Figure 1.
Final hydration degree versus ratio.
Figure 1.
Final hydration degree versus ratio.
Figure 2.
Adiabatic and semi-adiabatic conditions: (
a) Hydration heat and (
b) temperature development [
9].
Figure 2.
Adiabatic and semi-adiabatic conditions: (
a) Hydration heat and (
b) temperature development [
9].
Figure 3.
Heat transfer between a solid and the environment: (
a) Natural convection; (
b) forced convection; (
c) longwave radiation and (
d) shortwave radiation [
12].
Figure 3.
Heat transfer between a solid and the environment: (
a) Natural convection; (
b) forced convection; (
c) longwave radiation and (
d) shortwave radiation [
12].
Figure 4.
The convective heat transfer coefficient versus wind speed .
Figure 4.
The convective heat transfer coefficient versus wind speed .
Figure 5.
View of the object and monitored zone.
Figure 5.
View of the object and monitored zone.
Figure 6.
The monitored section No. 4.1–2: (a) View and cross section and (b) localization of temperature measurement points.
Figure 6.
The monitored section No. 4.1–2: (a) View and cross section and (b) localization of temperature measurement points.
Figure 7.
The monitored section No. 4.4: (a) View and cross section and (b) localization of temperature measurement points.
Figure 7.
The monitored section No. 4.4: (a) View and cross section and (b) localization of temperature measurement points.
Figure 8.
The monitored section No. 3.18.
Figure 8.
The monitored section No. 3.18.
Figure 9.
Localization of measurement points—section No. 3.18: (a) Global view and (b) detailed view.
Figure 9.
Localization of measurement points—section No. 3.18: (a) Global view and (b) detailed view.
Figure 10.
(
a) The average compressive strength for mortar cubes and the (
b) determination of
[
3].
Figure 10.
(
a) The average compressive strength for mortar cubes and the (
b) determination of
[
3].
Figure 11.
Hydration heat of CEM I 52, 5 N SR3/NA.
Figure 11.
Hydration heat of CEM I 52, 5 N SR3/NA.
Figure 12.
(a) Styrofoam container to semi-adiabatic concrete curing and (b) experimental set-up.
Figure 12.
(a) Styrofoam container to semi-adiabatic concrete curing and (b) experimental set-up.
Figure 13.
Temperature evolution in the centre of a concrete cubes cured in isothermal and semi-adiabatic conditions.
Figure 13.
Temperature evolution in the centre of a concrete cubes cured in isothermal and semi-adiabatic conditions.
Figure 14.
Adiabatic hydration curve for two various conditions: (a) Semi-adiabatic and (b) isothermal.
Figure 14.
Adiabatic hydration curve for two various conditions: (a) Semi-adiabatic and (b) isothermal.
Figure 15.
(a) Time evolution of the hydration degree and (b) chemical affinity vs. hydration degree.
Figure 15.
(a) Time evolution of the hydration degree and (b) chemical affinity vs. hydration degree.
Figure 16.
Temperature of concrete specimens cured in semi-adiabatic conditions: (a) In the time domain and (b) space variation of the temperature field in a 150-mm cube at different curing times (simulations + four measured values).
Figure 16.
Temperature of concrete specimens cured in semi-adiabatic conditions: (a) In the time domain and (b) space variation of the temperature field in a 150-mm cube at different curing times (simulations + four measured values).
Figure 17.
The concrete temperature in adiabatic conditions for two approaches.
Figure 17.
The concrete temperature in adiabatic conditions for two approaches.
Figure 18.
Three considered model parameters: (a) ; (b) and (c) .
Figure 18.
Three considered model parameters: (a) ; (b) and (c) .
Figure 19.
The proposition of determination model parameters: (a) and (b) .
Figure 19.
The proposition of determination model parameters: (a) and (b) .
Figure 20.
The own suggestion of connective heat transfer coefficient: (a) and (b) .
Figure 20.
The own suggestion of connective heat transfer coefficient: (a) and (b) .
Figure 21.
Space discretization.
Figure 21.
Space discretization.
Figure 22.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab, 93 cm thick (stage I): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 22.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab, 93 cm thick (stage I): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 23.
The temperature distribution of the concrete bottom slab (stage I): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 23.
The temperature distribution of the concrete bottom slab (stage I): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 24.
Temperature development of the concrete during 240 h: (a) Web and (b) top slab.
Figure 24.
Temperature development of the concrete during 240 h: (a) Web and (b) top slab.
Figure 25.
The concrete temperature of web, 40 cm thick (stage II): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 25.
The concrete temperature of web, 40 cm thick (stage II): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 26.
The concrete temperature of top slab, 56 cm thick (stage II): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 26.
The concrete temperature of top slab, 56 cm thick (stage II): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 27.
(a) Space variation of the web temperature field at different curing time and (b) concrete temperature distribution map (in both cases variable, measured ambient temperature).
Figure 27.
(a) Space variation of the web temperature field at different curing time and (b) concrete temperature distribution map (in both cases variable, measured ambient temperature).
Figure 28.
(a) Space variation of the top slab temperature field at different curing time and (b) concrete temperature distribution map (in both cases variable, measured ambient temperature).
Figure 28.
(a) Space variation of the top slab temperature field at different curing time and (b) concrete temperature distribution map (in both cases variable, measured ambient temperature).
Figure 29.
The concrete temperature of web, 40 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 29.
The concrete temperature of web, 40 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 30.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab, 80 cm thick (stage I): (a) Variant No. 1 and (b) variant No. 2.
Figure 30.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab, 80 cm thick (stage I): (a) Variant No. 1 and (b) variant No. 2.
Figure 31.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab 35 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 31.
The concrete temperature of bottom slab 35 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 32.
The concrete temperature of top slab 57.2 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 32.
The concrete temperature of top slab 57.2 cm thick (stage III): (a) Constant ambient temperature and (b) variable, measured ambient temperature.
Figure 33.
Maturity curve related to cubic strength after three stages of research.
Figure 33.
Maturity curve related to cubic strength after three stages of research.
Figure 34.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the bottom slab (stage I, 93 cm thick, ).
Figure 34.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the bottom slab (stage I, 93 cm thick, ).
Figure 35.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the top slab (stage II, 56 cm thick, ).
Figure 35.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the top slab (stage II, 56 cm thick, ).
Figure 36.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the top slab (stage III, 57,2 cm thick, ).
Figure 36.
Map of the early age compressive strength distribution of the top slab (stage III, 57,2 cm thick, ).
Table 1.
Chemical and physical properties of the cement.
Table 1.
Chemical and physical properties of the cement.
Component | CEM I 52.5 N |
---|
SO3 | 2.6% |
Cl- | 0.07% |
Na2Oeq | 0.5% |
Al2O3 | 3.9% |
C3A | 1.8% |
C4AF + 2C3A | 18.9% |
Bulk Density | 3.2 g/cm3 |
Blain area | 3789 g/cm2 |
Initial setting time | 204 min. |
Final setting time | 257 min. |
Table 2.
Thermophysical properties of concrete C 60/75 class.
Table 2.
Thermophysical properties of concrete C 60/75 class.
| | | | | | | |
---|
(kg/m3) | (kg/m3) | (K) | (–) | (–) | (kJ/kg) | (kJ/(kg·K)) | (W/(m·K)) |
---|
440 | 2570 | 4620 | 0.325 | 0.65 | 330 | 0.84 | 2.0 |
Table 3.
Characteristic temperature values.
Table 3.
Characteristic temperature values.
| | | | | | |
---|
Conditions | (°C) | (°C) | (°C) | (h) | (°C) | (°C /h) |
---|
Isothermal | 24.0 | 24.0 | 29.2 | 16.5 | 5.2 | 0.32 |
Semi-adiabatic | 23.2 | 24.0 | 39.6 | 20.0 | 16.4 | 0.82 |
Table 4.
Model parameters according to Martinelli et al. [
9].
Table 4.
Model parameters according to Martinelli et al. [
9].
| | | |
---|
(–) | (–) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
15.5 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 20.0 |
Table 5.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 93 cm thick, stage I.
Table 5.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 93 cm thick, stage I.
| | | | | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (h) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
7.1·106 | 2.7 | 1·10−5 | 26.7 | 22.1 | 23 – 94 | 0.40 | 12.6 | 2.2 |
Table 6.
Thermophysical parameters—web, 40 cm thick, stage II.
Table 6.
Thermophysical parameters—web, 40 cm thick, stage II.
| | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
7.6·106 | 4.3 | 1·10−4 | 29.1 | 20.1 | 2.6 |
Table 7.
Thermophysical parameters—top slab, 56 cm thick, stage II.
Table 7.
Thermophysical parameters—top slab, 56 cm thick, stage II.
| | | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
7.6·106 | 3.8 | 1·10−4 | 28.5 | 20.1 | 6.5 | 2.6 |
Table 8.
Thermophysical parameters—web, 40 cm thick, stage III.
Table 8.
Thermophysical parameters—web, 40 cm thick, stage III.
| | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
12.0·106 | 4.3 | 1·10–4 | 14.8 | 4.4 | 5.6 |
Table 9.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 80 cm thick, stage I.
Table 9.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 80 cm thick, stage I.
| | | | | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (h) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
7.1·106 | 3.1 | 1·10−5 | 26.7 | 22.1 | 23 - 94 | 5.4 | 18.6 | 2.2 |
Table 10.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 35 cm thick, stage III.
Table 10.
Thermophysical parameters—bottom slab, 35 cm thick, stage III.
| | | | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (°C) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
12.0·106 | 4.5 | 1·10−4 | 14.8 | 11.3 | 4.4 | 5.6 | 4.0 |
Table 11.
Thermophysical parameters—top slab, 57.2 cm thick, stage III.
Table 11.
Thermophysical parameters—top slab, 57.2 cm thick, stage III.
| | | | | | | |
---|
(1/h) | (–) | (–) | (°C) | (°C) | (°C) | (W/(m2·K)) | (W/(m2·K)) |
---|
12.0·106 | 3.8 | 1·10−5 | 14.8 | 4.4 | 11.9 | 10.3 | 4.0 |