Materials

23 pages, 7950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Application of Self-Curing Magnesium Phosphate Cement Concrete with High Early Strength in Severe Cold Environments

by Xingwen Jia, Jiayin Luo, Wenxin Zhang, Jueshi Qian, Junmeng Li, Ping Wang and Maohua Tang

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5587; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235587 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2542

Abstract

The early strength of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) decreases sharply in severe cold environments ≤−10 °C, with the 2 h compressive strength falling to 3.5 MPa at−20 °C. Therefore, it cannot be used as a repair material for emergency repair construction in such [...] Read more.

The early strength of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) decreases sharply in severe cold environments ≤−10 °C, with the 2 h compressive strength falling to 3.5 MPa at−20 °C. Therefore, it cannot be used as a repair material for emergency repair construction in such environments. In this study, MPC is adapted for use in such cold environments by replacing part of the dead-burned magnesia (M) in the mixture with a small amount of light-burned magnesia (LBM) and introducing dilute phosphoric acid (PA) solution as the mixing water. The heat released by the highly active acid–base reaction of PA and LBM stimulates an MPC reaction. Moreover, the early strength of the MPC significantly improves with the increase in the Mg²⁺ concentration and the initial reaction temperature of the MPC paste, which enables MPC hardening in severe cold environments. Although the morphology of the reaction products of the MPC is poor and the grain plumpness and size of the struvite crystals are remarkably reduced, the early strength of MPC prepared in the severe cold environment is close to that of MPC prepared under normal temperature. Furthermore, the increases in the early reaction temperature and early strength of magnesium phosphate cement concrete (MPCC) are significantly improved when the PA concentration in the mixing water and the LBM/M ratio are 10% and 4–6% at −10 °C and 20% and 6–8% at −20 °C, respectively. Moreover, self-curing of MPCC can be realized even at −20 °C, at which temperature the 2 h and 24 h compressive strength of MPCC reach 36 MPa and 45 MPa, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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17 pages, 7612 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Analysis on the Effects of External Temperature and Welding Speed on the Safety of EVA Waterproofing Sheet Joints by Hot Air Welding

by Wan-Goo Park, Su-Young Choi, Jin-Sang Park, Dong-Bum Kim, Xing-Yang He and Sang-Keun Oh

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5586; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235586 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2173

Abstract

This study analyzes the optimal seasonal ambient temperature during welding and welding speed conditions for securing high tensile strength of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) waterproofing sheets bonded for roofing, installed by hot air welded joints (overlaps). Seven separate ambient temperature conditions (−10, −5, [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the optimal seasonal ambient temperature during welding and welding speed conditions for securing high tensile strength of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) waterproofing sheets bonded for roofing, installed by hot air welded joints (overlaps). Seven separate ambient temperature conditions (−10, −5, and 0 °C for winter conditions, 20 °C for the normal condition, and 25, 30, and 35 °C for summer conditions) were set for the test variable and seven speed conditions (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 m/min) for hot air welding. Based on these conditions, EVA sheet joint specimens were prepared, and the tensile strength of the joint sections was tested and measured. Tensile strength results, compared to normal temperature conditions (20 °C) showed an increase in the summer temperature condition but a decrease during winter temperature conditions. The analysis on the effects of the welding speed showed that in summer temperature conditions (25, 30, and 35 °C), the optimum hot air welding speed is 4.3~9.0 m/min at 25 °C, 4.7~8.7 m/min at 30 °C and 5.2~8.6 m/min at 35 °C, whereas in winter (−10, −5, and 0 °C), the optimum hot air welding temperature is 3~4.1 m/min at −10 °C, 3~4.6 m/min at −5 °C and 3~4.9 m/min at 0 °C. Research results demonstrate that it is imperative to consider the welding speed in accordance to the respective seasonal temperature conditions to secure construction quality of the EVA joints for roofing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete and Waterproofing Materials: Development of Waterproofing Technology for Buildings and Civil Concrete Structures)

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21 pages, 15024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Selected Cooling and Deformation Parameters on the Structure and Properties of AISI 4340 Steel

by Maros Eckert, Michal Krbata, Igor Barenyi, Jozef Majerik, Andrej Dubec and Michal Bokes

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235585 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3586

Abstract

The paper is focused on investigation of the high-strength AISI 4340 steel at various temperature and deformation conditions. The article is divided into two specific analyses. The first is to examine the dilatation behavior of the steel at eight different cooling rates, namely, [...] Read more.

The paper is focused on investigation of the high-strength AISI 4340 steel at various temperature and deformation conditions. The article is divided into two specific analyses. The first is to examine the dilatation behavior of the steel at eight different cooling rates, namely, 100, 10, 5, 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.01 °C·s⁻¹. The mapping of the phase transformations due to varying cooling rates from the austenitizing temperature of 850 °C allows the construction of the CCT diagram for a given high-strength steel. These dilatation curves were also compared with the metallography of the selected samples for the proper construction of the CCT diagram. A further analysis of the high temperature deformation of high strength steel AISI 4340 was performed in the range of temperature 900–1200 °C, and the strain rate was in the range from 0.001 to 10 s⁻¹ with maximum value of the true strain 0.9. Changes in the microstructure were observed using light optical microscopy (LOM). The effect of hot deformation temperature on true stress, peak stress and true strain was investigated. The hardness of all deformed samples, depending on the temperature, the deformation rate and the peak stress σ_p overall together related with hardness, has also been evaluated. Full article

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22 pages, 7986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Laser Melting and Electron Beam Melting of Ti6Al4V for Orthopedic Applications: A Comparative Study on the Applied Building Direction

by Paola Ginestra, Rosalba Monica Ferraro, Keren Zohar-Hauber, Andrea Abeni, Silvia Giliani and Elisabetta Ceretti

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235584 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 3700

Abstract

The 3D printing process offers several advantages to the medical industry by producing complex and bespoke devices that accurately reproduce customized patient geometries. Despite the recent developments that strongly enhanced the dominance of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques over conventional methods, processes need to [...] Read more.

The 3D printing process offers several advantages to the medical industry by producing complex and bespoke devices that accurately reproduce customized patient geometries. Despite the recent developments that strongly enhanced the dominance of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques over conventional methods, processes need to be continually optimized and controlled to obtain implants that can fulfill all the requirements of the surgical procedure and the anatomical district of interest. The best outcomes of an implant derive from optimal compromise and balance between a good interaction with the surrounding tissue through cell attachment and reduced inflammatory response mainly caused by a weak interface with the native tissue or bacteria colonization of the implant surface. For these reasons, the chemical, morphological, and mechanical properties of a device need to be designed in order to assure the best performances considering the in vivo environment components. In particular, complex 3D geometries can be produced with high dimensional accuracy but inadequate surface properties due to the layer manufacturing process that always entails the use of post-processing techniques to improve the surface quality, increasing the lead times of the whole process despite the reduction of the supply chain. The goal of this work was to provide a comparison between Ti6Al4V samples fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) with different building directions in relation to the building plate. The results highlighted the influence of the process technique on osteoblast attachment and mineralization compared with the building orientation that showed a limited effect in promoting a proper osseointegration over a long-term period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Shear Stress Determination in Tubular Specimens under Torsion in the Elastic–Plastic Strain Range from the Perspective of Fatigue Analysis

by Jan Seyda, Łukasz Pejkowski and Dariusz Skibicki

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5583; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235583 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2891

Abstract

The comparison of shear stress determination methods in tubular specimens under torsion is presented in this paper. Four methods were analyzed: purely elastic solutions, purely plastic solutions, the midsection approach, and the Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model. Using experimental data from self-designed and [...] Read more.

The comparison of shear stress determination methods in tubular specimens under torsion is presented in this paper. Four methods were analyzed: purely elastic solutions, purely plastic solutions, the midsection approach, and the Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model. Using experimental data from self-designed and conducted fatigue experiments, an interesting insight on this problem was obtained that is not often tackled in the literature. It was shown that there are differences in determined shear stress values, and their level depends on a few factors. The midsection approach and purely plastic solution gave values of surface shear stress very close to the values obtained using the Chaboche nonlinear kinematic hardening model for high strain levels. The purely elastic solution gave proper results for the low strain ranges, close to the cyclic yield limit. Since none of the methods can be trusted in the full range of loading, an important conclusion from these analyses regards the formulated ranges of their applicability. It was also shown that the calculated values of shear stress and plastic and elastic strain energy density determined on this basis have a strong impact on fatigue life predictions. Finally, the influence of predicted values of shear stresses on the interpretation of cyclic hardening phenomena was also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)

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31 pages, 16968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multiscale Topographical Analysis Based on Morphological Information: The HEVC Multiscale Decomposition

by Tarek Eseholi, François-Xavier Coudoux, Patrick Corlay, Rahmad Sadli and Maxence Bigerelle

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5582; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235582 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

In this paper, we evaluate the effect of scale analysis as well as the filtering process on the performances of an original compressed-domain classifier in the field of material surface topographies classification. Each surface profile is multiscale analyzed by using a Gaussian Filter [...] Read more.

In this paper, we evaluate the effect of scale analysis as well as the filtering process on the performances of an original compressed-domain classifier in the field of material surface topographies classification. Each surface profile is multiscale analyzed by using a Gaussian Filter analyzing method to be decomposed into three multiscale filtered image types: Low-pass (LP), Band-pass (BP), and High-pass (HP) filtered versions, respectively. The complete set of filtered image data constitutes the collected database. First, the images are lossless compressed using the state-of-the art High-efficiency video coding (HEVC) video coding standard. Then, the Intra-Prediction Modes Histogram (IPHM) feature descriptor is computed directly in the compressed domain from each HEVC compressed image. Finally, we apply the IPHM feature descriptors as an input of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. SVM is introduced here to strengthen the performances of the proposed classification system thanks to the powerful properties of machine learning tools. We evaluate the proposed solution we called “HEVC Multiscale Decomposition” (HEVC-MD) on a huge database of nearly 42,000 multiscale topographic images. A simple preliminary version of the algorithm reaches an accuracy of 52%. We increase this accuracy to 70% by using the multiscale analysis of the high-frequency range HP filtered image data sets. Finally, we verify that considering only the highest-scale analysis of low-frequency range LP was more appropriate for classifying our six surface topographies with an accuracy of up to 81%. To compare these new topographical descriptors to those conventionally used, SVM is applied on a set of 34 roughness parameters defined on the International Standard GPS ISO 25178 (Geometrical Product Specification), and one obtains accuracies of 38%, 52%, 65%, and 57% respectively for Sa, multiscale Sa, 34 roughness parameters, and multiscale ones. Compared to conventional roughness descriptors, the HEVC-MD descriptors increase surfaces discrimination from 65% to 81%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue “3D” Parametric and Nonparametric Description of Surface Topography in Manufacturing Processes)

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14 pages, 7660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Nb Content on Precipitation, Grain Microstructure, Texture and Magnetic Properties of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steel

by Yong Wang, Chengyi Zhu, Guangqiang Li, Yulong Liu and Yu Liu

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235581 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

The effects of Nb content on precipitation, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of primary recrystallized grain-oriented silicon steel were investigated by various methods. The results show that the precipitates in primary recrystallized sheets are mainly MnS, Nb(C,N), composite precipitates of MnS and AlN, [...] Read more.

The effects of Nb content on precipitation, microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of primary recrystallized grain-oriented silicon steel were investigated by various methods. The results show that the precipitates in primary recrystallized sheets are mainly MnS, Nb(C,N), composite precipitates of MnS and AlN, and composite precipitates of Nb(C,N) and AlN. Adding niobium could refine the primary recrystallized microstructure. The steel with 0.009 wt% Nb possesses the finest and the most dispersed precipitates, which contributes to the finest primary recrystallized microstructure due to the strong pinning force. Adding niobium is beneficial to obtain large volume fraction favorable texture for grain-oriented silicon steel, and the effect of Nb addition is not obvious when the content is higher than 0.009 wt%. After final annealing, the steel with 0.009 wt% Nb shows the best magnetic properties, B₈₀₀ = 1.872 T, P_1.7/50 = 1.25 W/kg. Full article

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16 pages, 3512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Silane Coupling Agent Coating on Acidic Aggregate Surfaces to Enhance the Adhesion between Asphalt and Aggregate: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

by Gongying Ding, Xin Yu, Fuqiang Dong, Zezhong Ji and Junyan Wang

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5580; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235580 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3530

Abstract

Acidic aggregates have the merits of high strength and good abrasion resistance capacity. However, its poor adhesion with asphalt binder constrains its application in pavement construction. Among these, the granite aggregate is the typical one. Therefore, this study modified granite aggregates’ surface to [...] Read more.

Acidic aggregates have the merits of high strength and good abrasion resistance capacity. However, its poor adhesion with asphalt binder constrains its application in pavement construction. Among these, the granite aggregate is the typical one. Therefore, this study modified granite aggregates’ surface to improve their adhesion property with the asphalt binder. Specifically, the silane coupling agent (SCA) KH-560 was adopted to achieve the modification purpose. Subsequently, asphalt mixtures with modified and unmodified granite, basalt, and limestone were subjected to the boiling test, immersion test, and freeze-thaw splitting test to estimate the asphalt adhesion property. Moreover, a molecular dynamic simulation was employed to characterize the asphalt-aggregate interface from the molecular scale. The radius distribution function (RDF) and interaction energy were used as the primary indicators. The results showed that the SCA could efficiently improve the adhesion between asphalt and granite aggregates, comparable with the alkaline aggregates. In terms of the molecular scale, the incorporation of SCA could significantly increase the concentration distribution of asphalt molecules on the aggregate surface. Meanwhile, the interaction energy was correspondingly increased due to the considerable growth of non-bond interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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19 pages, 4445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bending Behaviour of Polymeric Materials Used on Biomechanics Orthodontic Appliances

by Ivo Domagała, Krzysztof Przystupa, Marcel Firlej, Daniel Pieniak, Agata Niewczas and Barbara Biedziak

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235579 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3085

Abstract

This paper discusses the issues of strength and creep of polymeric materials used in orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic biomechanics is focused on the movement of individual teeth or dental groups as a result of the force applied by orthodontic appliances. Stresses in the construction [...] Read more.

This paper discusses the issues of strength and creep of polymeric materials used in orthodontic appliances. Orthodontic biomechanics is focused on the movement of individual teeth or dental groups as a result of the force applied by orthodontic appliances. Stresses in the construction of functional and biomechanical appliances is generated when using the apparatus in the oral cavity. The orthodontic appliance must maintain its shape and not be damaged during treatment so strength and creep resistance are fundamental properties. It was assumed that the clinical success of orthodontic appliances can be determined by these performance properties. The aim of the work was the experimental assessment of comparative bending strength and creep resistance of selected popular polymer materials used in the production of biomechanical orthodontic appliances. Four commercial materials manufactured by the world class producers were tested: NextDent Ortho Rigid (Vertex-Dental B.V., Soesterberg, The Netherlands) marked as “1A”; Erkocryl (ERKODENT Erich Kopp GmbH, Pfalzgrafenweiler, Germany)-“2A”; Vertex Orthoplast (Vertex Dental B.V.), blue, marked as “3A” and material with the same name as “3A” but orange, marked in the article as “4A”. All the tests were carried out after aging in artificial saliva for 48 h at a temperature of 37 °C. Flexular strength and flexular modulus were made using the three point bending method according to the ISO 178 technical standard. Creep tests were carried out according to the method contained in ISO 899-2. The creep test was carried out in an artificial saliva bath at 37 °C. The creep tests showed significant differences in the strength, modulus and deformability of the tested materials. The strength reliability of the tested materials also varied. The research shows that the 2A material can be used for orthodontic applications in which long-term stresses should be lower than 20 MPa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Properties of Dental Restorative Materials)

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14 pages, 7275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Surface Hydrophobicity of PLA/PE and ABS/PE Polymer Blends by ICP Etching and CF_x Coating

by Vedrana Lovinčić Milovanović, Cédric Guyon, Ivana Grčić, Michael Tatoulian and Domagoj Vrsaljko

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235578 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3119

Abstract

The flow regime inside the channel of 3D printed microreactors is defined by the surface properties of the channel walls. Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) are two polymers that are the most common in additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication, commonly known as [...] Read more.

The flow regime inside the channel of 3D printed microreactors is defined by the surface properties of the channel walls. Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) are two polymers that are the most common in additive manufacturing using fused filament fabrication, commonly known as “3D printing”. With the aim of developing new materials for the 3D printing of microreactors whose channel surface hydrophobicity could be modified, PLA and ABS were blended with cheaper and widely used polymers-high-density polyethylene (PE-HD) and low-density polyethylene (PE-LD). Polymer blend surfaces were treated with inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and coated by fluorocarbon-based material (CF_x) plasma deposition treatment in order to modify surface hydrophobicity. It has been shown that the modification of surface morphology of PLA polymer blends can be achieved by ICP etching and CF_x coating, while this was not possible for ABS polymer blends under the conducted treatment conditions. The treated surface of PLA/PE-HD 90/10 showed a contact angle of 121.6° which is 36° higher than the contact angle measured on the untreated surface. Surfaces that have achieved contact angles higher than 120° have an “island like” surface morphology. Samples with higher “islands” showed higher contact angles, that confirmed that the hydrophobicity also depends on the height of the “islands”. Furthermore, it has been found that etching time significantly impacts the contact angle values and surface morphology of the PLA polymer blends, while the CF_x coating time does not have significant impact on the surface properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymer Blends)

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15 pages, 3062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Zeolite Features on the Dehydration Reaction of Methanol to Dimethyl Ether: Catalytic Behaviour and Kinetics

by Enrico Catizzone, Emanuele Giglio, Massimo Migliori, Paolo C. Cozzucoli and Girolamo Giordano

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5577; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235577 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3023

Abstract

The synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) is an important step in the production of chemical intermediate because it is possible to prepare it by direct hydrogenation of CO₂. This paper reports the effect of different zeolitic frameworks (such as: BEA, EUO, [...] Read more.

The synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) is an important step in the production of chemical intermediate because it is possible to prepare it by direct hydrogenation of CO₂. This paper reports the effect of different zeolitic frameworks (such as: BEA, EUO, FER, MFI, MOR, MTW, TON) on methanol conversion, DME selectivity and catalyst deactivation. The effect of crystal size, Si/Al ratio and acidity of the investigated catalysts have been also studied. Finally, the kinetic parameters (such as: ∆H, ∆S and ∆G) have been evaluated together with pre-exponential factor and activation energy for catalysts with FER and MFI structure topology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Porous Materials and Nanozeolites)

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20 pages, 5316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Mechanical Properties and Durability of Alkali-Activated Coal Gangue-Slag Concrete

by Hongguang Zhu, Sen Yang, Weijian Li, Zonghui Li, Jingchong Fan and Zhengyan Shen

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5576; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235576 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3141

Abstract

Herein, a new geopolymer is recognized as a potential alternative cementing material of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which is used for reducing carbon emissions and efficiently recycling the waste. Therefore this paper mainly studied the alkali-activated coal gangue-slag concrete (ACSC) was prepared by [...] Read more.

Herein, a new geopolymer is recognized as a potential alternative cementing material of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which is used for reducing carbon emissions and efficiently recycling the waste. Therefore this paper mainly studied the alkali-activated coal gangue-slag concrete (ACSC) was prepared by using the coal gangue-slag and Na₂SiO₃ and NaOH complex activator. The ratio of coal gangue (calcined and uncalcined) coarse aggregate replacing the gravel was 0%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100%. The water and salt freeze-thaw resistance, compressive strength, chloride permeation, microstructure, performance mechanism, inner freeze-thaw damage distribution, and mechanics models of ACSC were investigated. Results show that ACSC displayed excellent early age compressive strength, and the compact degree and uniformity of structure were better compared with the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) when the coal gangue replacement rate was less than 50%. The ACSC demonstrated the best chloride penetration resistance under 30% uncalcined coal gangue content, which was less than 27.75% lower than that of using OPC. At the same number cycles, especially in the salt freezing, the calcined coal gangue had lowered advantages of improving resistance freeze-thaw damage resistance. Water and salt accumulative freeze-thaw damage mechanics models of ACSC were established by using the relative dynamic elasticity modulus. The exponential function model was superior to the power function model with better precision and relativity, and the models accurately reflected the freeze-thaw damage effect. Full article

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13 pages, 3711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Greener High-Strength Concrete Using Russian Quartz Sandstone Mine Waste Aggregates

by Aleksandr Tolstoy, Valery Lesovik, Roman Fediuk, Mugahed Amran, Murali Gunasekaran, Nikolai Vatin and Yuriy Vasilev

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5575; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235575 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 3596

Abstract

Quartz sandstone (QS) is a mine waste; therefore, its use in construction allows for both reducing the cost of the concrete and contributing to the utilization of waste. The scientific originality of this study is the identification of models of the effect of [...] Read more.

Quartz sandstone (QS) is a mine waste; therefore, its use in construction allows for both reducing the cost of the concrete and contributing to the utilization of waste. The scientific originality of this study is the identification of models of the effect of QS aggregate on the physicomechanical, durability characteristics, and eco-safety of greener high-strength concrete. The study used an energy-efficient method of non-thermal effects of electromagnetic pulses on the destruction mechanisms of quartz-containing raw materials. The characteristics of quartzite sandstone aggregates, including the natural activity of radionuclides, were comprehensively studied. The features of concrete hardening, including the formation of an interfacial transition zone between the aggregate and the cement matrix, were studied, taking into account the chemical and morphological features of quartzite sandstone. In addition, the microstructural and morphological properties of concrete were determined after a 28 day curing. In this study, the behaviors of the concrete with QS aggregate were investigated, bearing in mind the provisions of geomimetics science on the affinity of structures. The results obtained showed that the QS aggregate had the activity of natural radionuclides 3–4 times lower compared to traditional aggregates. Efficient greener concrete with a 46.3 MPa compressive strength, water permeability grade W14, and freeze–thaw resistance of 300 cycles were also obtained, demonstrating that the performance of this greener concrete was comparable to that of traditional concrete with more expensive granite or gabbro diabase aggregates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Concrete and Building Materials)

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10 pages, 17605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Aging Process on the Damping Performance of ZK60 Magnesium Alloys Prepared by Large Strain Rolling

by Xuhui Feng, Youping Sun, Siyu Wan, Gang Chen and Jiangmei He

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5574; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235574 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

In this study, the effects of an aging treatment (T5) and a solution + aging treatment (T6) on the microstructure and damping properties of a ZK60 magnesium alloy prepared by large strain rolling (LSR) were studied by an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron [...] Read more.

In this study, the effects of an aging treatment (T5) and a solution + aging treatment (T6) on the microstructure and damping properties of a ZK60 magnesium alloy prepared by large strain rolling (LSR) were studied by an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMA). The results showed that both the T5 and T6 processes had a great impact on the microstructure and damping properties of the ZK60 magnesium alloy. With the increase in aging time, the grain size was basically unchanged, and the amount of the second phase increased, resulting in a gradual decrease in the damping performance. However, compared with the damping performance of the un-aged ZK60 magnesium alloy, the damping performance of the 4 h-aged ZK60 magnesium alloy was enhanced. At the same aging time, the increase in the aging temperature promoted the precipitation of the second phase, thereby reducing the damping performance of the ZK60 magnesium alloy. It was found that the T6-treated ZK60 magnesium alloy had a larger grain size, which led to a better damping performance; in addition, the T6-treated ZK60 magnesium alloy exhibited a damping plateau, which was determined by the distribution and amount of the second phase. Full article

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18 pages, 8423 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fire Design Equation for Steel–Polymer Composite Floors in Thermal Fields Via Finite Element Analysis

by Min Jae Park, Jaehoon Bae, Jaeho Ryu and Young K. Ju

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5573; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235573 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2050

Abstract

Owing to the development of new materials that enhance structural members in the construction field, steel–polymer composite floors have been developed and applied to steel structures. Similar to a sandwich system, steel–polymer composite floors consist of polymers between two steel plates. The structural [...] Read more.

Owing to the development of new materials that enhance structural members in the construction field, steel–polymer composite floors have been developed and applied to steel structures. Similar to a sandwich system, steel–polymer composite floors consist of polymers between two steel plates. The structural performance of full-scale composite floors at ambient conditions has been investigated. Additionally, experiments were conducted on analytical models to predict both thermal behavior under fire, including fire resistance based on a small-scale furnace. To evaluate the fire resistance of full-scale steel–polymer composite floors, the thermal behavior and temperature distribution of composite floors should be investigated. Therefore, the temperature distributions of the full-scale composite floors were estimated using the verified analytical model in this study. Furthermore, to determine the fire design equation of steel–polymer composite floors in the thermal field, the correlations between variables were investigated, such as the thickness of top and bottom steel plates and polymers, as well as the fire resistance in the thermal field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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12 pages, 19485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Orientation Identification of the Black Phosphorus with Different Thickness Based on B_2g Mode Using a Micro-Raman Spectroscope under a Nonanalyzer Configuration

by Rubing Li, Yongchao Shang, Huadan Xing, Xiaojie Wang, Mingyuan Sun and Wei Qiu

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5572; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235572 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2316

Abstract

As an anisotropic material, the unique optoelectronic properties of black phosphorus are obviously anisotropic. Therefore, non-destructive and fast identification of its crystalline orientation is an important condition for its application in optoelectronics research field. Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus through A [...] Read more.

As an anisotropic material, the unique optoelectronic properties of black phosphorus are obviously anisotropic. Therefore, non-destructive and fast identification of its crystalline orientation is an important condition for its application in optoelectronics research field. Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus through A_g¹ and A_g² modes under the parallel polarization has high requirements on the Raman system, while in the nonanalyzer configuration, the crystalline orientation of the thick black phosphorus may not be identified through A_g¹ and A_g² modes. This work proposes a new method to identify the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus of different thicknesses. This method is conducted under the nonanalyzer configuration by B_2g mode. The results show that B_2g mode has a good consistency in the identification of crystalline orientations. In this paper, a theoretical model is established to study the angle-resolved Raman results of B_2g mode. The new method can accurately identify the crystalline orientation with different layers of black phosphorus without misidentification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Manipulation, Properties and Applications of Layered Materials)

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10 pages, 6147 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Nanocluster-Based Ultralow-Temperature Driven Oxide Gate Dielectrics for High-Performance Organic Electronic Devices

by Jeong-Wan Jo, Jingu Kang, Kyung-Tae Kim, Seung-Han Kang, Jae-Cheol Shin, Seung Beom Shin, Yong-Hoon Kim and Sung Kyu Park

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235571 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2380

Abstract

The development of novel dielectric materials with reliable dielectric properties and low-temperature processibility is crucial to manufacturing flexible and high-performance organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) for next-generation roll-to-roll organic electronics. Here, we investigate the solution-based fabrication of high-k aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃ [...] Read more.

The development of novel dielectric materials with reliable dielectric properties and low-temperature processibility is crucial to manufacturing flexible and high-performance organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) for next-generation roll-to-roll organic electronics. Here, we investigate the solution-based fabrication of high-k aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) thin films for high-performance OTFTs. Nanocluster-based Al₂O₃ films fabricated by highly energetic photochemical activation, which allows low-temperature processing, are compared to the conventional nitrate-based Al₂O₃ films. A wide array of spectroscopic and surface analyses show that ultralow-temperature photochemical activation (<60 °C) induces the decomposition of chemical impurities and causes the densification of the metal-oxide film, resulting in a highly dense high-k Al₂O₃ dielectric layer from Al-13 nanocluster-based solutions. The fabricated nanocluster-based Al₂O₃ films exhibit a low leakage current density (<10⁻⁷ A/cm²) at 2 MV/cm and high dielectric breakdown strength (>6 MV/cm). Using this dielectric layer, precisely aligned microrod-shaped 2,7-dioctyl[1]benzothieno [3,2-b][1] benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) single-crystal OTFTs were fabricated via solvent vapor annealing and photochemical patterning of the sacrificial layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films and Interfaces)

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17 pages, 4700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Experimental Process Design of Artificial Lightweight Aggregates Using an Orthogonal Array Table and Analysis by Machine Learning

by Young Min Wie, Ki Gang Lee, Kang Hyuck Lee, Taehoon Ko and Kang Hoon Lee

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5570; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235570 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to experimentally design the drying, calcination, and sintering processes of artificial lightweight aggregates through the orthogonal array, to expand the data using the results, and to model the manufacturing process of lightweight aggregates through machine-learning techniques. The [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally design the drying, calcination, and sintering processes of artificial lightweight aggregates through the orthogonal array, to expand the data using the results, and to model the manufacturing process of lightweight aggregates through machine-learning techniques. The experimental design of the process consisted of L₁₈(3⁶6¹), which means that 3⁶ × 6¹ data can be obtained in 18 experiments using an orthogonal array design. After the experiment, the data were expanded to 486 instances and trained by several machine-learning techniques such as linear regression, random forest, and support vector regression (SVR). We evaluated the predictive performance of machine-learning models by comparing predicted and actual values. As a result, the SVR showed the best performance for predicting measured values. This model also worked well for predictions of untested cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Finite Element Analysis and Models of Sustainable Manufacturing Processes)

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12 pages, 1271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrieval of Prefabricated Zirconia Crowns with Er,Cr:YSGG Laser from Primary and Permanent Molars

by Janina Golob Deeb, Connor McCall, Caroline K. Carrico, William O. Dahlke and Kinga Grzech-Leśniak

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235569 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3309

Abstract

(1) Background: Prefabricated zirconia crowns are used to restore teeth in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the removal of these crowns with the erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser; (2) Methods: A total of 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Prefabricated zirconia crowns are used to restore teeth in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the removal of these crowns with the erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser; (2) Methods: A total of 12 primary and 12 permanent teeth were prepared and prefabricated zirconia crowns were passively fitted and cemented with two resin modified glass-ionomer (RMGI) cements. Surface areas of prepared teeth and crowns were calculated. Crowns were removed using two laser settings: 4.5 Watts, 15 Hertz, 20 water/20 air, and 5 Watts, 15 Hertz, 50 water/50 air. The retrieval time and temperature changes were tested recorded. Data were analyzed using ANOVA with Tukey’s adjusted post hoc pairwise comparison t-test; (3) Results: The average time for crown removal was: 3 min, 47.7 s for permanent; and 2 min 5 s for primary teeth. The mean temperature changes were 2.48 °C (SD = 1.43) for permanent; and 3.14 °C (SD = 1.88) for primary teeth. The time to debond was significantly positively correlated with tooth inner surface area and volume, outer crown volume, and the cement volume; (4) Conclusions: Use of the Er,Cr:YSGG laser is an effective, safe and non-invasive method to remove prefabricated zirconia crowns cemented with RMGI cements from permanent and primary teeth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Laser Processing for Bioengineering)

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21 pages, 2496 KiB

Open AccessReview

MFC/NFC-Based Foam/Aerogel for Production of Porous Materials: Preparation, Properties and Applications

by Chenni Qin, Mingzhu Yao, Yang Liu, Yujie Yang, Yifeng Zong and Hui Zhao

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235568 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4358

Abstract

Nanofibrillated cellulose and microfibrillated cellulose are potential raw materials separated from plant fibers with a high aspect ratio and excellent mechanical properties, which can be applied in various fields (packaging, medicine, etc.). They have unique advantages in the preparation of aerogels and foams, [...] Read more.

Nanofibrillated cellulose and microfibrillated cellulose are potential raw materials separated from plant fibers with a high aspect ratio and excellent mechanical properties, which can be applied in various fields (packaging, medicine, etc.). They have unique advantages in the preparation of aerogels and foams, and have attracted widespread attention in recent years. Cellulose-based porous materials have good biodegradability and biocompatibility, while high porosity and high specific surface area endow them with strong mechanical properties and liquid retention performance, which can be used in wall construction, sewage treatment and other fields. At present, the preparation method of this material has been widely reported, however, due to various process problems, the actual production has not been realized. In this paper, we summarize the existing technical problems and main solutions; in the meantime, two stable systems and several drying processes are described, and the application potential of cellulose-based porous materials in the future is described, which provides a reference for subsequent research. Full article

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Graphical abstract

1 pages, 155 KiB

Open AccessErratum

Erratum: Ilie, N. Comparative Effect of Self- or Dual-Curing on Polymerization Kinetics and Mechanical Properties in a Novel, Dental-Resin-Based Composite with Alkaline Filler. Running Title: Resin-Composites with Alkaline Fillers. Materials 2018, 11, 108

by Nicoleta Ilie

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5547; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235547 - 7 Dec 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1589

Abstract

Incorrect Title [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials for Medical Applications)

16 pages, 4721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Microstructure and Nanoindentation Hardness of C⁺ & He⁺ Irradiated Nanocrystal SiC Coatings during Annealing and Corrosion

by Guiliang Liu, Yipeng Li, Zongbei He, Yang Chen, Shuo Cong, Zhaoke Chen, Xiuyin Huang, Ruiqian Zhang and Guang Ran

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235567 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

The microstructure and nanoindentation hardness of unirradiated, irradiated, annealed and corroded SiC coatings were characterized. Irradiation of 400 keV C⁺ and 200 keV He⁺ with approximately 10 dpa did not cause obvious amorphous transformation to nanocrystal SiC coatings and induced helium [...] Read more.

The microstructure and nanoindentation hardness of unirradiated, irradiated, annealed and corroded SiC coatings were characterized. Irradiation of 400 keV C⁺ and 200 keV He⁺ with approximately 10 dpa did not cause obvious amorphous transformation to nanocrystal SiC coatings and induced helium bubbles with 2–3 nm dimension distributed uniformly in the SiC matrix. High temperature annealing resulted in the transformation of SiC nanocrystals into columnar crystals in the irradiated region. Line-shaped bubble bands formed at the columnar crystal boundaries and their stacking fault planes and made the formation of microcracks of hundreds of nanometers in length. Meanwhile, some isolated helium bubbles distributed in SiC grains still maintained a size of 2–3 nm, despite annealing at 1200 °C for 5 h. The SiC coating showed excellent corrosion resistance under high-temperature, high-pressure water. The weight of the sample decreased with the increase of corrosion time. The nanoindentation hardness and the elastic modulus increased significantly with C⁺ and He⁺ irradiation, while their values decreased with high-temperature annealing. An increase in the annealing temperature led to an increased reduction in the values. Corrosion caused the decrease of nanoindentation hardness and the elastic modulus in the whole test depth range, whether the samples were irradiated or unirradiated. Full article

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19 pages, 10991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

X-ray Computed Tomography for the Development of Ballistic Composite

by Grzegorz Ziółkowski, Joanna Pach, Dariusz Pyka, Tomasz Kurzynowski and Krzysztof Jamroziak

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5566; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235566 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3303

Abstract

This paper presents the results of research on ballistic panels made of polymer–matrix composites (PMCs). The analysis covers two types of composites produced by the authors based on high-density polyethylene (PEHD) and polypropylene (PP) reinforced with aramid fabric. Ballistic tests were carried out [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of research on ballistic panels made of polymer–matrix composites (PMCs). The analysis covers two types of composites produced by the authors based on high-density polyethylene (PEHD) and polypropylene (PP) reinforced with aramid fabric. Ballistic tests were carried out with the use of two types of projectile: 0.38 Special, and 9 × 19 Parabellum, which are characterized by different velocity and projectile energy. The study presents the X-ray computed tomography (XCT) analysis for structure assessment of ballistic panels and its impact behavior, further compared to the results of computer simulations conducted using the numerical analysis. The quality of the manufactured panels and their damage caused by a ballistic impact was assessed using a multi-scale geometry reconstruction. The mesoscale XCT allowed the internal composite geometry to be analyzed, as well as a unit cell of the representative volume element (RVE) model to be built. The RVE model was applied for homogenization and finite element (FEA) simulation of projectile penetration through the ballistic panel. The macroscale XCT investigation allowed for the quantitative description of the projectile’s impact on the degree of delamination and deformation of the panels’ geometry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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19 pages, 6151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

by Sungjong Cho, Hyunjo Jeong and Ik Keun Park

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235565 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4924

Abstract

Nonlinear ultrasound has been proven to be a useful nondestructive testing tool for micro-damage inspection of materials and structures operating in harsh environment. When measuring the nonlinear second harmonic wave in a solid specimen in the pulse–echo (PE) testing mode, the stress-free boundary [...] Read more.

Nonlinear ultrasound has been proven to be a useful nondestructive testing tool for micro-damage inspection of materials and structures operating in harsh environment. When measuring the nonlinear second harmonic wave in a solid specimen in the pulse–echo (PE) testing mode, the stress-free boundary characteristics brings the received second harmonic component close to zero. Therefore, the PE method has never been employed to measure the so-called “nonlinear parameter (β)”, which is used to quantify the degree of micro-damage. When there are stress-free boundaries, a focused beam is known to improve the PE reception of the second harmonic wave, so phased-array (PA) transducers can be used to generate the focused beam. For the practical application of PE nonlinear ultrasonic testing, however, it is necessary to develop a new type of PA transducer that is completely different from conventional ones. In this paper, we propose a new annular PA transducer capable of measuring β with improved second harmonic reception in the PE mode. Basically, the annular PA transducer (APAT) consists of four external ring transmitters and an internal disk receiver at the center. The focused beam properties of the transducers are analyzed using a nonlinear sound beam model which incorporates the effects of beam diffraction, material attenuation, and boundary reflection. The optimal design of the APAT is performed in terms of the maximum second harmonic reception and the total correction close to one, and the results are presented in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics and Analysis of Advanced Materials and Structures)

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17 pages, 7606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Stable and Indurative Superhydrophobic Film with Excellent Anti-Bioadhesive Performance for 6061 Al Protection

by Jie Liu, Xinwen Zhang, Ruoyun Wang, Fei Long and Lei Liu

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5564; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235564 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2665

Abstract

Superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted intensive attention in the antifouling field because of their excellent anti-bioadhesive performance and environmental friendliness. However, promising surfaces have met great challenges of poor mechanical robustness under harsh serving conditions. Herein, an organic-inorganic composite strategy, that the silane-modified TiO [...] Read more.

Superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted intensive attention in the antifouling field because of their excellent anti-bioadhesive performance and environmental friendliness. However, promising surfaces have met great challenges of poor mechanical robustness under harsh serving conditions. Herein, an organic-inorganic composite strategy, that the silane-modified TiO₂ nanoparticles are compounded into the porous framework provided by the stable and indurative aluminum oxide film, is proposed to address the common serious problem in superhydrophobic surfaces. Different from the traditional superhydrophobic surfaces, this composite film possesses a ~18 μm thick layer which can provide strong support to silane-modified TiO₂ nanoparticles. The resulting film can reserve superhydrophobicity to the surface even after a thickness loss of ~15 μm under continuous abrasion. At the same time, the results of the bacterial adhesive tests also verify that the film has the same long-term anti-bioadhesive performance. The film with superhydrophobicity, excellent anti-bioadhesive property, and stable robustness will make it a promising candidate for serving in a harsh environment, and the design concept of this film could be applied to various substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Nanoporous Materials)

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17 pages, 6666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Optimization of FEV Limit Discharge’s Heat Dissipation Based on Orthogonal Experiments

by Hong Li, Yilun Xu, Yong Yang and Chenlong Si

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5563; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235563 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2264

Abstract

The temperature difference between batteries has effects on the performance of the battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, it is necessary to design a battery cooling management system. In order to reduce the maximum temperature difference of the cooling system of the [...] Read more.

The temperature difference between batteries has effects on the performance of the battery packs of electric vehicles (EVs). Therefore, it is necessary to design a battery cooling management system. In order to reduce the maximum temperature difference of the cooling system of the Formula Electric Vehicle (FEV) automobile, the orthogonal experimental design method was adopted in this paper, and the temperature field of the FEV air-cooled cooling system structure under a short-time high-current discharge condition was simulated for many times. The maximum temperature difference after simulating optimization was about 7 K, and the overall optimization degree was close to 40%. The research results showed that the gap between the single battery and the battery pack was very important to heat dissipation. Full article

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15 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Polarization-Sensitive Materials for Polarization Holography

by Yueyang Zhai, Li Cao, Ying Liu and Xiaodi Tan

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5562; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235562 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3840

Abstract

Polarization holography has the unique capacity to record and retrieve the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light simultaneously in a polarization-sensitive recording material and has attracted widespread attention. Polarization holography is a noteworthy technology with potential applications in the fields of high-capacity data [...] Read more.

Polarization holography has the unique capacity to record and retrieve the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light simultaneously in a polarization-sensitive recording material and has attracted widespread attention. Polarization holography is a noteworthy technology with potential applications in the fields of high-capacity data storage, polarization-controlled optical elements, and other related fields. The choice of its high-performance materials is particularly important. To further develop polarization holography applications and improve the quality of the information recorded (i.e., material sensitivity and resolution), a deeper understanding of such materials is needed. We present an overview of the polarization-sensitive materials, which introduced polarization holographic technology and the development of polarization holographic materials. The three main types of polarization holographic materials are described, including azopolymer materials, photopolymer material, and photorefractive polymer material. We examine the key contributions of each work and present many of the suggestions that have been made to improve the different polarization-sensitive photopolymer materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Materials and Devices)

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19 pages, 6172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microparticle Size and Quantities Effect on the Mechanical Features of End of Life Tires in Thermoplastic Composites

by Marc Marín-Genescà, Jordi García-Amorós, Ramon Mujal-Rosas, Lluís Massagués Vidal and Xavier Colom Fajula

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5561; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235561 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2289

Abstract

Currently, the huge use of tires generates large quantities of waste material which represents a severe environmental problem. The common technique used for processing waste tires is crushing using mechanical methods and separating tire components like fibers, metals, and rubber from the used [...] Read more.

Currently, the huge use of tires generates large quantities of waste material which represents a severe environmental problem. The common technique used for processing waste tires is crushing using mechanical methods and separating tire components like fibers, metals, and rubber from the used tire. The aim of this research is the recycling of this rubber from crushed tires, called ground tire rubber (GTR). With this aim, the manuscript analyses key mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composites produced by blending of crushed and micronized small particles of waste rubber tires with several industrial thermoplastic polymers. These types of composites are defined based on the total amount GTR in percent by weight, in the composite, and also, the particle sizes used in each case, so these aforementioned two variables (microparticle size and amounts) along with seven common industrial polymers define a series of composites for which the mechanical properties were tested, studied, analyzed and finally presented. Finally, the results obtained show that this proposed recycling method could be a way to enhance some specific polymer properties and could contribute to reducing the total of end of life used tire stocks environmental problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Micromechanical Behavior of Materials)

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38 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review of Bioactive Glass/Natural Polymer Composites: State of the Art

by Rachele Sergi, Devis Bellucci and Valeria Cannillo

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5560; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235560 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 106 | Viewed by 7767

Abstract

Collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and cellulose are biocompatible and non-cytotoxic, being attractive natural polymers for medical devices for both soft and hard tissues. However, such natural polymers have low bioactivity and poor mechanical properties, which limit their applications. To [...] Read more.

Collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and cellulose are biocompatible and non-cytotoxic, being attractive natural polymers for medical devices for both soft and hard tissues. However, such natural polymers have low bioactivity and poor mechanical properties, which limit their applications. To tackle these drawbacks, collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and cellulose can be combined with bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles and microparticles to produce composites. The incorporation of BGs improves the mechanical properties of the final system as well as its bioactivity and regenerative potential. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that polymer/BG composites may improve angiogenesis, neo-vascularization, cells adhesion, and proliferation. This review presents the state of the art and future perspectives of collagen, gelatin, silk fibroin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, alginate, and cellulose matrices combined with BG particles to develop composites such as scaffolds, injectable fillers, membranes, hydrogels, and coatings. Emphasis is devoted to the biological potentialities of these hybrid systems, which look rather promising toward a wide spectrum of applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses 2019)

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12 pages, 4921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Impact of Load on the Magnetic Field Strength of the Crane by the Magnetic Metal Memory Technique

by Agnieszka Koson-Schab and Janusz Szpytko

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5559; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235559 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

The paper deals with the problem of applicability of the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique in the crane structural inspection and monitoring. The MMM method does not require the external magnetization of a structure that results in reduction of downtime of maintenance operations. [...] Read more.

The paper deals with the problem of applicability of the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique in the crane structural inspection and monitoring. The MMM method does not require the external magnetization of a structure that results in reduction of downtime of maintenance operations. Measurement of the intensity of the self-magnetic leakage signal can be an alternative to other non-destructive methods used for inspection of a large crane’s structure and equipment. However, the complexity of the residual magnetization effect in the MMM technique is the problem with its application. Thus, the magnetic flux leakage behavior on the crane girder surface under different measurements and the crane’s load conditions is analyzed based on the results obtained during experiments carried out on the overhead traveling crane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mechanical Testing of Engineering Materials)

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Materials, Volume 13, Issue 23 (December-1 2020) – 281 articles

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