproductive sub-population is known from the German–Austrian border. However, isolated remnants in another section downstream of Vienna, near the Austrian–Slovakian border, were discovered in 2014. An assessment of the population size is one of the most important prerequisites for conservation management. This study aims to assess the population sizes at both sites, using genetic pedigrees and comparison to mark–recapture data. A total of 193 samples collected from these populations between 2011 and 2021 have been investigated. In addition, 59 samples from captive stocks, 38 wild fish from downstream, and 247 genetic profiles from previous studies were used for comparison. Results show close relationships and intermittent reproduction on one site. Estimated populations based upon genetic pedigree are very small, and are consistent with mark–recapture results. Small population sizes of remnant populations have only limited, sporadic reproduction, as well as continual losses to outmigration support conservation actions for sturgeons in the Upper Danube, including the restoration of functional migration corridors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation Genetics of Sturgeons)

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11 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessReview

Deep Ecology, Biodiversity and Assisted Natural Regeneration of European Hemiboreal Forests

by Raimundas Petrokas, Diana-Abasi Ibanga and Michael Manton

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 892; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100892 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2859

Abstract

Climate change and the associated disturbances have disrupted the relative stability of tree species composition in hemiboreal forests. The natural ecology of forest communities, including species occurrence and composition, forest structure, and food webs, have been affected. Yet, the hemiboreal forest zone of [...] Read more.

Climate change and the associated disturbances have disrupted the relative stability of tree species composition in hemiboreal forests. The natural ecology of forest communities, including species occurrence and composition, forest structure, and food webs, have been affected. Yet, the hemiboreal forest zone of Lithuania is the least studied in the country for climate change risks and possible management adaption techniques. This problem is further complicated by the fact that Lithuania uses a traditional centralised forest management system. Therefore, this work proposes assisted natural regeneration (ANR) of tree species as a more viable means of building hemiboreal forest resilience to cope with future climate change risks. The ANR model implies that forest management is localised in local communities, to provide opportunities for the local people to participate in forest management based on local knowledge, thereby facilitating the transition from cultural diversity to biodiversity. Further, ANR is grounded on an ethical framework—deep ecology—to provide ethical justification for the proposal to transit forest management in Lithuania from the traditional centralised segregated system to a community-driven practice. The work combines the theories of ANR, deep ecology, and hemiboreal forest knowledge systems to provide complementary information that builds on gaps in the existing literature. This study is unique in that no previous work has linked ANR and deep ecology in the context of Lithuania’s forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Ecosystem Services of Forests)

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6 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Using the Global Tree Assessment at Multiple Scales of Planning and Action

by Yvette Harvey-Brown, Kirsty Shaw, Katharine Davies and Malin Rivers

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100891 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

The interlinked biodiversity crisis and challenge of global climate change cannot be addressed without the management of tree species. It is crucial that we use the information now available as a result of the Global Tree Assessment to manage, conserve and restore threatened [...] Read more.

The interlinked biodiversity crisis and challenge of global climate change cannot be addressed without the management of tree species. It is crucial that we use the information now available as a result of the Global Tree Assessment to manage, conserve and restore threatened tree species and tree diversity. With over 17,500 tree species now known to be threatened with extinction, well-planned actions need to be urgently identified and implemented that target multiple species. In this review, we highlight approaches that coordinate and mobilise multi-species conservation at the taxonomic, national, regional and global levels. Only through a considerable scaling up of planning and action will we prevent the extinction of both trees and the associated plants, animals and fungi that depend on them, sustain livelihoods and ensure the ecological health of the planet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessments, Planning and Action for Conservation of Species and Ecosystems at Multiple Spatial Scales)

17 pages, 1250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Global Patterns of Earwig Species Richness

by Simone Fattorini

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100890 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2673

Abstract

One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient, that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic [...] Read more.

One of the most investigated patterns in species diversity is the so-called latitudinal gradient, that is, a decrease in species richness from the equator to the poles. However, few studies investigated this pattern in insects at a global scale because of insufficient taxonomic and biogeographical information. Using estimates of earwig species richness at country level, their latitudinal diversity gradient was modelled globally and for the two hemispheres separately after correcting for differences in country areas. Separate analyses were also conducted for mainland and island countries. All analyses clearly indicated the existence of latitudinal gradients. The most plausible explanation for the observed pattern is the so-called tropical conservatism hypothesis, which postulates (1) a tropical origin of many extant clades, (2) a longer time for cladogenesis in tropical environments thanks to their environmental stability, and (3) a limited ability of historically tropical lineages to adapt to temperate climates. Earwigs probably evolved on Gondwana and secondarily colonized the Northern Hemisphere. This colonization was hampered by both geographical and climatic factors. The Himalayan orogenesis obstructed earwig dispersal into the Palearctic region. Additionally, earwig preferences for warm/hot and humid climates hampered the colonization of temperate regions. Pleistocene glaciation further contributed to reducing diversity at northern latitudes. Full article

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12 pages, 2200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Introduction of Two New Species of Aquatic Fungi from Anzali Lagoon, Northern Iran

by Hossein Masigol, Forough Rezakhani, Mohammad Javad Pourmoghaddam, Seyed Akbar Khodaparast and Hans-Peter Grossart

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100889 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

During a survey of aquatic fungi from Anzali Lagoon in Iran, several fungal specimens were isolated from freshwater habitats. Morphological evidence and comparing sequencing based on rDNA (ITS and LSU) and protein-coding genes (TEF1 and TUB2) showed that some isolates belong [...] Read more.

During a survey of aquatic fungi from Anzali Lagoon in Iran, several fungal specimens were isolated from freshwater habitats. Morphological evidence and comparing sequencing based on rDNA (ITS and LSU) and protein-coding genes (TEF1 and TUB2) showed that some isolates belong to undescribed fungal species. These isolates belong to Arthrobotrys and Sarocladium, two ascomycetes genera. Arthrobotrys hyrcanus, sp. nov., differs from closely related species such as A. dianchiensis by its larger conidia and septation of primary conidia. Sarocladium pseudokiliense, sp. nov., was similar to S. kiliense, but distinguished by its conidial shape and the absence of adelophialides and chlamydospores. Morphological descriptions, illustrations and multilocus phylogenetic analysis for both new species are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Fungal Diversity)

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20 pages, 3756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blood Parasites of Vangas and Other Corvoidea on Madagascar

by Regina Magaña Vázquez, Friederike Woog, Anke Dinkel, Ute Mackenstedt and Sandrine Musa

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100888 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2864

Abstract

Madagascar hosts a great diversity of bird species. This study focuses on the description of the diversity and prevalence of blood parasites (Haemosporida, trypanosomes and filarioid nematodes) in 131 blood samples of 14 species of Corvoidea, namely vangas (Vangidae), Coracina cinerea (Campephagidae), Dicrurus [...] Read more.

Madagascar hosts a great diversity of bird species. This study focuses on the description of the diversity and prevalence of blood parasites (Haemosporida, trypanosomes and filarioid nematodes) in 131 blood samples of 14 species of Corvoidea, namely vangas (Vangidae), Coracina cinerea (Campephagidae), Dicrurus forficatus (Dicruridae) and Terpsiphone mutata (Monarchidae) found in primary rainforests on Madagascar. Blood parasites were detected using both molecular and microscopic methods. Multiplex PCR was used to detect mixed haemosporidian infections and nested PCR was used to describe a 479 bp fragment of the haemosporidian cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Furthermore, a 770 bp SSU rRNA fragment of trypanosomes, and, for microfilariae, a 690 bp fragment of 28S rRNA, as well as a 770 bp fragment of 28S rRNA, were amplified for identification using nested PCRs. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out for all sequences obtained from all blood parasite taxa. Over half of the samples (54.2%; n = 71) were infected with Haemosporida, whereas only 21.4% (n = 28) were infected with Trypanosoma and 5.3% (n = 7) contained filarioid nematode DNA. Fourteen of 56 blood smears contained some of the above-mentioned parasite taxa. The results corroborate the great diversity of blood parasites in the different bird species studied, especially in vangas. Vangas had the greatest diversity of parasites found, as well as the highest number of multiple infections, which may be due to their morphological diversity and resulting habitat use. Fifteen haemosporidian lineages, seven Trypanosoma and five filarioid nematode isolates were newly discovered in the avian species studied, particularly in the vangas. Members of the other Corvoidea families on Madagascar showed a lower susceptibility for avian haemosporidian parasites than vangas, which could be attributed to possible resistance against those parasites. The study confirmed the host specificity of some Haemosporida and microfilariae; however, it demonstrated that this was not the case for Trypanosoma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bird Parasites-2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 2158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Perspective of the Human–Grey Wolf (Canis lupus) Conflicts in Kumrat Valley, Northern Pakistan

by Romaan Hayat Khattak, Liwei Teng, Tahir Mehmood, Shakeel Ahmad, Ejaz Ur Rehman, Sayantani M. Basak and Zhensheng Liu

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100887 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

In developing countries, long-term conservation goals are hindered by the high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts. The grey wolf is one of the prominent species indulged in these incidents. We investigated human–wolf conflicts (HWCs) by interviewing 104 respondents from five villages in Kumrat [...] Read more.

In developing countries, long-term conservation goals are hindered by the high economic costs of human–wildlife conflicts. The grey wolf is one of the prominent species indulged in these incidents. We investigated human–wolf conflicts (HWCs) by interviewing 104 respondents from five villages in Kumrat Valley, northern Pakistan. The respondents declared the grey wolf a common and highly dangerous carnivore. The grey wolf was found implicated in livestock predation, inflicting a yearly economic loss of USD 9225 (USD 88.70 per household (with monthly average income of 119 USD)). Our results confirmed that livestock predation was the main reason for the community’s hostile attitude (65.38%) and perception of the grey wolf. Concerning occupation, farmers have the most significant negative attitude (p = 0.040) towards the grey wolf, yet employees (p = 0.025) and students (p = 0.030) showed a positive attitude. In addition, the other factors contributing to the negative attitude towards the grey wolf were the grey wolf sightings and livestock predation (p = 0.016 and p = 0.006), respectively. Based on the findings, we believe that predation compensation and livestock vaccination programs (as done in Gilgit-Baltistan Province of northern Pakistan as a measure of snow leopard conservation, to prevent mass mortalities of livestock due to diseases and in turn safeguarding the predator from retaliatory killing by locals in case of livestock predation) educating the populous can be very promising in minimizing the HWCs in the study area. We also recommend robust and continuous coordination between the local communities and the concerned departments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Wildlife Conflict across Landscapes)

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12 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dispersal and Space Use of Captive-Reared and Wild-Rehabilitated Harpy Eagles Released in Central American Landscapes: Implications for Reintroduction and Reinforcement Management

by Adrián Naveda-Rodríguez, Edwin Campbell-Thompson, Richard T. Watson, Jennifer McCabe and Félix Hernán Vargas

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100886 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

Understanding the spatial context of animal movements is fundamental for the establishment and management of protected areas. We tracked, by telemetry devices, 31 captive-reared and 5 wild-rehabilitated Harpia harpyja and estimated the dispersal and space use after release in Mesoamerica. We evaluated the [...] Read more.

Understanding the spatial context of animal movements is fundamental for the establishment and management of protected areas. We tracked, by telemetry devices, 31 captive-reared and 5 wild-rehabilitated Harpia harpyja and estimated the dispersal and space use after release in Mesoamerica. We evaluated the effectiveness of protected areas in the protection of home ranges and examined how individual traits, release methods and landscape features influenced the dispersal and home range using mixed-effects models. The mean post-release dispersal was 29.4 km (95% CI: 22.5–38.5), and the annual home ranges averaged 1039.5 km² (95% CI: 627–1941). The home ranges were influenced by the release method, patch richness, patch and edge density and contagion. The currently protected areas in Mesoamerica may not be effective conservation units for this species. The Harpy Eagle average home range greatly exceeded the average size of 1115 terrestrial protected areas (52.7 ± 6.1 km²) in Mesoamerica. Due to their wide use of space, including transboundary space, Harpy Eagle conservation efforts may fail if they are not carefully coordinated between the countries involved. Future restoration efforts of umbrella forest-dwelling raptors should select release sites with highly aggregated and poorly interspersed forests. The release sites should have a buffer of approximately 30 km and should be located completely within protected areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wildlife Population Ecology and Spatial Ecology under Global Change)

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22 pages, 2219 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Paradox of Shorebird Diversity and Abundance in the West Coast and East Coast of India: A Comparative Analysis

by A. P. Rashiba, K. Jishnu, H. Byju, C. T. Shifa, Jasmine Anand, K. Vichithra, Yanjie Xu, Aymen Nefla, Sabir Bin Muzaffar, K. M. Aarif and K. A. Rubeena

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100885 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3844

Abstract

Migratory shorebirds that move across continents along their flyways are undergoing a drastic decline globally. A greater proportion of them that regularly winter along the Indian coasts within the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) are also undergoing severe declines. However, the mechanisms underlying the [...] Read more.

Migratory shorebirds that move across continents along their flyways are undergoing a drastic decline globally. A greater proportion of them that regularly winter along the Indian coasts within the Central Asian Flyway (CAF) are also undergoing severe declines. However, the mechanisms underlying the population trends in these areas remain little understood. This study investigated the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution patterns of shorebirds along the Indian coasts based on the available literature. The west coast of India is relatively less studied than the east coast in the CAF. Further, we observed that the diversity, abundance, population dynamics and distribution pattern of the shorebirds follow different trends on the west coast compared to the east coast. These variations are in accordance with the differences in topography and biotic and abiotic factors between the coasts. Anthropogenic activities have far-reaching effects on the survival and persistence of shorebirds along the coasts. The west coast is evidently more productive than the east coast at every trophic level and thus the west coast is expected to account for more abundance and diversity of shorebirds. Paradoxically, we found that the east coast supports a greater abundance and diversity of shorebirds than the west coast. The west coast, therefore, requires further investigations to obtain a better understanding of the causes of apparent differences in abundance and diversity as well as the observed declines in shorebirds, compared to the east coast of India. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatiotemporal Bird Distribution and Conservation)

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26 pages, 8616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glyptothorax (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from the Middle East: An Integrated Molecular and Morphological Insight into Its Taxonomic Diversity

by Golnaz Sayyadzadeh, Fatah Zarei and Hamid Reza Esmaeili

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100884 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

The Glyptothorax species from the Middle East are taxonomically revised based on extensive geographic range and taxon sampling, tree topologies from mitochondrial COI and Cyt b and nuclear RAG2 markers (2532 bps), molecular species delimitation and genetic distance analyses of DNA sequences against [...] Read more.

The Glyptothorax species from the Middle East are taxonomically revised based on extensive geographic range and taxon sampling, tree topologies from mitochondrial COI and Cyt b and nuclear RAG2 markers (2532 bps), molecular species delimitation and genetic distance analyses of DNA sequences against morphometric and morphological characters. A majority-rule consensus based on conceptually different molecular species delimitation analyses combined with the Bayesian and maximum likelihood tree topologies considered all the name-bearing Iranian endemic clades of Glyptothorax, except for G. pallens (i.e., G. alidaeii, G. galaxias, G. hosseinpanahii, G. shapuri and G. silviae) as a single molecular entity. We also lent our years of experience to the morphology of Iranian Glyptothorax populations and tried to perceive consistent morphological differences, but without success. Therefore, based on this integrated molecular and morphological study, we treat G. alidaeii, G. galaxias, G. hosseinpanahii and G. shapuri as conspecific with G. silviae. Furthermore, our molecular and morphological results confirmed the first record of G. cous in Iranian waters. The species G. armeniacus, G. cous, G. daemon, G. kurdistanicus, G. pallens, G. silviae and G. steindachneri are considered as valid species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Freshwater Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 2379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The First 3 Years: Movements of Reintroduced Plains Bison (Bison bison bison) in Banff National Park

by Adam Zier-Vogel and Karsten Heuer

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100883 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3109

Abstract

We assessed 3 years of post-release movements of a reintroduced plains bison (Bison bison bison) population for evidence of anchoring, settling, exploratory and adaptive behavior within a 1200 km² target reintroduction zone in Banff National Park. We first held them in [...] Read more.

We assessed 3 years of post-release movements of a reintroduced plains bison (Bison bison bison) population for evidence of anchoring, settling, exploratory and adaptive behavior within a 1200 km² target reintroduction zone in Banff National Park. We first held them in a soft-release pasture for 18 months, then partially constrained their movements with drift fences and hazing trials to discourage excursions from a 1200 km² target reintroduction zone. Their post-release movements were within 13 km of the soft-release pasture for the first 3 months, but management interventions were needed to keep the animals within 29 km of the release site and inside the reintroduction zone for the remainder of the 3-year study period. Bison exploration was high in the first year but decreased thereafter, as did the size of their annual home range. Step lengths did not decrease but the frequency of “surge movements” (step lengths > 4 km in 2 h) did. Fence visits did not decrease over time but the need to herd/haze the bison from other, unfenced boundary areas did. The reintroduced bison seasonally selected for rugged, high-elevation habitat despite being translocated from a flat landscape. Our results suggest wild bison reintroductions to areas of just a few hundred square kilometres are possible without perimeter fencing, so long as good habitat and management interventions to discourage broad movements are in place. Trends suggest such interventions will need to continue in Banff until the bison range can be expanded and/or bison movements are constrained by other forces, such as regulated hunting outside the park. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation of Bison Populations – Achievements and Problems)

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11 pages, 3817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity in Marginal Populations of Nitraria schoberi L. from Romania

by Ioana C. Paica, Cristian Banciu, Gabriel M. Maria, Mihnea Vladimirescu and Anca Manole

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100882 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2143

Abstract

Nitraria schoberi L. (Nitrariaceae) is a halophytic plant with a continuous range in Central Asia and with only two populations in the westernmost distribution limit of species, in Romania. Currently, there is no documented explanation for the species’ presence in Europe, [...] Read more.

Nitraria schoberi L. (Nitrariaceae) is a halophytic plant with a continuous range in Central Asia and with only two populations in the westernmost distribution limit of species, in Romania. Currently, there is no documented explanation for the species’ presence in Europe, outside the main distribution area. Considering that marginal populations genetics are important in establishing range limits and species adaptative potential, genetic diversity was assessed using Inter-simple sequence repeat markers (ISSR). Both the Shannon’s Information Index (I) and Expected Heterozygosity (He) suggested a relatively low level of genetic diversity within the two populations. However, the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) dendrogram and Principal Coordinates Analysis clearly distinguished the two populations. Our presumptions, based on current results, are that the marginal westernmost population of N. schoberi was established due to the unique conditions from the “islands of desert” developed in a temperate continental climate. The European establishment of this species was likely accidental and probably due to ornithochory. Genetic relatedness between populations could be a consequence of their common origin, presumably from proximal Asian N. schoberi populations, while the separation can be explained by the lack of genetic material exchange between the two populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Conservation of Scrublands Flora and Vegetation)

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33 pages, 9697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leaf Epidermal Traits of Selected Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae Taxa of Hainan Island and Their Taxonomic Relevance

by Saraj Bahadur, Mushtaq Ahmad, Wenxing Long, Muhammad Yaseen and Uzma Hanif

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100881 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3310

Abstract

Euphorbiaceae and Phyllantaceae are two of the most taxonomically complex and diverse families among angiosperm. Therefore, this study aims to identify the common, variation, and diagnostic traits of foliar anatomy and micromorphology of selected Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae taxa collected from Hainan Island. A [...] Read more.

Euphorbiaceae and Phyllantaceae are two of the most taxonomically complex and diverse families among angiosperm. Therefore, this study aims to identify the common, variation, and diagnostic traits of foliar anatomy and micromorphology of selected Euphorbiaceae and Phyllanthaceae taxa collected from Hainan Island. A total of 42 individuals of 38 species belonging to these two families were examined under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A multivariate detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), principal component analysis (PCA), and chord diagram analysis were performed to visualize the variations and relationships between the species. The nonglandular trichomes were further classified into long falcate and short conical with papillae on their surface, and stellate and lepidote subentire, while the glandular trichomes were divided into capitate, subsessile capitate, sessile capitates, and peltate. The paracytic-type stomata were found in most of the species. The prominent continuous or discontinuous cuticular striations radiating from the guard cells in parallel, horizontal, or reticulate patterns were analyzed in most of the taxa. Variation was also found in epidermal cells and anticlinal wall patterns. Together, these traits are useful for identification, discrimination, and to define species boundaries at various levels. Our study will provide a basis for future studies to strengthen the systematic of Euphorbiaceae taxa. Full article

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10 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

HPLC-MS Methodology for R. carthamoides Extract Quality Evaluation: A Simultaneous Determination of Eight Bioactive Compounds

by Ema Kosović, Kevin Lino and Martin Kuchař

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100880 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1876

Abstract

Classified as an adaptogen, Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Leuzea carthamoides) is a herb that has long been used in Siberian as well as Russian alternative medicine. With over 200 substances found, this plant is a great source of bioactive compounds which [...] Read more.

Classified as an adaptogen, Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Leuzea carthamoides) is a herb that has long been used in Siberian as well as Russian alternative medicine. With over 200 substances found, this plant is a great source of bioactive compounds which have significant beneficial effects on human health and physical enhancement. Simultaneous quantification of the eight most therapeutic and abundant substances, i.e., 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), kaempferol, hesperetin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, N-feruloyl serotonin, cynaropicrin, and tracheloside belonging to various groups, such as ecdysteroids, flavonoids, phenolics, sesquiterpenes, and lignans, was performed for the first time through validated HPLC-MS. The evaluated parameters for method validation showed excellent linearity with R² higher than 0.996, stability under various environmental factors with % RSD ≤ 2%, and recovery between 97 and 103% for all the studied compounds. Other validation parameters including selectivity, sensitivity, and precision were found to be within the acceptance criteria. The results of the stability studies provide information on the best combination of conditions for sample handling and storage. Generally, for almost every compound, exposure to light and elevated temperature for 96 h led to degradation; nevertheless, the acidic environment was beneficial for most of them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Diversity and Chemical Ecology)

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19 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Restoration of Geographically Isolated Wetlands: An Amphibian-Centric Review of Methods and Effectiveness

by Angela K. Burrow and Stacey Lance

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100879 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3202

Abstract

Geographically isolated wetlands provide a critical habitat for pond-breeding amphibians, a taxa of broad conservation concern. Global wetland loss and degradation has made restoration essential for amphibian conservation. Restoration goals typically include recovering the wetlands’ physiochemical, hydrological, and ecological functions. However, for pond-breeding [...] Read more.

Geographically isolated wetlands provide a critical habitat for pond-breeding amphibians, a taxa of broad conservation concern. Global wetland loss and degradation has made restoration essential for amphibian conservation. Restoration goals typically include recovering the wetlands’ physiochemical, hydrological, and ecological functions. However, for pond-breeding amphibians, successful restoration should also result in sustained populations, which is difficult to assess and infrequently reported. In this paper, we review the available evidence that restoration of geographically isolated wetlands promotes pond-breeding amphibian occupancy and population persistence. We provide an overview of restoration practices addressing hydrology, vegetation, and ecological processes within these unique environments and across spatial scales. We then summarize the evidence, and discuss the limitations, for evaluating successful restoration within the context of amphibian conservation across these categories. Finally, we provide recommendations for researchers and practitioners to leverage prior successes and establish systematic data collection and dissemination. Moving restoration of wetlands for amphibian conservation forward will require more robust data collection and reporting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amphibian Ecology in Geographically Isolated Wetlands)

12 pages, 818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meet Me Halfway: Will Photoperiodic Responses of Interpopulation Hybrids of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Promote or Constrain Subsequent Invasions?

by Sergey Ya. Reznik, Natalia N. Karpun, Margarita Yu. Dolgovskaya, Aida Kh. Saulich and Dmitry L. Musolin

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100878 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

Biological invasions often result from multiple invasion events. In the case of several subsequent invasive episodes, ‘newcomers’ are usually poorly adapted to local environmental conditions in contrast to the representatives of the already-established invasive population of the same species. Therefore, the mode of [...] Read more.

Biological invasions often result from multiple invasion events. In the case of several subsequent invasive episodes, ‘newcomers’ are usually poorly adapted to local environmental conditions in contrast to the representatives of the already-established invasive population of the same species. Therefore, the mode of inheritance of life-history features determining the survival and performance of interpopulation hybrids is an important component of invasiveness. We investigated the mode of inheritance of the photoperiodic response in the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, by crossing between the native population of South Korea and the invasive population of the Black Sea coast of Russia. The aim of this study was to predict the overwintering potential of the progeny from possible crosses between representatives of the native and invasive populations. The pre-adult development time and the incidence of winter adult diapause in the progeny of the interpopulation crosses were close to the average of the values recorded in ‘pure’ (unmixed) crosses. Female and male genotypes were equally important in the determination of these characters. Such a mode of inheritance is most likely determined by a polygenic control and would only partially promote subsequent invasion events from the native South Asian range of H. halys into Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systematics, Evolution and Ecology of Holarctic Insect Species)

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19 pages, 2428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on the Distributional Range of Plateau Fish: A Case Study of Species Endemic to the Hexi River System in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

by Zhaosong Chen, Liuyang Chen, Ziwang Wang and Dekui He

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100877 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2192

Abstract

Prediction of species’ potentially suitable distribution areas and their range shifts under future climate change has long been the focus of macroecology and biogeography. Gymnocypris chilianensis of Schizothoracinae and Triplophysa hsutschouensis of Triplophysa are isolated to the Shiyang, Heihe, and Shule Rivers of [...] Read more.

Prediction of species’ potentially suitable distribution areas and their range shifts under future climate change has long been the focus of macroecology and biogeography. Gymnocypris chilianensis of Schizothoracinae and Triplophysa hsutschouensis of Triplophysa are isolated to the Shiyang, Heihe, and Shule Rivers of the Hexi River system, listed from east to west, along the northeastern part of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). This spatial distribution provides a valuable set of conditions for investigating patterns of habitat suitability and potential impacts of accelerated plateau climate change on endemic plateau fish species. Here, we employed the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to first evaluate potentially suitable habitats of the two species and identify the primary impact factors under the current climate based on occurrence records and environmental variables; then, we predicted changes in suitable habitat areas and distribution centers under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs), 2.6 and 8.5, for the future (2050 and 2070). The results showed that annual precipitation and altitude were the two most important environmental factors predicting the suitable habitat of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis. The areas of suitable habitat for G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis experienced a sequential westward decrease from the Shiyang River towards the Heihe and Shule Rivers under the current climate conditions. Under future climate changes, the areas of the potential geographical distribution of G. chilianensis and T. hsutschouensis were concentrated eastward towards the Shiyang River, the area of the species’ ancestral origins. Suitable habitat centers of the two species shifted eastward from the Heihe River to the Shiyang River and higher altitude areas. Additionally, G. chilianensis showed a greater reduction in suitable habitat and greater eastward range shift compared to T. hsutschouensis. These findings provide empirical evidence that accelerated climate change on the QTP has severe consequences for endemic populations with restricted and isolated habitats. This study demonstrates that different plateau fish have similarities and differences in their responses to climate change. Our findings also highlight that the effects of climate change must be incorporated into the integrated conservation plans for fish species on the QTP and its adjacent areas. Full article

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11 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Altitudes on Morpho-Physiological Attributes Associated with Mango Quality

by Cuixian Zhang, Huaifeng Yi, Xianyu Gao, Tianqi Bai, Zhangguang Ni, Yufu Chen, Meicun Wang, Yong Zhang, Jihong Pan, Weilin Yu and Dehong Xie

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100876 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a widely cultivated fruit in tropical and subtropical areas at altitudes ranging from 100 to 1500 m above sea level (masl). However, little is known about the effects of altering altitudes on the morpho-physiological traits determining the [...] Read more.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a widely cultivated fruit in tropical and subtropical areas at altitudes ranging from 100 to 1500 m above sea level (masl). However, little is known about the effects of altering altitudes on the morpho-physiological traits determining the commercial value of mango. Therefore, we systematically investigated a commercial mango cultivar at eight altitudes ranging from 680 to 1400 masl to check the environmental impact on morpho-physiological attributes and volatile compounds using analysis of variance, principal component analysis, clustering, and correlation. We observed an increase in fruit weight and size from 680 to 1000 masl elevation and a gradual decrease at higher altitudes above 1000 msl. In contrast, quality parameters, including total soluble solids and total sugar, decreased with the increase in altitude, while the total acid increased with the increase in altitude. Moreover, we characterized the dried fruit, pericarp, and sarcocarp for aromatic compounds and identified 110 volatile compounds. The accumulation pattern of the volatiles suggested a considerable influence of environmental factors associated with altering altitudes. However, there was no clear trend in the volatile accumulation at different altitudes. We further determined the ten most frequently occurring volatiles at different altitudes and tissues. For instance, Alpha-Guaiene was only identified at 1000–1215 masl altitudes in dried fruit, while Beta-Ocimene showed the highest accumulation at 900 masl in dried fruit and pericarp. Together, our study provides clues on the impact of the altitude on mango fruit yield and quality attributes, which will guide future agronomic practices. Full article

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9 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Hypebaeus cooteri sp. nov., the Nemoral Species of Soft-Winged Flower Beetles (Coleoptera, Malachiidae) in North Asia

by Sergei E. Tshernyshev

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100875 - 17 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1717

Abstract

A new species of soft-winged flower beetle, Hypebaeus cooteri Tshernyshev, sp. nov., external appearance very close to H. flavipes (Fabricius, 1787) but differs in shape of the elytral appendages and dark colouration of apical margin of the elytra is described from the Russian [...] Read more.

A new species of soft-winged flower beetle, Hypebaeus cooteri Tshernyshev, sp. nov., external appearance very close to H. flavipes (Fabricius, 1787) but differs in shape of the elytral appendages and dark colouration of apical margin of the elytra is described from the Russian Far East. Phenomenon of disjunctive distribution of the new species from the main areal of the genus is discussed on the basis of nemoral faunogenesis during the Late Pleistocene and the Middle Holocene in dependence of broad-leaf forest distribution. Oak trees are considered as typical habitat of the genus Hypebaeus Kiesenwetter, 1863 on the basis of field study by Jonathan Cooter in Moccas Park National Nature Reserve on old oak trees in UK. H. flavipes, the nominative species of the genus Hypebaeus, is redescribed from the specimens collected in Great Britain. Illustrations of external appearance and special male characters for both species are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Ecology of Coleoptera)

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17 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meiotic Analysis of Gomphidae Species Sheds Light on the Large X Chromosome of the Family (Anisoptera, Odonata)

by Liliana M. Mola, Pablo J. Rebagliati, María F. Fourastié and Silvia S. Agopian

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100874 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1753

Abstract

In most Anisoptera families, the modal diploid number is 25 in males (24 autosomes + X), and the X chromosome is one of the smallest elements of the complement. The family Gomphidae is an exception, as it has a modal diploid number of [...] Read more.

In most Anisoptera families, the modal diploid number is 25 in males (24 autosomes + X), and the X chromosome is one of the smallest elements of the complement. The family Gomphidae is an exception, as it has a modal diploid number of 23 (22 + X), and the X chromosome is the largest of the complement and of medium-to-large size in many species. We studied the meiosis of three gomphid species from Argentina: Aphylla cf. distinguenda (Campion, 1920), Phyllocycla propinqua Belle, 1972 and Phyllocycla sp. Chromosome number is 2n = 23, n = 11 + X, except for Phyllocycla propinqua, showing n = 10 + X. The X chromosome of these species is medium-sized and presents heteropyknotic blocks of different sizes. Despite the small number of gomphid species analysed, there is a clear trend of increasing size of the X chromosome with the increasing amount of heterochromatin. Our results, together with those from the literature, suggest that its large size might have been due to a progressive accumulation of repetitive DNA and heterochromatinisation and not to fusion, as previously suggested. This led us to propose that the ancestral number coincided with the modal number of Gomphidae. A revision of the derived sex-determining systems in Odonata is also provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity, Ecology and Evolution of Odonata)

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13 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Sampling and Understory Traps Can Cost-Effectively Detect Changes in Butterfly Communities after Hydroelectric Dam Construction

by Andréia de C. Santos, Débora L. R. do Carmo, Tarik G. D. Plaza, Bruno A. Arrua, Vivian A. F. Nacagawa, Rafaela A. M. Fernades, Felipe T. N. Pontes and Danilo B. Ribeiro

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100873 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1974

Abstract

(1) Background: Monitoring programs are essential to conservation but are often restricted by limited financial resources. Optimal monitoring can lead to higher cost-effectiveness. (2) Methods: In this study, we used butterflies as bioindicators to assess the effects of filling a dam in the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Monitoring programs are essential to conservation but are often restricted by limited financial resources. Optimal monitoring can lead to higher cost-effectiveness. (2) Methods: In this study, we used butterflies as bioindicators to assess the effects of filling a dam in the Brazilian Amazon. We studied the effects of flooding on butterfly assemblages through samples collected before and after the flooding. We contrasted three sampling techniques: baited traps in the (a) canopy and (b) understory and (c) active collections using entomological nets. (3) Results: Community composition showed low resistance, with pronounced changes after disturbance, and low resilience, with the failure to recover taxonomic diversity even after two years. We found that using the three techniques together was redundant and baited understory traps alone were sufficient to detect community changes. (4) Conclusions: Our study adds to the currently limited knowledge about the effects of hydroelectric plants on terrestrial insect fauna. In addition, identifying cost-effective monitoring, which is often lacking in conservation studies, allows projects to use time and financial resources more efficiently, particularly given the financial limitations available for conservation studies in tropical countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Diversity of Lepidopteras)

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4 pages, 1905 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Sea Cucumber (Holothuria arguinensis) as a Shelter for Juvenile Fish (Diplodus bellottii) in the Gulf of Cadiz (Southwestern Spain)

by Gustavo F. De Carvalho-Souza, David Roque-Atienza and Enrique González-Ortegón

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100872 - 15 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1830

Abstract

During a diving survey on soft-bottom habitats in the Gulf of Cadiz (Southwestern Spain), the use of the sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis (Echinodermata, Holothuriidae) as a shelter by juvenile Senegal’s sea bream Diplodus bellottii (Chordata: Sparidae) was observed. Eight juvenile sea bream D. [...] Read more.

During a diving survey on soft-bottom habitats in the Gulf of Cadiz (Southwestern Spain), the use of the sea cucumber Holothuria arguinensis (Echinodermata, Holothuriidae) as a shelter by juvenile Senegal’s sea bream Diplodus bellottii (Chordata: Sparidae) was observed. Eight juvenile sea bream D. bellottii were videoed sheltering under the sea cucumber’s body. This observation highlights the importance of sea cucumbers as a shelter for juvenile fish, providing a microhabitat to take refuge from predators. This is the first report of juvenile sea bream sheltered by a sea cucumber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images from the Sea)

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30 pages, 10333 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Spatial Distribution of Leaf Litter Curculionidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) in Two Ecuadorian Tropical Forests

by Oscar Maioglio, Cristiana Cerrato, Cesare Bellò and Massimo Meregalli

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100871 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2297

Abstract

Litter weevil communities were investigated in two different types of montane forest in Ecuador: foothill evergreen forest, present in the Otongachi Integral Reserve between 800 and 1000 m, and tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), present in the Otonga Integral Reserve between 1600 and [...] Read more.

Litter weevil communities were investigated in two different types of montane forest in Ecuador: foothill evergreen forest, present in the Otongachi Integral Reserve between 800 and 1000 m, and tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), present in the Otonga Integral Reserve between 1600 and 2300 m. Sampling was conducted along elevation gradients, applying the entomological sifting method to 19 sampling transects (11 in Otonga and 8 in Otongachi). The taxa collected were identified as morphospecies, since the majority of them are still undescribed. A total of 510 specimens were sampled, belonging to 100 different morphospecies, 85 of which were found in Otonga and 15 in Otongachi. No species in common between the two areas were found, despite the fact that the distance is extremely small (approximately 12 km). The Otonga area, regardless of primary or secondary forest habitats, had higher mean species richness. In both areas, the majority of species were found in a small number of stations and were sampled in a small number of specimens. A dominant and ubiquitous species was present only in Otongachi. The analysis of the community composition was carried out according to different categories of environmental variables (Otonga vs. Otongachi, forest type, elevation, litter and canopy coverage characteristics). Two well-differentiated coenoses were found, influenced firstly by the differences between the two reserves, secondarily by the elevation gradient and, to a lesser extent, by the forest type and other environmental variables. Some morphospecies characteristic of a specific type of biocoenosis could be identified. The study highlighted how most litter weevil species are strictly associated with a peculiar microhabitat and have a very narrow elevation and spatial range; the weevil communities can be strongly affected by heavy human impact. The results confirm that the tropical forests, in particular the TMCFs, host great biodiversity and that the majority of species are strictly associated with a single site; therefore, particular protection for these habitats should be granted. However, the non-significant variation between primary and secondary TMCFs indicates that, when correct management is carried out, a limited disturbance can be tolerated with only a limited loss of biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropods Associated with Forest Soil and Wood)

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13 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waterbodies in the Floodplain of the Drava River Host Species-Rich Macrophyte Communities despite Elodea Invasions

by Igor Zelnik, Mateja Germ, Urška Kuhar and Alenka Gaberščik

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100870 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1908

Abstract

The contribution discusses macrophyte communities in natural and man-made waterbodies located on the active floodplain along the Drava river (Slovenia). We presumed that these different types of wetlands host a great number of macrophyte species, but this diversity may be affected by the [...] Read more.

The contribution discusses macrophyte communities in natural and man-made waterbodies located on the active floodplain along the Drava river (Slovenia). We presumed that these different types of wetlands host a great number of macrophyte species, but this diversity may be affected by the presence of alien invasive species Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii. Presence, relative abundance, and growth forms of plant species along with selected environmental parameters were monitored. Correlation analyses and direct gradient analyses were performed to reveal the possible relations between the structure of macrophyte community and environmental parameters. Number of macrophytes in surveyed water bodies varied from 1 to 23. Besides numerous native species we also recorded Elodea canadensis and E. nuttallii, which were present in 19 out of 32 sample sites, with E. nuttallii prevailing. The less invasive E. canadensis was absent from ponds and oxbow lakes but relatively abundant in side-channels, while E. nuttallii was present in all types but dominant in ponds. The most abundant native species were Myriophyllum spicatum and M. verticillatum, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton natans. Correlation analyses showed no negative effect of the invasive alien Elodea species to the species richness and diversity of native flora. Positive correlation between the abundance of E. nuttallii and temperature of the water was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity of Inland Wetlands: Important Roles in Mitigation of Human Impacts)

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17 pages, 4798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity, Phylogenetic Relationships and Distribution of Marsh Frogs (the Pelophylax ridibundus complex) from Kazakhstan and Northwest China

by Daniya Ualiyeva, Oleg A. Ermakov, Spartak N. Litvinchuk, Xianguang Guo, Alexander Yu. Ivanov, Rui Xu, Jun Li, Feng Xu, Irina I. Arifulova, Alyona G. Kaptyonkina, Victor A. Khromov, Vladimir N. Krainyuk, Fakhriddin Sarzhanov and Tatjana N. Dujsebayeva

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100869 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2966

Abstract

In order to study the diversity, phylogenetic relationships and distribution of marsh frogs of the Pelophylax ridibundus complex in Kazakhstan and northwest China, we conducted phylogeographic analyses of 125 samples from 53 localities using the mtDNA ND2 and COI genes and the SAI [...] Read more.

In order to study the diversity, phylogenetic relationships and distribution of marsh frogs of the Pelophylax ridibundus complex in Kazakhstan and northwest China, we conducted phylogeographic analyses of 125 samples from 53 localities using the mtDNA ND2 and COI genes and the SAI nuclear gene sequences. Phylogenetic inference of mtDNA revealed three main lineages—sister lineages Balkhash and Syrdarya (as the Central Asian P. sp. novum), and the Anatolian P. cf. bedriagae, while from nDNA data, we additionally detected the western form, P. ridibundus. According to mtDNA data, the mean genetic distances between P. sp. novum and two other forms of marsh frogs was more than 5%. Genetic homogeneity within populations of the Syrdarya lineage and P. cf. bedriagae is characterized by low nucleotide diversity and high haplotype diversity. Demographic analyses of the lineages showed past population expansions of the Balkhash and the Syrdarya forms. Divergence from the most recent ancestor had occurred in the Early Pleistocene period (2.46 Mya) for the Balkhash and the Syrdarya lineages, and 1.27 Mya for the P. cf. bedriagae. Our findings provide a first investigation of the lineage diversification and population dynamics of the Central Asian marsh frogs and will be useful for further taxonomic implications and conservational actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phylogeny and Evolution)

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23 pages, 5204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Communities of Ferromanganese Sedimentary Layers and Nodules of Lake Baikal (Bolshoy Ushkany Island)

by Tamara Zemskaya, Natalia Konstantinova, Olga Shubenkova, Tatyana Pogodaeva, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Sergei Bukin, Andrey Khabuev, Oleg Khlystov, Grigory Vilkin and Anna Lomakina

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100868 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) sedimentary layers and nodules occur at different depths within sediments at deep basins and ridges of Lake Baikal. We studied Fe-Mn nodules and host sediments recovered at the slope of Bolshoy Ushkany Island. Layer-by-layer ²³⁰Th/U dating analysis determined the initial [...] Read more.

Ferromanganese (Fe-Mn) sedimentary layers and nodules occur at different depths within sediments at deep basins and ridges of Lake Baikal. We studied Fe-Mn nodules and host sediments recovered at the slope of Bolshoy Ushkany Island. Layer-by-layer ²³⁰Th/U dating analysis determined the initial age of the Fe-Mn nodule formation scattered in the sediments as 96 ± 5–131 ± 8 Ka. The distribution profiles of the main ions in the pore waters of the studied sediment are similar to those observed in the deep-sea areas of Lake Baikal, while the chemical composition of Fe-Mn nodules indicates their diagenetic formation with hydrothermal influence. Among the bacteria in microbial communities of sediments, members of organoheterotrophic Gammaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteriota, Acidobacteriota, among them Archaea—chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing archaea Nitrososphaeria, dominated. About 13% of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences in Fe-Mn layers belonged to Methylomirabilota representatives which use nitrite ions as electron acceptors for the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Nitrospirota comprised up to 9% of the layers of Bolshoy Ushkany Island. In bacterial communities of Fe-Mn nodule, a large percentage of sequences were attributed to Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes, as well as a variety of OTUs with a small number of sequences characteristic of hydrothermal ecosystems. The contribution of representatives of Methylomirabilota and Nitrospirota in communities of Fe-Mn nodule was minor. Our data support the hypothesis that chemolithoautotrophs associated with ammonium-oxidizing archaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria can potentially play an important role as primary producers of Fe-Mn substrates in freshwater Lake Baikal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity in Extreme Environments)

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25 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative and Quantitative Ethnobotanical Survey in Al Baha Province, Southwestern Saudi Arabia

by Sami Asir Al-Robai, Aimun A. E. Ahmed, Haidar Abdalgadir Mohamed, Abdelazim Ali Ahmed, Sami A. Zabin and Abdullah A. A. Alghamdi

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100867 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2961

Abstract

The documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge is useful for biocultural conservation, preserving the diversity of plants, and drug development. The present study was carried out to compile and document the knowledge and uses of plants in Al Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). [...] Read more.

The documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge is useful for biocultural conservation, preserving the diversity of plants, and drug development. The present study was carried out to compile and document the knowledge and uses of plants in Al Baha Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A total of 81 knowledgeable informants of different sexes, ages, and status levels were randomly selected and interviewed. The majority of the informants (63%) were > 60 years old. The collected data were qualitatively and quantitatively described using different quantitative indices [family importance value (FIV), use value (UV), and informant consensus factor (ICF)]. The fidelity level (FL), rank order priority (ROP), and relative popularity level (RPL) were determined for the plants (42 species) mentioned by at least three informants. A total of 97 plants belonging to 91 genera and 44 families were reported. The most commonly used parts were fruits (30.7%) and leaves (25.4%), whereas the most frequently used modes of preparation were maceration (24.7%) and direct application (23.3%). Most of the cited plants (49.5%) were traditionally used for gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disorders, whereas a few plants (6.2%) were used for the treatment of reproductive disorders. The most ethnobotanically important families were Lamiaceae (FIV = 0.35) and Apiaceae (FIV = 0.33). The highest UV was represented by Zingiber officinale (0.086) followed by Commiphora myrrha and Trigonella foenum-graecum (0.074). The level of agreement among the interviewees was remarkably high (ICF = 0.65–0.93) for plants that had the ability to cure infectious diseases. A low level of agreement (ICF = 0.33–0.48) was observed among the informants towards plants that were used to treat gastrointestinal tract, reproductive, hematological, and central nervous system disorders. There was a total and absolute disagreement (ICF = 0) among the informants regarding the plants that were used to treat renal, endocrine system, oncological/immunological, rheumatic, orthopedic, ear, nose, and throat (ENT), and inflammatory disorders. Six of the plants which were cited by three informants or more had a high healing efficacy (FL = 100) and forty species attained ROP values of 50 or above. Out of the 42 plants, 20 species were grouped as popular (RPL = 1), and the remaining plants (22 species) were unpopular (RPL < 1). Curcuma longa, which showed the highest ROP value (100), was used to enhance immunity. In conclusion, various plant species in Al Baha province were used by the local communities for the treatment of different health problems. The documentation of these plants could serve as a basis for further scientific research and conservation studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

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16 pages, 4375 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

OTU Delimitation with Earthworm DNA Barcodes: A Comparison of Methods

by Arnaud Goulpeau, Benoit Penel, Marie-Eugénie Maggia, Daniel Fernández Marchán, Dirk Steinke, Mickaël Hedde and Thibaud Decaëns

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100866 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

Although DNA barcodes-based operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are increasingly used in earthworm research, the relative efficiency of the different methods available to delimit them has not yet been tested on a comprehensive dataset. For this study, we used three datasets containing 651, 2304 [...] Read more.

Although DNA barcodes-based operational taxonomic units (OTUs) are increasingly used in earthworm research, the relative efficiency of the different methods available to delimit them has not yet been tested on a comprehensive dataset. For this study, we used three datasets containing 651, 2304 and 4773 COI barcodes of earthworms from French Guiana, respectively, to compare five of these methods: two phylogenetic methods—namely Poisson Tree Processes (PTP) and General Mixed Yule Coalescence (GMYC)—and three distance matrix methods—namely Refined Single Linkage (RESL, used for assigning Barcode Index Numbers in the Barcode of Life Data systems), Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD), and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP). We found that phylogenetic approaches are less suitable for delineating OTUs from DNA barcodes in earthworms, especially for large sets of sequences. The computation times are unreasonable, they often fail to converge, and they also show a strong tendency to oversplit species. Among distance-based methods, RESL also has a clear tendency to oversplitting, while ABGD and ASAP are less prone to mismatches and have short computation times. ASAP requires less a priori knowledge for model parameterisation than AGBD, provides efficient graphical outputs, and has a much lower tendency to generate mismatches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Earthworms)

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31 pages, 5052 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Evolution of Giant Panda Habitats in Sichuan Province under Different Scenarios

by Zhenjiang Song, Baoshu Wu, Wenguang Xiong, Lan Gao and Yi Li

Diversity 2022, 14(10), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/d14100865 - 13 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2287

Abstract

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a relic species in China and a flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. The conservation of the giant panda’s habitat has gained widespread attention for this reason. Historically, Chinese Giant Panda Nature [...] Read more.

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a relic species in China and a flagship species in the field of endangered wildlife conservation. The conservation of the giant panda’s habitat has gained widespread attention for this reason. Historically, Chinese Giant Panda Nature Reserves are surrounded by communities and the resource utilization behavior of households disturbs the giant panda habitat. Changes in these communities and in Giant Panda Nature Reserves began around 2010, with the feminization and aging of the farm labor force. These changes brought different resource utilization behaviors that led to different evolutionary tendencies in giant panda habitats. This research study assesses the impact of these tendencies based on data from the fourth survey of the giant panda in the Sichuan Province and from geographic information data. The paper aims to uncover the internal mechanisms of farmers’ resource utilization behavior in terms of the changes wrought to giant panda habitats. The paper simulates the future habitat of the giant panda based on the LUCC (land use/cover change) model to identify anticipated changes in future landscape patterns and the habitat quality of giant pandas under the current scenarios. The paper analyzes the spatial-temporal change of landscape patterns through the land use transfer matrix, based on the Markov model. The results of the scenario analyses illustrate the spatial and temporal difference in habitat quality. The driving mechanism for landscape pattern change is explored using the logistic regression model. The paper simulates the variation tendency of giant panda habitats under differential labor force structures and resource utilization behavior based on the CA (cellular automata) model, with the robustness of the results verified by participatory experiment. Through four scenarios of simulated farm labor force structure and resource utilization behavior, results suggest that the quality of giant panda habitats in the future will be relatively high when workforce feminization and aging is intense and resource utilization behavior is weakened. The simulated results confirm that the current agricultural labor force structure can reduce the intensity of resource utilization behavior. In this scenario, disturbance to giant panda habitats would decrease and their quality would improve. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Dimension of Forest and Wildlife Protection)

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