Materials

13 pages, 4831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formation of Hierarchical Porous Films with Breath-Figures Self-Assembly Performed on Oil-Lubricated Substrates

by Edward Bormashenko, Yelena Bormashenko and Mark Frenkel

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183051 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3727

Hierarchical honeycomb patterns were manufactured with breath-figures self-assembly by drop-casting on the silicone oil-lubricated glass substrates. Silicone oil promoted spreading of the polymer solution. The process was carried out with industrial grade polystyrene and polystyrene with molecular mass [...] Read more.

Hierarchical honeycomb patterns were manufactured with breath-figures self-assembly by drop-casting on the silicone oil-lubricated glass substrates. Silicone oil promoted spreading of the polymer solution. The process was carried out with industrial grade polystyrene and polystyrene with molecular mass

M_{w} = 35, 000 \frac{g}{m o l}

. Both polymers gave rise to patterns, built of micro and nano-scaled pores. The typical diameter of the nanopores was established as 125 nm. The mechanism of the formation of hierarchical patterns was suggested. Ordering of the pores was quantified with the Voronoi tessellations and calculation of the Voronoi entropy. The Voronoi entropy for the large scale pattern was

S_{v o r} = 0.6 - 0.9

, evidencing the ordering of pores. Measurement of the apparent contact angles evidenced the Cassie-Baxter wetting regime of the porous films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Microporous and Mesoporous Materials)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 3500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete Incorporating Limestone Powder and Fly Ash as Supplementary Cementing Material

by Muhammad I. Khan, Muhammad Usman, Syed A. Rizwan and Asad Hanif

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183050 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3477

Abstract

This paper assesses the mechanical and structural behavior of self-consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLWC) incorporating bloated shale aggregate (BSA). BSA was manufactured by expanding shale pellets of varying sizes by heating them up to a temperature of 1200 °C using natural gas as fuel [...] Read more.

This paper assesses the mechanical and structural behavior of self-consolidating lightweight concrete (SCLWC) incorporating bloated shale aggregate (BSA). BSA was manufactured by expanding shale pellets of varying sizes by heating them up to a temperature of 1200 °C using natural gas as fuel in the rotary kiln. Fly ash (FA) and limestone powder (LSP) were used as supplementary cementing materials (10% replacement of cement, each for LSP and FA) for improved properties of the resulting concrete. The main parameters studied in this experimental study were compressive strength, elastic modulus, and microstructure. The fresh-state properties (Slump flow, V-funnel, J-Ring, and L-box) showed adequate rheological behavior of SCLWC in comparison with self-consolidating normal weight concrete (SCNWC). There was meager (2–4%) compressive strength reduction of SCLWC. Lightweight aggregate tended to shift concrete behavior from ductile to brittle, causing reduced strain capacity and flexural toughness. FA and LSP addition significantly improved the strength and microstructure at all ages. The study is encouraging for the structural use of lightweight concrete, which could reduce the overall construction cost. Full article

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15 pages, 6889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Limits of the Process of Rotational Compression of Hollow Stepped Shafts

by Jarosław Bartnicki, Janusz Tomczak and Zbigniew Pater

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3049; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183049 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3654

Abstract

This article presents the results of theoretical–experimental testing of the process of rotational compression of hollow stepped shafts. The advantages of the technology and the potential area of its application were discussed. Further on, the limits of the rotational compression technology, preventing the [...] Read more.

This article presents the results of theoretical–experimental testing of the process of rotational compression of hollow stepped shafts. The advantages of the technology and the potential area of its application were discussed. Further on, the limits of the rotational compression technology, preventing the manufacturing of high-quality products, were presented. The research was conducted on the basis of numerical modelling using the finite element method in Simufact Forming, as well as the results of experimental tests performed in a forging machine for rotational compression. On the basis of the results obtained, it can be stated that the process of rotational compression of hollow stepped shafts can be hindered by the following phenomena: uncontrolled slip, deformation of the semi-finished product wall, twisting of the formed steps, material cracking, and deformation of the cross-section of the formed steps. The possibility of those hindrances occurring depends heavily on the assumed technological parameters of the process. For this reason, knowledge of the cause of occurrence of those limitations is vital for the development of the technology and the choice of the process parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of the Rolling Process in Metallic Materials)

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20 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Homogenization and Localization of Ratcheting Behavior of Composite Materials and Structures with the Thermal Residual Stress Effect

by Danhui Yang, Zhibo Yang, Zhi Zhai and Xuefeng Chen

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183048 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

In this contribution, the ratcheting behavior and local field distribution of unidirectional metal matrix composites are investigated under cyclic loading. To that end, we extended the finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) theory by incorporating the rule of nonlinear kinematic hardening. The proposed method [...] Read more.

In this contribution, the ratcheting behavior and local field distribution of unidirectional metal matrix composites are investigated under cyclic loading. To that end, we extended the finite-volume direct averaging micromechanics (FVDAM) theory by incorporating the rule of nonlinear kinematic hardening. The proposed method enables efficient and accurate simulation of the ratcheting behavior of unidirectional composites. The local satisfaction of equilibrium equations of the FVDAM theory facilitates quick and rapid convergence during the plastic iterations. To verify the proposed theory, a finite-element (FE) based unit cell model is constructed with the same mesh discretization. The remarkable correlation of the transverse response and local field distribution generated by the FVDAM and FE techniques demonstrates the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed models. The stress discontinuities along the fiber/matrix interface that are generic to the finite-element theory are absent in the FVDAM prediction. The effects of thermal residual stresses induced during the consolidation process, as well as fiber orientations, are revealed. The generated results indicate that the FVDAM is well suited for simulating the elastic-plastic ratcheting behavior of metal matrix composites, which will provide the conventional finite-element based technique with an attractive alternative. Full article

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14 pages, 3040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of the Compounding Conditions of Polyamide 6, Carbon Fiber, and Al₂O₃ on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Composite Polymer

by Young Shin Kim, Jae Kyung Kim and Euy Sik Jeon

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183047 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3461

Abstract

Among the composite manufacturing methods, injection molding has higher time efficiency and improved processability. The production of composites via injection molding requires a pre-process to mix and pelletize the matrix polymer and reinforcement material. Herein, we studied the effect of extrusion process conditions [...] Read more.

Among the composite manufacturing methods, injection molding has higher time efficiency and improved processability. The production of composites via injection molding requires a pre-process to mix and pelletize the matrix polymer and reinforcement material. Herein, we studied the effect of extrusion process conditions for making pellets on the mechanical and thermal properties provided by injection molding. Polyamide 6 (PA6) was used as the base, and composites were produced by blending carbon fibers and Al₂O₃ as the filler. To determine the optimum blending ratio, the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, and melt flow index (MI) were measured at various blending ratios. With this optimum blending ratio, pellets were produced by changing the temperature and RPM conditions, which are major process variables during compounding. Samples were fabricated by applying the same injection conditions, and the mechanical strength, MI values, and thermal properties were measured. The mechanical strength increased slightly as the temperature and RPM increased, and the MI and thermal conductivity also increased. The results of this study can be used as a basis for specifying the conditions of the mixing and compounding process such that the desired mechanical and thermal properties are obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Composite Materials)

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14 pages, 7153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deposition of Selective Catalytic Reduction Coating on Wire-Mesh Structure by Atmospheric Plasma Spraying

by Xiaoyu Ma, Yunlong Ma, Hui Li and Yingliang Tian

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183046 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2619

Abstract

A series of catalytic coatings consisting of MnO_x-CeO₂ and TiO₂ support were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying, which was aimed at the application of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x. The effect of the load of active [...] Read more.

A series of catalytic coatings consisting of MnO_x-CeO₂ and TiO₂ support were prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying, which was aimed at the application of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x. The effect of the load of active component on the coating was firstly studied. The results showed that all the coating presented the highest catalytic activity at approximately 350 °C and the coating with the composition of 20MnO_x/5CeO₂/TiO₂ (wt%) achieved the most powerful performance. The coating was then prepared on a wire-mesh structure substrate, which can be easily assembled as a gas filter. The results showed that the specific surface area was greatly increased resulting in the significant improvement of the catalytic activity of the coating. This strategy offered a promising possibility of removing NO_x and particulate fliting simultaneously in industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Film Fabrication and Surface Techniques)

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15 pages, 6190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Chip Miniaturized Bandpass Filter Using GaAs-Based Integrated Passive Device Technology For L-Band Application

by Bao-Hua Zhu, Nam-Young Kim, Zhi-Ji Wang and Eun-Seong Kim

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183045 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3153

Abstract

In this work, a miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) constructed of two spiral intertwined inductors and a central capacitor, with several interdigital structures, was designed and fabricated using integrated passive device (IPD) technology on a GaAs wafer. Five air-bridge structures were introduced to enhance [...] Read more.

In this work, a miniaturized bandpass filter (BPF) constructed of two spiral intertwined inductors and a central capacitor, with several interdigital structures, was designed and fabricated using integrated passive device (IPD) technology on a GaAs wafer. Five air-bridge structures were introduced to enhance the mutual inductive effect and form the differential geometry of the outer inductors. In addition, the design of the differential inductor combined with the centrally embedded capacitor results in a compact construction with the overall size of 0.037λ₀ × 0.019λ₀ (1537.7 × 800 μm²) where λ₀ is the wavelength of the central frequency. For the accuracy evolution of the equivalent circuit, the frequency-dependent lumped elements of the proposed BPF was analyzed and modeled through the segment method, mutual inductance approach, and simulated scattering parameters (S-parameters). Afterward, the BPF was fabricated using GaAs-based IPD technology and a 16-step manufacture flow was accounted for in detail. Finally, the fabricated BPF was wire-bonded with Au wires and packaged onto a printed circuit board for radio-frequency performance measurements. The measured results indicate that the implemented BPF possesses a center frequency operating at 2 GHz with the insertion losses of 0.38 dB and the return losses of 40 dB, respectively, and an ultrawide passband was achieved with a 3-dB fraction bandwidth of 72.53%, as well. In addition, a transmission zero is located at 5.32 GHz. Moreover, the variation of the resonant frequency with different inductor turns and metal thicknesses was analyzed through the simulation results, demonstrating good controllability of the proposed BPF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Materials and Devices)

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11 pages, 4338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uniform Dispersion and Exfoliation of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in CNT-MgB₂ Superconductor Composites Using Surfactants

by Mohammed Shahabuddin, Niyaz Ahamad Madhar, Nasser S. Alzayed and Mohammad Asif

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183044 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2692

Abstract

We developed a novel yet commercially viable strategy of synthesizing superior high-T_C superconducting composites by dispersing fully exfoliated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) uniformly throughout the grain of CNT-MgB₂ composites. First, we optimized the amount of the surfactant required to produce a highly [...] Read more.

We developed a novel yet commercially viable strategy of synthesizing superior high-T_C superconducting composites by dispersing fully exfoliated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) uniformly throughout the grain of CNT-MgB₂ composites. First, we optimized the amount of the surfactant required to produce a highly stable and homogeneous colloidal suspension of CNTs. This amount was found to be 1/8th of the amount of CNTs. Second, we prepared a homogeneous CNT-B mixture by adding amorphous nano-boron (B) to the colloidal CNT suspension. Next, two different MgB₂ synthesis routes were explored. In one case, we mixed an appropriate amount of Mg in the CNT-B mixture and carried out sintering. In the second case, the CNT-B mixture was heat treated at 500 °C, prior to mixing with Mg and sintering to form CNT-MgB₂. Both kinds of samples were rigorously characterized to obtain an insight into their properties. The direct synthesis route shows a clear exfoliation and uniform dispersion of CNTs with a critical current density (J_C) of 10⁴ A/cm² at 3.5 T and 20 K, which is useful for the application in magnetic resonance imaging MRI magnet operating with a cryogen free cooler. Our J_C(H) result is 10 times higher than that of the pure sample. By contrast, the performance of the sample subjected to heat processing before sintering was severely compromised given the formation of MgO. Despite its simplicity, the direct synthesis route can be used for the cost-effective fabrication of CNT–MgB₂ superconducting composites. Full article

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12 pages, 3875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Behavior of SMA490BW Steel and Welded Joints for High-Speed Trains in Atmospheric Environments

by Xiangyang Wu, Zhiyi Zhang, Weichuang Qi, Renyong Tian, Shiming Huang and Chunyuan Shi

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183043 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

Currently, high-speed trains work under various atmospheric environments, and the bogie as a key component suffers serious corrosion. To investigate the corrosion behavior of bogies in industrial atmospheric environments, the periodic immersion wet/dry cyclic corrosion test for SMA490BW steel and automatic metal active [...] Read more.

Currently, high-speed trains work under various atmospheric environments, and the bogie as a key component suffers serious corrosion. To investigate the corrosion behavior of bogies in industrial atmospheric environments, the periodic immersion wet/dry cyclic corrosion test for SMA490BW steel and automatic metal active gas (MAG) welded joints used for bogies was conducted in the present work. Corrosion weight loss rate, structure, and composition of rust layers as well as electrochemistry parameters were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion weight loss rate decreased with increasing corrosion time; furthermore, the corrosion weight loss rate of the welded joints was lower than that of SMA490BW steel. The XRD results showed that the rust layers formed on SMA490BW steel and its welded joints were mainly composed of α-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe₂O₃, and Fe₃O₄. The observation of surface morphology indicated that the rust layers of the welded joints were much denser and had a much finer microstructure compared with those of SMA490BW steel. After corrosion for 150 h, the corrosion potential of the welded joints with rust layers was higher than that of SMA490BW steel. In short, the welded joints exhibited better corrosion resistance than SMA490BW steel because of the higher content of alloy elements, as shown in this work. Full article

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18 pages, 10514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Medium-Mn Steel Deformed at Different Temperatures

by Aleksandra Kozłowska, Aleksandra Janik, Krzysztof Radwański and Adam Grajcar

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3042; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183042 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4504

Abstract

The temperature-dependent microstructure evolution and corresponding mechanical stability of retained austenite in medium-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) 0.17C-3.1Mn-1.6Al type steel obtained by thermomechanical processing was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Specimens were deformed [...] Read more.

The temperature-dependent microstructure evolution and corresponding mechanical stability of retained austenite in medium-Mn transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) 0.17C-3.1Mn-1.6Al type steel obtained by thermomechanical processing was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Specimens were deformed up to rupture in static tensile tests in the temperature range 20–200 °C. It was found that an increase in deformation temperature resulted in the reduced intensity of TRIP effect due to the higher stability of retained austenite. The kinetics of strain-induced martensitic transformation was affected by the carbon content of retained austenite (RA), its morphology, and localization in the microstructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Steels)

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10 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Conditioning by Means of Customized Healing Abutment: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

by Mario Beretta, Pier Paolo Poli, Silvia Pieriboni, Sebastian Tansella, Mattia Manfredini, Marco Cicciù and Carlo Maiorana

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183041 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8442

Abstract

Introduction: An optimal aesthetic implant restoration is a combination of a visually pleasing prosthesis and adequate surrounding peri-implant soft tissue architecture. This study describes a novel workflow for one-step formation of the supra-implant emergence profile. Materials and Methods: Two randomized groups were selected. [...] Read more.

Introduction: An optimal aesthetic implant restoration is a combination of a visually pleasing prosthesis and adequate surrounding peri-implant soft tissue architecture. This study describes a novel workflow for one-step formation of the supra-implant emergence profile. Materials and Methods: Two randomized groups were selected. Ten control group participants received standard healing screws at the surgical stage. Ten individualized healing abutments were Computer aided Design/Computer aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-fabricated out of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) restoration material in a fully digital workflow and seated at the surgical stage in the test group. The modified healing abutment shape was extracted from a virtual library. The standard triangulation language (STL) files of a premolar and a molar were obtained considering the coronal anatomy up to the cement-enamel junction (CEJ). After a healing period ranging from 1 to 3 months depending on the location of the surgical site, namely, mandible or maxilla, a digital impression was taken. The functional implant prosthodontics score (FIPS) and the numerical rating scale (NRS) of pain were recorded and compared. Results: The mean FIPS value for the test group was 9.1 ± 0.9 while the control group mean value was 7.1 ± 0.9. In the test group, pain assessment at crown placement presented a mean value of 0.5 ± 0.7. On the contrary, the control group showed a mean value of 5.5 ± 1.6. Conclusions: Patients in the test group showed higher FIPS values and lower NRS scores during the early phases compared to the control group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implants and Materials)

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11 pages, 4401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Safety Evaluation of Precast, Prestressed Concrete Deck Slabs Cast Using 120-MPa High-Performance Concrete with a Reinforced Joint

by Jae-Hyun Bae, Hoon-Hee Hwang and Sung-Yong Park

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183040 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3205

Abstract

Prestressed concrete structures are used in various fields as they can reduce the cross-sectional area of members compared with reinforced concrete structures. In addition, the use of high-performance and strength concrete can help reduce weight and achieve excellent durability. Recently, structures have increasingly [...] Read more.

Prestressed concrete structures are used in various fields as they can reduce the cross-sectional area of members compared with reinforced concrete structures. In addition, the use of high-performance and strength concrete can help reduce weight and achieve excellent durability. Recently, structures have increasingly been constructed using high-performance and strength concrete, and therefore, structural verification is required. Thus, this study experimentally evaluated the structural performance of a long-span bridge deck slab joint, regarded as the weak point of structures. The specimens were designed with a 4 m span for application to cable-stayed bridges. To ensure the required load resistance and serviceability, the specimens comprised of 120 MPa high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete and were prestressed. The deck slabs satisfied all static and fatigue performance as well as serviceability requirements, although they were thinner than typical concrete bridge deck slabs. The study also verified whether the deck slabs were suitable to help implement precast segmental construction methods. Finally, the results confirmed that the structural performance of the developed prestressed concrete (PSC) deck slab was sufficient for the intended bridge application as it achieved a sufficiently large safety factor in the static and fatigue performance tests, relative to the design requirement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Structural Concrete Materials in Bridges)

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14 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Biodrying to Prevent Self-Heating of Alternative Fuel

by Teresa Gajewska, Mateusz Malinowski and Maciej Szkoda

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3039; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183039 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3080

Abstract

Alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuels—RDF) have been a substitute for fossil fuels in cement production for many years. RDF are produced from various materials characterized by high calorific value. Due to the possibility of self-ignition in the pile of stored alternative fuel, treatments are [...] Read more.

Alternative fuels (refuse-derived fuels—RDF) have been a substitute for fossil fuels in cement production for many years. RDF are produced from various materials characterized by high calorific value. Due to the possibility of self-ignition in the pile of stored alternative fuel, treatments are carried out to help protect entrepreneurs against material losses and employees against loss of health or life. The objective of the research was to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the ability to self-heat this material. Three variants of materials (alternative fuel produced on the basis of mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) and on the basis of bulky waste (mainly varnished wood and textiles) and residues from selective collection waste (mainly plastics and tires) were adopted for the analysis. The novelty of the proposed solution consists in processing the analyzed materials inside the innovative ecological waste apparatus bioreactor (EWA), which results in increased process efficiency and shortening its duration. The passive thermography technique was used to assess the impact of alternative fuel biodrying on the decrease in the self-heating ability of RDF. As a result of the conducted analyses, it was clear that the biodrying process inhibited the self-heating of alternative fuel. The temperature of the stored fuel reached over 60 °C before the biodrying process. However, after the biodrying process, the maximum temperatures in each of the variants were about 30 °C, which indicates a decrease in the activity of microorganisms and the lack of self-ignition risk. The maximum temperatures obtained (>71 °C), the time to reach them (≈4 h), and the duration of the thermophilic phase (≈65 h) are much shorter than in the studies of other authors, where the duration of the thermophilic phase was over 80 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimal Design of Materials and Structures)

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9 pages, 2613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen-Doped Cu₂O Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications

by Ørnulf Nordseth, Raj Kumar, Kristin Bergum, Irinela Chilibon, Sean Erik Foss and Edouard Monakhov

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3038; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183038 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2948

Abstract

Cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is a p-type semiconductor with high optical absorption and a direct bandgap of about 2.1 eV, making it an attractive material for photovoltaic applications. For a high-performance photovoltaic device, the formation of low-resistivity contacts on Cu₂O [...] Read more.

Cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) is a p-type semiconductor with high optical absorption and a direct bandgap of about 2.1 eV, making it an attractive material for photovoltaic applications. For a high-performance photovoltaic device, the formation of low-resistivity contacts on Cu₂O thin films is a prerequisite, which can be achieved by, for instance, nitrogen doping of Cu₂O in order to increase the carrier concentration. In this work, nitrogen-doped p-type Cu₂O thin films were prepared on quartz substrates by magnetron sputter deposition. By adding N₂ gas during the deposition process, a nitrogen concentration of up to 2.3 × 10²¹ atoms/cm³ in the Cu₂O thin films was achieved, as determined from secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements. The effect of nitrogen doping on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the Cu₂O thin films was investigated. X-ray diffraction measurements suggest a preservation of the Cu₂O phase for the nitrogen doped thin films, whereas spectrophotometric measurements show that the optical properties were not significantly altered by incorporation of nitrogen into the Cu₂O matrix. A significant conductivity enhancement was achieved for the nitrogen-doped Cu₂O thin films, based on Hall effect measurements, i.e., the hole concentration was increased from 4 × 10¹⁵ to 3 × 10¹⁹ cm⁻³ and the resistivity was reduced from 190 to 1.9 Ω⋅cm by adding nitrogen to the Cu₂O thin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Photovoltaic Applications)

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12 pages, 1973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Characteristics Estimation of Si PV Modules Based on Artificial Neural Network Modeling

by Xiaobo Xu, Xiaocheng Zhang, Zhaowu Huang, Shaoyou Xie, Wenping Gu, Xiaoyan Wang, Lin Zhang and Zan Zhang

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183037 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2588

Abstract

In the photovoltaic (PV) field, the outdoor evaluation of a PV system is quite complex, due to the variations of temperature and irradiance. In fact, the diagnosis of the PV modules is extremely required in order to maintain the optimum performance. In this [...] Read more.

In the photovoltaic (PV) field, the outdoor evaluation of a PV system is quite complex, due to the variations of temperature and irradiance. In fact, the diagnosis of the PV modules is extremely required in order to maintain the optimum performance. In this paper, an artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed to build and train the model, and evaluate the PV module performance by mean bias error, mean square error and the regression analysis. We take temperature, irradiance and a specific voltage for input, and a specific current value for output, repeat several times in order to obtain an I-V curve. The main feature lies to the data-driven black-box method, with the ignorance of any analytical equations and hence the conventional five parameters (serial resistance, shunt resistance, non-ideal factor, reverse saturation current, and photon current). The ANN is able to predict the I-V curves of the Si PV module at arbitrary irradiance and temperature. Finally, the proposed algorithm has proved to be valid in terms of comparison with the testing dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage)

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14 pages, 4938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Printable Stretchable Silver Ink and Application to Printed RFID Tags for Wearable Electronics

by Tao Zhong, Ning Jin, Wei Yuan, Chunshan Zhou, Weibing Gu and Zheng Cui

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183036 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 4939

Abstract

A printable elastic silver ink has been developed, which was made of silver flakes, dispersant, and a fluorine rubber and could be sintered at a low temperature. The printed elastic conductors showed low resistivity at 21 μΩ·cm, which is about 13.2 times of [...] Read more.

A printable elastic silver ink has been developed, which was made of silver flakes, dispersant, and a fluorine rubber and could be sintered at a low temperature. The printed elastic conductors showed low resistivity at 21 μΩ·cm, which is about 13.2 times of bulk silver (1.59 μΩ·cm). Their mechanical properties were investigated by bending, stretching, and cyclic endurance tests. It was found that upon stretching the resistance of printed conductors increased due to deformation and small cracks appeared in the conductor, but was almost reversible when the strain was removed, and the recovery of conductivity was found to be time dependent. Radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags were fabricated by screen printing the stretchable silver ink on a stretchable fabric (lycra). High performance of tag was maintained even with 1000 cycles of stretching. As a practical example of wearable electronics, an RFID tag was printed directly onto a T-shirt, which demonstrated its normal working order in a wearing state. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Materials and Devices)

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16 pages, 3299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gray Correlation Analysis and Prediction on Permanent Deformation of Subgrade Filled with Construction and Demolition Materials

by Junhui Zhang, Anshun Zhang, Jue Li, Feng Li and Junhui Peng

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183035 - 19 Sep 2019

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 3091

Abstract

Construction and demolition (C&D) materials obtained from the demolition of buildings are proven to be qualified and sustainable subgrade fillers. The permanent deformation response of subgrade C&D materials under different moisture contents, degrees of compaction, deviator stresses, and confining pressures was revealed by [...] Read more.

Construction and demolition (C&D) materials obtained from the demolition of buildings are proven to be qualified and sustainable subgrade fillers. The permanent deformation response of subgrade C&D materials under different moisture contents, degrees of compaction, deviator stresses, and confining pressures was revealed by carrying out dynamic triaxial texts. Then, using a four-factor and three-level orthogonal test and by calculating the Gray correlation degree of each factor, the influence degree of each factor on the permanent deformation was determined. The results indicated that two different response types of the permanent deformation of subgrade C&D materials, plastic shakedown and plastic creep, were identified as reason behind the increase in stress levels. Also, according to the Gray correlation analysis results, the permanent deformation of highway subgrade filled with C&D materials is influenced by the deviator stress most significantly, followed by moisture content, degree of compaction, and confining pressure. Finally, a permanent deformation prediction model about this kind of subgrade filler with a reasonable prediction accuracy was proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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15 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Cinchona Catalysts Containing Ethyl or Vinyl or Ethynyl Group at Their Quinuclidine Ring

by Sándor Nagy, Zsuzsanna Fehér, Gergő Dargó, Júlia Barabás, Zsófia Garádi, Béla Mátravölgyi, Péter Kisszékelyi, Gyula Dargó, Péter Huszthy, Tibor Höltzl, György Tibor Balogh and József Kupai

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3034; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183034 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4449

Abstract

Numerous cinchona organocatalysts with different substituents at their quinuclidine unit have been described and tested, but the effect of those saturation has not been examined before. This work presents the synthesis of four widely used cinchona-based organocatalyst classes (hydroxy, amino, squaramide, and thiourea) [...] Read more.

Numerous cinchona organocatalysts with different substituents at their quinuclidine unit have been described and tested, but the effect of those saturation has not been examined before. This work presents the synthesis of four widely used cinchona-based organocatalyst classes (hydroxy, amino, squaramide, and thiourea) with different saturation on the quinuclidine unit (ethyl, vinyl, ethynyl) started from quinine, the most easily available cinchona derivative. Big differences were found in basicity of the quinuclidine unit by measuring the pK_a values of twelve catalysts in six solvents. The effect of differences was examined by testing the catalysts in Michael addition reaction of pentane-2,4-dione to trans-β-nitrostyrene. The 1.6–1.7 pK_a deviation in basicity of the quinuclidine unit did not result in significant differences in yields and enantiomeric excesses. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed that the ethyl, ethynyl, and vinyl substituents affect the acid-base properties of the cinchona-thiourea catalysts only slightly, and the most active neutral thione forms are the most stable tautomers in all cases. Due to the fact that cinchonas with differently saturated quinuclidine substituents have similar catalytic activity in asymmetric Michael addition application of quinine-based catalysts is recommended. Its vinyl group allows further modifications, for instance, recycling the catalyst by immobilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Organocatalysts: Synthesis and Applications)

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30 pages, 11780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation and Fatigue Behaviour of A356-T7 Cast Aluminium Alloys Used in High Specific Power IC Engines

by Elanghovan Natesan, Stefan Eriksson, Johan Ahlström and Christer Persson

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183033 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4548

Abstract

The continuous drive towards higher specific power and lower displacement engines in recent years place increasingly higher loads on the internal combustion engine materials. This necessitates a more robust collection of reliable material data for computational fatigue life prediction to develop reliable engines [...] Read more.

The continuous drive towards higher specific power and lower displacement engines in recent years place increasingly higher loads on the internal combustion engine materials. This necessitates a more robust collection of reliable material data for computational fatigue life prediction to develop reliable engines and reduce developmental costs. Monotonic tensile testing and cyclic stress and strain-controlled testing of A356-T7 + 0.5 wt.% Cu cast aluminium alloys have been performed. The uniaxial tests were performed on polished test bars extracted from highly loaded areas of cast cylinder heads. The monotonic deformation tests indicate that the material has an elastic-plastic monotonic response with plastic hardening. The strain controlled uniaxial low cycle fatigue tests were run at multiple load levels to capture the cyclic deformation behaviour and the corresponding fatigue lives. The equivalent stress-controlled fatigue tests were performed to study the influence of the loading mode on the cyclic deformation and fatigue lives. The two types of tests exhibit similar fatigue lives and stress-strain responses indicating minimal influence of the mode of loading in fatigue testing of A356 + T7 alloys. The material exhibits a non-linear deformation behaviour with a mixed isotropic and kinematic hardening behaviour that saturates after the initial few cycles. There exists significant scatter in the tested replicas for both monotonic and cyclic loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)

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16 pages, 8951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Zn-Al Diffusion Layer on 45 Steel Aided by Mechanical Energy

by Jianbin Tong, Yi Liang, Shicheng Wei, Hongyi Su, Bo Wang, Yuzhong Ren, Yunlong Zhou and Zhongqi Sheng

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183032 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3368

Abstract

In harsh environments, the corrosion damage of steel structures and equipment is a serious threat to the operational safety of service. In this paper, a Zn-Al diffusion layer was fabricated on 45 steel by the Mechanical Energy Aided Diffusion Method (MEADM) at 450 [...] Read more.

In harsh environments, the corrosion damage of steel structures and equipment is a serious threat to the operational safety of service. In this paper, a Zn-Al diffusion layer was fabricated on 45 steel by the Mechanical Energy Aided Diffusion Method (MEADM) at 450 °C. The microstructure and composition, the surface topography, and the electrochemical performance of the Zn-Al diffusion layer were analyzed before and after corrosion. The results show that the Zn-Al diffusion layer are composed of Al₂O₃ and Γ₁ phase (Fe11Zn40) and δ₁ phase (FeZn_6.67, FeZn_8.87, and FeZn_10.98) Zn-Fe alloy. There is a transition zone with the thickness of about 5 μm at the interface between the Zn-Al diffusion layer and the substrate, and a carbon-rich layer exists in this zone. The full immersion test and electrochemical test show that the compact corrosion products produced by the initial corrosion of the Zn-Al diffusion layer will firmly bond to the Zn-Al diffusion layer surface and fill the crack, which plays a role in preventing corrosion of the corrosive medium and reducing the corrosion rate of the Zn-Al diffusion layer. The salt spray test reveals that the initial corrosion products of the Zn-Al diffusion layer are mainly ZnO and Zn₅(OH)₈Cl₂H₂O. New corrosion products such as ZnAl₂O₄, FeOCl appear at the middle corrosion stage. The corrosion product ZnAl₂O₄ disappears, and the corrosion products Zn(OH)₂ and Al(OH)₃ appear at the later corrosion stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Coatings for Corrosion Protection)

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13 pages, 8200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Low Scattering Metasurface for Stealth Applications

by Tayyab Ali Khan, Jianxing Li, Juan Chen, Muhammad Usman Raza and Anxue Zhang

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183031 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3813

Abstract

The design of a metasurface with low radar cross section (RCS) property is presented in this paper. The low scattering of the metasurface is achieved by applying the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) unit cells in three different configurations. Two different AMC unit cells [...] Read more.

The design of a metasurface with low radar cross section (RCS) property is presented in this paper. The low scattering of the metasurface is achieved by applying the artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) unit cells in three different configurations. Two different AMC unit cells with an effective phase difference of 180 ± 37° are first designed to analyze the out of phase reflection in a wideband frequency range from 5.9 to 12.2 GHz. Then, the unit cells are placed in a chessboard-like configuration, newly constructed rotated rectangular-shaped configuration, and optimized configuration to study and compare the RCS reduction performance. All designs of the metasurface with different configurations show obvious RCS reduction as compared with the metallic plate of the same size. However, the relative bandwidth of the optimized metasurface is larger than the chessboard-like configuration and rotated rectangular-shaped configuration. To certify the results of the simulations, the metasurface with the optimized configuration is fabricated further to measure the RCS reduction bandwidth. The measured results are in good accordance with the simulated results. Therefore, the proposed metasurface can be a good option for applications where low RCS is desirable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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28 pages, 12950 KiB

Open AccessReview

Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for the Preparation of Well-Defined Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials

by Monika Flejszar and Paweł Chmielarz

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183030 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 7068

Abstract

Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is a powerful tool that allows for the synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials with high potential applications in many disciplines. This review presents synthetic achievements and modifications of nanoparticles via SI-ATRP described in literature last decade. The [...] Read more.

Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) is a powerful tool that allows for the synthesis of organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials with high potential applications in many disciplines. This review presents synthetic achievements and modifications of nanoparticles via SI-ATRP described in literature last decade. The work mainly focuses on the research development of silica, gold and iron polymer-grafted nanoparticles as well as nature-based materials like nanocellulose. Moreover, typical single examples of nanoparticles modification, i.e., ZnO, are presented. The organic–inorganic hybrid systems received according to the reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) approach with drastically reduced catalyst complex concentration indicate a wide range of applications of materials including biomedicine and microelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) in Synthesis of Precisely Defined Polymers)

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15 pages, 5180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure, Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of TiC Particles/Al-5Mg Composite Fillers for Tungsten Arc Welding of 5083 Aluminum Alloy

by Qibo Huang, Rouyue He, Chunxia Wang and Xin Tang

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183029 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3224

Abstract

A semi-solid stir casting mixed multi-pass rolling process was successfully employed to manufacture TiCp/Al-5Mg composite filler wires with different contents of TiC particles. The 5083-H116 aluminum alloys were joined by tungsten inert gas (TIG) using TiCp/Al-5Mg composite weld wires. The microstructure, mechanical properties, [...] Read more.

A semi-solid stir casting mixed multi-pass rolling process was successfully employed to manufacture TiCp/Al-5Mg composite filler wires with different contents of TiC particles. The 5083-H116 aluminum alloys were joined by tungsten inert gas (TIG) using TiCp/Al-5Mg composite weld wires. The microstructure, mechanical properties, fractography and corrosion behavior of the welds were evaluated. The results revealed that TiC particles were distributed in the welds uniformly and effectively refined the primary α-Al grains. The hardness and tensile strength of the welds were improved by increasing the TiC particle content, which could be attributed to the homogeneous distribution of TiC particles and the microstructure in the weld joints. Potentiodynamic polarization testing revealed that the corrosion resistance of the welds also increased with the addition of TiC particle contents. In addition, the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of the welds decreased as micro-TiC particles were introduced into the welds. The electronic structure of the Al/TiC interface was investigated by first principle calculation. The calculation showed that valence electrons tended to be localized in the region of the TiC-Al interface, corresponding to an addition of the overall work function, which hinders the participation of electrons in the composite in corrosion reactions. Full article

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10 pages, 3792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Synthesis of Iridium Nanospheres for Overall Water Splitting

by Hai-Bin Wang, Jia-Qi Wang, Neli Mintcheva, Min Wang, Shuang Li, Jing Mao, Hui Liu, Cun-Ku Dong, Sergei A. Kulinich and Xi-Wen Du

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3028; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183028 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4568

Abstract

Engineering surface structure of catalysts is an efficient way towards high catalytic performance. Here, we report on the synthesis of regular iridium nanospheres (Ir NSs), with abundant atomic steps prepared by a laser ablation technique. Atomic steps, consisting of one-atom level covering the [...] Read more.

Engineering surface structure of catalysts is an efficient way towards high catalytic performance. Here, we report on the synthesis of regular iridium nanospheres (Ir NSs), with abundant atomic steps prepared by a laser ablation technique. Atomic steps, consisting of one-atom level covering the surface of such Ir NSs, were observed by aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM). The prepared Ir NSs exhibited remarkably enhanced activity both for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic medium. As a bifunctional catalyst for overall water splitting, they achieved a cell voltage of 1.535 V @ 10 mA/cm², which is much lower than that of Pt/C-Ir/C couple (1.630 V @ 10 mA/cm²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Design and Properties of Nanomaterials)

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11 pages, 4236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Stability of Partial Dislocation Complexes in 3C-SiC by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Andrey Sarikov, Anna Marzegalli, Luca Barbisan, Francesco Montalenti and Leo Miglio

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3027; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183027 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

In this work, the structure and stability of partial dislocation (PD) complexes terminating double and triple stacking faults in 3C-SiC are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The stability of PD complexes is demonstrated to depend primarily on the mutual orientations of the Burgers [...] Read more.

In this work, the structure and stability of partial dislocation (PD) complexes terminating double and triple stacking faults in 3C-SiC are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The stability of PD complexes is demonstrated to depend primarily on the mutual orientations of the Burgers vectors of constituent partial dislocations. The existence of stable complexes consisting of two and three partial dislocations is established. In particular, two types of stable double (or extrinsic) dislocation complexes are revealed formed by two 30° partial dislocations with different orientations of Burgers vectors, or 30° and 90° partial dislocations. Stable triple PD complexes consist of two 30° partial dislocations with different orientations of their Burgers vectors and one 90° partial dislocation, and have a total Burgers vector that is equal to zero. Results of the simulations agree with experimental observations of the stable PD complexes forming incoherent boundaries of twin regions and polytype inclusions in 3C-SiC films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Silicon Carbide and Related Materials for Energy Saving Applications—Select Papers from E-MRS 2019—Symposium “Silicon Carbide and Related Materials for Energy Saving Applications")

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9 pages, 1648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Intermetallic (Mg_1−x,Al_x)₂Ca by Combinatorial Sputtering

by Philipp Keuter, Soheil Karimi Aghda, Denis Music, Pauline Kümmerl and Jochen M. Schneider

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3026; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183026 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2526

Abstract

The synthesis–composition–structure relationship in the Mg–Ca–Al system is studied using combinatorial magnetron sputtering. With increasing deposition temperature, a drastic decrease in Mg concentration is obtained. This behavior can be understood based on density functional theory calculations yielding a desorption energy of 1.9 eV/atom [...] Read more.

The synthesis–composition–structure relationship in the Mg–Ca–Al system is studied using combinatorial magnetron sputtering. With increasing deposition temperature, a drastic decrease in Mg concentration is obtained. This behavior can be understood based on density functional theory calculations yielding a desorption energy of 1.9 eV/atom for Mg from a hexagonal Mg nanocluster which is far below the desorption energy of Mg from a Mg₂Ca nanocluster (3.4 eV/atom) implying desorption of excess Mg during thin film growth at elevated temperatures. Correlative structural and chemical analysis of binary Mg–Ca thin films suggests the formation of hexagonal Mg₂Ca (C14 Laves phase) in a wide Mg/Ca range from 1.7 to 2.2, expanding the to date reported stoichiometry range. Pronounced thermally-induced desorption of Mg is utilized to synthesize stoichiometric (Mg_1−x,Al_x)₂Ca thin films by additional co-sputtering of elemental Al, exhibiting a higher desorption energy (6.7 eV/atom) compared to Mg (3.4 eV/atom) from Mg₂Ca, which governs its preferred incorporation during synthesis. X-ray diffraction investigations along the chemical gradient suggest the formation of intermetallic C14 (Mg_1–x,Al_x)₂Ca with a critical aluminum concentration of up to 23 at.%. The introduced synthesis strategy, based on the thermally-induced desorption of weakly bonded species, and the preferential incorporation of strongly bonded species, may also be useful for solubility studies of other phases within this ternary system as well as for other intermetallics with weakly bonded alloying constituents. Full article

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21 pages, 8957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness and Compatibility of a Novel Sustainable Method for Stone Consolidation Based on Di-Ammonium Phosphate and Calcium-Based Nanomaterials

by Cecilia Pesce, Ligia M. Moretto, Emilio F. Orsega, Giovanni L. Pesce, Marco Corradi and Johannes Weber

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3025; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183025 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3868

Abstract

External surfaces of stones used in historic buildings often carry high artistic value and need to be preserved from the damages of time, especially from the detrimental effects of the weathering. This study aimed to test the effectiveness and compatibility of some new [...] Read more.

External surfaces of stones used in historic buildings often carry high artistic value and need to be preserved from the damages of time, especially from the detrimental effects of the weathering. This study aimed to test the effectiveness and compatibility of some new environmentally-friendly materials for stone consolidation, as the use thereof has been so far poorly investigated. The treatments were based on combinations of an aqueous solution of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and two calcium-based nanomaterials, namely a commercial nanosuspension of Ca(OH)₂ and a novel nanosuspension of calcite. The treatments were applied to samples of two porous stones: a limestone and a sandstone. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, ultrasound pulse velocity test, colour measurements, and capillary water absorption test. The results suggest that the combined use of DAP and Ca-based nanosuspensions can be advantageous over other commonly used consolidants in terms of retreatability and physical-chemical compatibility with the stone. Some limitations are also highlighted, such as the uneven distribution and low penetration of the consolidants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reinforcement and Repair Materials for Masonry Structures)

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10 pages, 2187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Dynamic Recrystallization and Flow Curves Using the Kinetics of Static Recrystallization

by Valeriy Shkatov and Igor Mazur

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3024; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183024 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2896

Abstract

The results of modeling the dynamic recrystallization of steels during hot deformation on the basis of information on their static recrystallization kinetics are presented. The results of predicting the amount of deformation accumulated in the metal under the conditions of dynamic recrystallization development [...] Read more.

The results of modeling the dynamic recrystallization of steels during hot deformation on the basis of information on their static recrystallization kinetics are presented. The results of predicting the amount of deformation accumulated in the metal under the conditions of dynamic recrystallization development were used for calculating the metal flow curves. The model was validated by comparing the calculated flow curves with the experimental flow curves determined on the 1045 steel by means of hot torsion tests carried out from 1000 °C to 1100 °C and at strain rates from 0.1 to 10 s^‒1. The difference between the experimental and predicted flow stress values did not exceed 6%. The influence of the chemical element content in low-alloyed steels on the magnitude of the critical strain for the initiation of dynamic recrystallization is assessed. The method of predicting the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization by recalculating the kinetics of static recrystallization to the conditions of continuous growth of the strain degree during metal deformation implemented in the model can be used in designing and optimizing technologies associated with metal hot forming processes. Full article

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17 pages, 6193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Optimization of Machining Performance and Sustainability Aspects when Turning AISI 1045 Steel under Different Cooling and Lubrication Strategies

by Adel T. Abbas, Faycal Benyahia, Magdy M. El Rayes, Catalin Pruncu, Mohamed A. Taha and Hussien Hegab

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183023 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 3155

Abstract

In this work, an extensive analysis has been presented and discussed to study the effectiveness of using different cooling and lubrication techniques when turning AISI 1045 steel. Three different approaches have been employed, namely dry, flood, and minimum quantity lubrication based nanofluid (MQL-nanofluid). [...] Read more.

In this work, an extensive analysis has been presented and discussed to study the effectiveness of using different cooling and lubrication techniques when turning AISI 1045 steel. Three different approaches have been employed, namely dry, flood, and minimum quantity lubrication based nanofluid (MQL-nanofluid). In addition, three multi-objective optimization models have been employed to select the optimal cutting conditions. These cases include machining performance, sustainability effectiveness, and an integrated model which covers both machining outputs (i.e., surface roughness and power consumption) and sustainability aspects (carbon dioxide emissions and total machining cost). The results provided in this work offer a clear guideline to select the optimal cutting conditions based on different scenarios. It should be stated that MQL-nanofluid offered promising results through the three studied cases compared to dry and flood approaches. When considering both sustainability aspects and machining outputs, it is found that the optimal cutting conditions are cutting speed of 147 m/min, depth of cut of 0.28 mm and feed rate of 0.06 mm/rev using MQL-nanofluid. The three studied multi-objective optimization models obtained in this work provide flexibility to the decision maker(s) to select the appropriate cooling/lubrication strategy based on the desired objectives and targets, whether these targets are focused on machining performance, sustainability effectiveness, or both. Thus, this work offers a promising attempt in the open literature to optimize the machining process from the performance–sustainability point of view. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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9 pages, 3266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Cellular Automata Simulation of the Austenitizing Process in GCr15 Bearing Steel

by Fuyong Su, Wenli Liu and Zhi Wen

Materials 2019, 12(18), 3022; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12183022 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3364

Abstract

On the basis of the two-dimensional cellular automaton model, a three-dimensional cellular automaton model of austenitizing process was established. By considering the orientation of pearlite layer and the direction of austenite grain growth, the velocity of the interface was calculated during the austenitizing [...] Read more.

On the basis of the two-dimensional cellular automaton model, a three-dimensional cellular automaton model of austenitizing process was established. By considering the orientation of pearlite layer and the direction of austenite grain growth, the velocity of the interface was calculated during the austenitizing process. The austenitizing process of GCr15 steel was simulated, and the anisotropy of grain growth rate during austenitization was demonstrated by simulation results. By comparing the simulation results with the experimental data, it was found that the calculated results of the three-dimensional cellular automaton model established in this paper were in good agreement with the experimental results. By using this model, the three-dimensional austenitizing process of GCr15 steel at different temperatures and under different processing times can be analyzed, and the degree of austenitization can be predicted. Full article

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