Materials

11 pages, 4138 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of NiTi-Based Eutectic Shape Memory Alloy Produced via Selective Laser Melting In-Situ Alloying by Nb

by Igor Polozov and Anatoly Popovich

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2696; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102696 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3276

Abstract

This paper presents the results of selective laser melting (SLM) process of a nitinol-based NiTiNb shape memory alloy. The eutectic alloy Ni₄₅Ti₄₅Nb₁₀ with a shape memory effect was obtained by SLM in-situ alloying using a powder mixture of [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of selective laser melting (SLM) process of a nitinol-based NiTiNb shape memory alloy. The eutectic alloy Ni₄₅Ti₄₅Nb₁₀ with a shape memory effect was obtained by SLM in-situ alloying using a powder mixture of NiTi and Nb powder particles. Samples with a high relative density (>99%) were obtained using optimized process parameters. Microstructure, phase composition, tensile properties, as well as martensitic phase transformations temperatures of the produced alloy were investigated in as-fabricated and heat-treated conditions. The NiTiNb alloy fabricated using the SLM in-situ alloying featured the microstructure consisting of the NiTi matrix, fine NiTi+β-Nb eutectics, as well as residual unmelted Nb particles. The mechanical tests showed that the obtained alloy has a yield strength up to 436 MPa and the tensile strength up to 706 MPa. At the same time, in-situ alloying with Nb allowed increasing the hysteresis of martensitic transformation as compared to the alloy without Nb addition from 22 to 50 °C with an increase in A_f temperature from −5 to 22 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials, Design and Process Development for Additive Manufacturing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interlaminar Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Polyimide Composites Toughened by Interleaving Thermoplastic Polyimide Fiber Veils

by Bangwei Lan, Yi Liu, Song Mo, Minhui He, Lei Zhai and Lin Fan

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102695 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3250

Abstract

Carbon fiber reinforced thermosetting polyimide (CF/TSPI) composites were interleaved with thermally stable thermoplastic polyimide (TPPI) fiber veils in order to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness without sacrificing the heat resistance. Both of the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IC [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber reinforced thermosetting polyimide (CF/TSPI) composites were interleaved with thermally stable thermoplastic polyimide (TPPI) fiber veils in order to improve the interlaminar fracture toughness without sacrificing the heat resistance. Both of the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IC and G_IIC) for the untoughened laminate and TPPI fiber veils interleaved laminates were characterized by the double cantilever beam (DCB) test and end notch flexure (ENF) test, respectively. It is found that the TPPI fiber veils interleaved laminates exhibit extremely increased fracture toughness than the untoughened one. Moreover, the areal density of TPPI greatly affected the fracture toughness of laminates. A maximum improvement up to 179% and 132% on G_IC and G_IIC is obtained for 15 gsm fiber veils interleaved laminate, which contributes to the existence of bicontinuous TPPI/TSPI structure in the interlayer according to the fractography analysis. The interlaminar fracture behavior at elevated temperatures for 15 gsm fiber veils interleaved laminate were also investigated. The results indicated that the introduction of thermally stable TPPI fiber veils could enhance the fracture toughness of CF/TSPI composites by exceeding 200% as compared to the untoughened one even as tested at 250 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 8232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Copper Nitride Layers by the Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering Method Carried out under Various Operating Conditions

by Magdalena Wilczopolska, Katarzyna Nowakowska-Langier, Sebastian Okrasa, Lukasz Skowronski, Roman Minikayev, Grzegorz W. Strzelecki, Rafal Chodun and Krzysztof Zdunek

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2694; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102694 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

Copper nitride shows various properties that depend on the structure of the material and is influenced by the change in technical parameters. In the present work, Cu–N layers were synthesized using the pulsed magnetron sputtering method. The synthesis was performed under different operating [...] Read more.

Copper nitride shows various properties that depend on the structure of the material and is influenced by the change in technical parameters. In the present work, Cu–N layers were synthesized using the pulsed magnetron sputtering method. The synthesis was performed under different operating conditions: direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) power supply, and various atmospheres: pure Ar and a mixture of Ar + N₂. The structural properties of the deposited layers were characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements, and Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been performed. Optical properties were also evaluated. The obtained layers showed tightly packed columnar grain features. The kinetics of the layer growth in the AC mode was lower than that observed in the DC mode, and the layers were thinner and more fine-grained. The copper nitride layers were characterized by the one-phase and two-phase polycrystalline structure of the Cu₃N phase with the preferred growth orientation (100). The lattice constant oscillates between 3.808 and 3.815 Å for one-phase and has a value of 3.828 Å for a two-phase structure. Phase composition results were correlated with Raman spectroscopy measurements. Raman spectra exhibited a broad, diffused, and intense signal of Cu₃N phase, with Raman shift located at 628–635 cm⁻¹. Studies on optical properties showed that the energy gap ranged from 2.17 to 2.47 eV. The results showed that controlling technical parameters gives a possibility to optimize the structure and phase composition of deposited layers. The reported changes were discussed and attributed to the properties of the material layers and technology method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Characterization and Applications of Metallic Thin Films)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Storage Stability and Rheological Properties of Asphalt Modified by Activated Waste Rubber Powder

by Weihong Liu, Yishen Xu, Hongjun Wang, Benan Shu, Diego Maria Barbieri and Jose Norambuena-Contreras

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102693 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 3654

Abstract

Segregation of waste crumb rubber powder (WR) modified asphalt binders the large-scale application of WR in asphalt. The method of microwave activation combined with chemical activation (KMWR) was proposed to improve storage stability and rheological properties of WR modified asphalt in this work. [...] Read more.

Segregation of waste crumb rubber powder (WR) modified asphalt binders the large-scale application of WR in asphalt. The method of microwave activation combined with chemical activation (KMWR) was proposed to improve storage stability and rheological properties of WR modified asphalt in this work. Storage stability and rheological properties of virgin asphalt, MWR modified asphalt, and KMWR modified asphalt were comparatively studied by the standard segregation test, bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. The effect of composite activation on waste rubber powder particles was studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) tests. The main results showed that after the physical and chemical composite activation, the storage stability of waste rubber powder modified asphalt was significantly improved, WR modified asphalt had better crack resistance, better rutting resistance, and better fatigue performance. After physical and chemical activation, WR was desulfurized, and a large number of active groups was grafted on the WR particles. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 6678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Architecture-Promoted Biomechanical Performance-Tuning of Tissue-Engineered Constructs for Biological Intervertebral Disc Replacement

by Gernot Lang, Katja Obri, Babak Saravi, Aldo R. Boccaccini, Anton Früh, Michael Seidenstücker, Bodo Kurz, Hagen Schmal and Bernd Rolauffs

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102692 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

Background: Biological approaches to intervertebral disc (IVD) restoration and/or regeneration have become of increasing interest. However, the IVD comprises a viscoelastic system whose biological replacement remains challenging. The present study sought to design load-sharing two-component model systems of circular, nested, concentric elements reflecting [...] Read more.

Background: Biological approaches to intervertebral disc (IVD) restoration and/or regeneration have become of increasing interest. However, the IVD comprises a viscoelastic system whose biological replacement remains challenging. The present study sought to design load-sharing two-component model systems of circular, nested, concentric elements reflecting the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus. Specifically, we wanted to investigate the effect of architectural design variations on (1) model system failure loads when testing the individual materials either separately or homogeneously mixed, and (2) also evaluate the potential of modulating other mechanical properties of the model systems. Methods: Two sets of softer and harder biomaterials, 0.5% and 5% agarose vs. 0.5% agarose and gelatin, were used for fabrication. Architectural design variations were realized by varying ring geometries and amounts while keeping the material composition across designs comparable. Results: Variations in the architectural design, such as lamellar width, number, and order, combined with choosing specific biomaterial properties, strongly influenced the biomechanical performance of IVD constructs. Biomechanical characterization revealed that the single most important parameter, in which the model systems vastly exceeded those of the individual materials, was failure load. The model system failure loads were 32.21- and 84.11-fold higher than those of the agarose materials and 55.03- and 2.14-fold higher than those of the agarose and gelatin materials used for system fabrication. The compressive strength, dynamic stiffness, and viscoelasticity of the model systems were always in the range of the individual materials. Conclusions: Relevant architecture-promoted biomechanical performance-tuning of tissue-engineered constructs for biological IVD replacement can be realized by slight modifications in the design of constructs while preserving the materials’ compositions. Minimal variations in the architectural design can be used to precisely control structure–function relations for IVD constructs rather than choosing different materials. These fundamental findings have important implications for efficient tissue-engineering of IVDs and other load-bearing tissues, as potential implants need to withstand high in situ loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Novel Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Tissue Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Performance of Cu Nanofoams Processed by Dealloying

by Jenő Gubicza, Péter Jenei, Gigap Han, Pham-Tran Hung, Youngseok Song, Dahye Park, Ábel Szabó, Csilla Kádár, Jae-Hun Kim and Heeman Choe

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2691; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102691 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2565

Abstract

Cu nanofoams are promising materials for a variety of applications, including anodes in high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The high specific surface area of these materials supports a high capacity and porous structure that helps accommodate volume expansion which occurs as batteries are charged. One [...] Read more.

Cu nanofoams are promising materials for a variety of applications, including anodes in high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The high specific surface area of these materials supports a high capacity and porous structure that helps accommodate volume expansion which occurs as batteries are charged. One of the most efficient methods to produce Cu nanofoams is the dealloying of Cu alloy precursors. This process often yields nanofoams that have low strength, thus requiring additional heat treatment to improve the mechanical properties of Cu foams. This paper provides the effects of heat treatment on the microstructures, mechanical properties, and electrochemical performance of Cu nanofoams. Annealing was conducted under both inert and oxidizing atmospheres. These studies ultimately reveal the underlying mechanisms of ligament coarsening during heat treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Characterization of Cellular Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 39856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study of Fracture Behavior of Rock-Like Material Specimens with Single Pre-Set Joint under Dynamic Loading

by Bo Pan, Xuguang Wang, Zhenyang Xu, Lianjun Guo and Xuesong Wang

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102690 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is an apparatus for testing the dynamic stress-strain response of the cement mortar specimen with pre-set joints at different angles to explore the influence of joint attitudes of underground rock engineering on the failure characteristics of rock [...] Read more.

The Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is an apparatus for testing the dynamic stress-strain response of the cement mortar specimen with pre-set joints at different angles to explore the influence of joint attitudes of underground rock engineering on the failure characteristics of rock mass structure. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has also been used to measure the pore distribution and internal cracks of the specimen before and after the testing. In combination with numerical analysis, the paper systematically discusses the influence of joint angles on the failure mode of rock-like materials from three aspects of energy dissipation, microscopic damage, and stress field characteristics. The result indicates that the impact energy structure of the SHPB is greatly affected by the pre-set joint angle of the specimen. With the joint angle increasing, the proportion of reflected energy moves in fluctuation, while the ratio of transmitted energy to dissipated energy varies from one to the other. NMR analysis reveals the structural variation of the pores in those cement specimens before and after the impact. Crack propagation direction is correlated with pre-set joint angles of the specimens. With the increase of the pre-set joint angles, the crack initiation angle decreases gradually. When the joint angles are around 30°–75°, the specimens develop obvious cracks. The crushing process of the specimens is simulated by LS-DYNA software. It is concluded that the stresses at the crack initiation time are concentrated between 20 and 40 MPa. The instantaneous stress curve first increases and then decreases with crack propagation, peaking at different times under various joint angles; but most of them occur when the crack penetration ratio reaches 80–90%. With the increment of joint angles in specimens through the simulation software, the changing trend of peak stress is consistent with the test results. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Carbides for High Temperature Nuclear Applications

by Mattia Manzolaro, Stefano Corradetti, Michele Ballan, Riccardo Salomoni, Alberto Andrighetto and Giovanni Meneghetti

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2689; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102689 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2484

Abstract

In the facilities for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) according to the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique, a production target is typically impinged by a high-power primary beam, generating radioactive isotopes for basic research and technological applications. With the aim to [...] Read more.

In the facilities for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs) according to the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique, a production target is typically impinged by a high-power primary beam, generating radioactive isotopes for basic research and technological applications. With the aim to guarantee an efficient extraction of the aforementioned isotopes, the production target must work in a high vacuum environment, at temperatures that are usually between 1600 °C and 2200 °C. Its main components are often characterized by intense temperature gradients and consequently by severe thermal stresses. Carbides are widely used for target manufacturing, and in this work a specific method for their thermal and mechanical characterization is presented and discussed. It is based on the comparison between experimental measurements and numerical simulations, with the introduction of the novel Virtual Thermoelastic Parameters approach for the structural verification procedure. High-performance silicon carbides (SiC) are taken as a reference to describe the method. Measured emissivity and thermal conductivity data are presented and discussed, together with the experimental estimation of material limitations for both temperature and stress fields. The aforementioned results can be promptly used for the design process of high-power ISOL targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Techniques for Materials Characterization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 4628 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

On the Use of Paper Sludge as Filler in Biocomposites for Injection Moulding

by Vito Gigante, Patrizia Cinelli, Marco Sandroni, Roberto D’ambrosio, Andrea Lazzeri and Maurizia Seggiani

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2688; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102688 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2627

Abstract

The potential use of paper sludge (PS) as filler in the production of bio-composites based on poly lactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was investigated. PS/PLA/PBAT composites, with addition of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as biobased plasticizer, were produced with PS [...] Read more.

The potential use of paper sludge (PS) as filler in the production of bio-composites based on poly lactic acid (PLA) and polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) was investigated. PS/PLA/PBAT composites, with addition of acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) as biobased plasticizer, were produced with PS loadings up to 30 wt.% by twin-screw extrusion followed by injection moulding. The composites were characterized by rheological measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and mechanical tests (tensile and impact resistance) to study the effect of PS on the processability, thermal stability, crystallinity and mechanical performance of polymeric matrix. The optimized composites at higher PS content were successfully processed to produce pots for horticulture and, in view of this application, preliminary phytotoxicity tests were conducted using the germination test on Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Results revealed that developed composites up to 30 wt.% PS had good processability by extrusion and injection moulding showing that PS is a potential substitute of calcium carbonate as filler in the production of bio-composites, and the absence of phytotoxic effects showed the possibility of their use in the production of pots/items for applications in floriculture and/or horticulture. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 8182 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Recycling Blast Furnace Ferronickel Slag as a Replacement for Paste in Mortar: Formation of Carboaluminate, Reduction of White Portland Cement, and Increase in Strength

by Qingfeng Guan, Jingliang Xia, Jing Wang, Faguang Leng, Yongxiang Zhou and Changwei Cao

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2687; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102687 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2581

Abstract

Blast furnace ferronickel slag (BFFS) is generated in the production of ferronickel alloys and is used as cement replacement in concrete or mortar. The effectivity in reducing cement consumption and improving performance are limited. By referring to the paste replacement method, this work [...] Read more.

Blast furnace ferronickel slag (BFFS) is generated in the production of ferronickel alloys and is used as cement replacement in concrete or mortar. The effectivity in reducing cement consumption and improving performance are limited. By referring to the paste replacement method, this work used BFFS to replace an equal volume of the white Portland cement paste to obtain greater performance enhancement. BFFS was used with five levels of replacement (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) and four water-to-cement ratios (0.40, 0.45, 0.50, 0.55) were designed. Fluidity, mechanical strength, hydration products, and pore structure of every mixture were measured. The results showed that the workability of the mortars decreased due to the reduced volume of water, but the 28-day compressive strength of the mortars increased, and the cement content of the mortars was also reduced by 33 wt %. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that there existed a carboaluminate phase, and the presence of the ettringite was stabilized, indicating that the accumulating amount of the hydration products of the mortar increased. Furthermore, the BFFS could consume the portlandite and free water to form a higher amount of chemically bound water due to its pozzolanic activity. A high degree of hydration and a large volume of the hydration products refined the porosity of the hardened mortars, which explained the enhancement of the strength of the mortars. Compared to the cement replacement method, the paste replacement method was more effective in preparing eco-friendly mortar or concrete by recycling BFFS for reducing the cement content of the mortar while improving its strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mix-Design and Behavior of Special Concrete)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Viscoelastic Properties of Epoxidized Natural Rubber/Poly(lactic acid) PLA/ENR Blends Containing Glycidyl-POSS and Trisilanolisooctyl-POSS as Functional Additives

by Magdalena Lipińska, Klaudia Toczek and Magdalena Stefaniak

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102686 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The glycidyl-POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes, Polysilsesquioxane, POSS) (Gly-POSS) and trisilanolisooctyl-POSS (HO-POSS) were applied as functional additives influencing on the viscoelastic properties of the dynamic vulcanized PLA/ENR (poly(lactic acid)/epoxidized natural rubber) blends. The plasticizing effect of HO-POSS on PLA/ENR melt, leading to the decrease [...] Read more.

The glycidyl-POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes, Polysilsesquioxane, POSS) (Gly-POSS) and trisilanolisooctyl-POSS (HO-POSS) were applied as functional additives influencing on the viscoelastic properties of the dynamic vulcanized PLA/ENR (poly(lactic acid)/epoxidized natural rubber) blends. The plasticizing effect of HO-POSS on PLA/ENR melt, leading to the decrease of complex viscosity at 160 °C, was observed. After the incorporation of Gly-POSS into PLA/ENR blends the complex viscosity increased confirming that the epoxy groups of Gly-POSS were able to react with the functional groups of ENR and the groups present at the end of PLA chains. The incorporation of Gly-POSS into 40:60 PLA/ENR blend provided significant enhancement of the storage shear modulus G’ at 30 °C. Furthermore, the glass transition temperatures T_g of ENR phase for PLA/ENR/Gly-POSS blends were shifted to higher values of temperature as compared with blends modified by HO-POSS. Strong reduction of the elongation at break E_b for 40:60 PLA/ENR/Gly-POSS blend indicated that Gly-POSS particles acted as multifunctional cross-links reducing elasticity of the material. The modification of 40:60 PLA/ENR blend by HO-POSS molecules led to lower values of composting coefficient K_C indicating stronger deterioration of the mechanical properties that resulted from more intense degradation processes occurring during disposal in soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composites: Auxiliaries and Additives)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 20839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Temperature Electrical Properties of Co-Substituted La₄BaCu₅O_13+δ Thin Films Fabricated by Sputtering Method

by Woosuck Shin, Akihiro Tsuruta, Toshio Itoh, Takafumi Akamatsu and Ichiro Terasaki

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2685; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102685 - 20 May 2021

Viewed by 2101

Abstract

The high-temperature conductivity of the perovskite oxides of a La₄BaCu₅O_13+δ (LBCO) thin film prepared by RF sputtering deposition and thermal annealing has been studied. While the bulk LBCO compound was metallic, the LBCO film deposited on a [...] Read more.

The high-temperature conductivity of the perovskite oxides of a La₄BaCu₅O_13+δ (LBCO) thin film prepared by RF sputtering deposition and thermal annealing has been studied. While the bulk LBCO compound was metallic, the LBCO film deposited on a Si substrate by sputtering and a post annealing process showed semiconductor-like conduction, which is considered to be due to the defects and poor grain connectivity in the LBCO film on the Si substrate. The LBCO film deposited on a SrTiO₃ substrate was of high film quality and showed metallic conduction. When the cation site Cu was substituted by Co, the electrical conductivity of the LBCO film increased further and its temperature dependence became smaller. The transport properties of LBCO films are investigated to understand its carrier generation mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thin Films for Energy Production and Storage)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 11054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoparticles of Bioactive Glass Enhance Biodentine Bioactivity on Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Camila Corral Nunez, Diego Altamirano Gaete, Miguel Maureira, Javier Martin and Cristian Covarrubias

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2684; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102684 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3553

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of a novel nanocomposite containing nanoparticles of bioactive glass (nBGs) on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). nBGs were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Biodentine (BD) nanocomposites (nBG/BD) were prepared with 2 and 5% [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of a novel nanocomposite containing nanoparticles of bioactive glass (nBGs) on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). nBGs were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Biodentine (BD) nanocomposites (nBG/BD) were prepared with 2 and 5% wt of nBG content; unmodified BD and glass ionomer cement were used as references. Cell viability and attachment were evaluated after 3, 7 and 14 days. Odontogenic differentiation was assessed with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity after 7 and 14 days of exposure. Cells successfully adhered and proliferated on nBG/BD nanocomposites, cell viability of nanocomposites was comparable with unmodified BD and higher than GIC. nBG/BD nanocomposites were, particularly, more active to promote odontogenic differentiation, expressed as higher ALP activity of hDPSCs after 7 days of exposure, than neat BD or GIC. This novel nanocomposite biomaterial, nBG/BD, allowed hDPSC attachment and proliferation and increased the expression of ALP, upregulated in mineral-producing cells. These findings open opportunities to use nBG/BD in vital pulp therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Dental Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 10256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sulphate Ions Content on Performance of Maleic and Acrylic Superplasticizers in Cement Paste

by Elżbieta Janowska-Renkas

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102683 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

The paper presents test results of the impact of sulphate ions from calcium sulphates: Hemihydrate, dihydrate and anhydrite, on rheological properties and hydration heat of cement pastes with, and without, superplasticizers, derivatives of maleic (SP-2) and acrylic (SP-1) acids. It is demonstrated that [...] Read more.

The paper presents test results of the impact of sulphate ions from calcium sulphates: Hemihydrate, dihydrate and anhydrite, on rheological properties and hydration heat of cement pastes with, and without, superplasticizers, derivatives of maleic (SP-2) and acrylic (SP-1) acids. It is demonstrated that cement pastes fluidity depends on superplasticizer chemical structure, and its effect is expressed by a hydrophilic coefficient. As maleic superplasticizers have flexible comb-like structure composed of a shorter backbone chain containing COO⁻ carboxylate groups and very long side chains, cement pastes showed higher fluidity than with acrylic superplasticizer with ladder-like structure, longer backbone chains with shorter side chains. SP-1 showing lower hydrophilicity coefficient and fewer COO⁻ groups was found to be less sensitive to increased sulphate ion content in pastes. However, with SP-2 with higher hydrophilicity, a gradual fluidity loss (increased paste viscosity) was observed. Plastic viscosity was approximately at the same level in SP-1-containing pastes. Tests showed that sulphates definitely changed polycarboxylate superplasticizers performance. A high concentration of sulphate ions reduced maleic superplasticizer efficiency. Under these conditions, SP-1 is more effective and therefore more suitable for fluidity of pastes containing higher SO₄²⁻ ions content. Thus, sulphate ions concentration in the paste should be considered when selecting superplasticizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cement-Based Materials: Mechanical Behavior, Rheology, and Radiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

41 pages, 7300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metallic Material Selection and Prospective Surface Treatments for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates—A Review

by Tereza Bohackova, Jakub Ludvik and Milan Kouril

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2682; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102682 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6183

Abstract

The aim of this review is to summarize the possibilities of replacing graphite bipolar plates in fuel-cells. The review is mostly focused on metallic bipolar plates, which benefit from many properties required for fuel cells, viz. good mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, [...] Read more.

The aim of this review is to summarize the possibilities of replacing graphite bipolar plates in fuel-cells. The review is mostly focused on metallic bipolar plates, which benefit from many properties required for fuel cells, viz. good mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivity, availability, and others. The main disadvantage of metals is that their corrosion resistance in the fuel-cell environment originates from the formation of a passive layer, which significantly increases interfacial contact resistance. Suitable coating systems prepared by a proper deposition method are eventually able to compensate for this disadvantage and make the replacement of graphite bipolar plates possible. This review compares coatings, materials, and deposition methods based on electrochemical measurements and contact resistance properties with respect to achieving appropriate parameters established by the DOE as objectives for 2020. An extraordinary number of studies have been performed, but only a minority of them provided promising results. One of these is the nanocrystalline β-Nb₂N coating on AISI 430, prepared by the disproportionation reaction of Nb(IV) in molten salt, which satisfied the DOE 2020 objectives in terms of corrosion resistance and interfacial contact resistance. From other studies, TiN, CrN, NbC, TiC, or amorphous carbon-based coatings seem to be promising. This paper is novel in extracting important aspects for future studies and methods for testing the properties of metallic materials and factors affecting monitoring characteristics and parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Manufacturing and Recycling of Battery Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 14593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Laser Melted M300 Maraging Steel—Material Behaviour during Ballistic Testing

by Ireneusz Szachogłuchowicz, Bartosz Fikus, Krzysztof Grzelak, Janusz Kluczyński, Janusz Torzewski and Jakub Łuszczek

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2681; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102681 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3300

Abstract

Significant growth in knowledge about metal additive manufacturing (AM) affects the increase of interest in military solutions, where there is always a need for unique technologies and materials. An important section of materials in the military are those dedicated to armour production. An [...] Read more.

Significant growth in knowledge about metal additive manufacturing (AM) affects the increase of interest in military solutions, where there is always a need for unique technologies and materials. An important section of materials in the military are those dedicated to armour production. An AM material is characterised by different behaviour than those conventionally made, especially during more dynamic loading such as ballistics testing. In this paper, M300 maraging steel behavior was analysed under the condition of ballistic testing. The material was tested before and after solution annealing and ageing. This manuscript also contains some data based on structural analysis and tensile testing with digital image correlation. Based on the conducted research, M300 maraging steel was found to be a helpful material for some armour solutions after pre- or post-processing activities. Conducted solution annealing and ageing increased the ballistic properties by 87% in comparison to build samples. At the same time, the material’s brittleness increased, which affected a significant growth in fragmentation of the perforated plate. According to such phenomena, a detailed fracture analysis was made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural and Mechanical Properties Investigation of Alloy Prepared by Additive Manufacturing Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2938 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Dynamic Covalent Bonds of Si-OR and Si-OSi Enabled A Stiff Polymer to Heal and Recycle at Room Temperature

by Ping Fan, Can Xue, Xiantai Zhou, Zujin Yang and Hongbing Ji

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2680; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102680 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

As stiff polymers are difficult to self-heal, the balance between polymers’ self-healing ability and mechanical properties is always a big challenge. Herein, we have developed a novel healable stiff polymer based on the Si-OR and Si-OSi dynamic covalent bonds. The self-healing mechanism was [...] Read more.

As stiff polymers are difficult to self-heal, the balance between polymers’ self-healing ability and mechanical properties is always a big challenge. Herein, we have developed a novel healable stiff polymer based on the Si-OR and Si-OSi dynamic covalent bonds. The self-healing mechanism was tested and proved by the small molecule model experiments and the contrast experiments of polymers. This polymer possesses excellent tensile, bending properties as well as room temperature self-healing abilities. Moreover, due to the sticky and shapeable properties under wetting conditions, the polymer could be used as an adhesive. Besides, even after four cycles of recycling, the polymer maintains its original properties, which meets the requirements of recyclable materials. It was demonstrated that the polymer exhibits potential application in some fields, such as recyclable materials and healable adhesives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 6996 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

RE-Based Inorganic-Crystal Nanofibers Produced by Electrospinning for Photonic Applications

by Alessandra Toncelli

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102679 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2730

Abstract

Electrospinning is an effective and inexpensive technique to grow polymer materials in nanofiber shape with exceptionally high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Although it has been known for about a century, it has gained much interest in the new millennium thanks to its low cost and [...] Read more.

Electrospinning is an effective and inexpensive technique to grow polymer materials in nanofiber shape with exceptionally high surface-area-to-volume ratio. Although it has been known for about a century, it has gained much interest in the new millennium thanks to its low cost and versatility, which has permitted to obtain a large variety of multifunctional compositions with a rich collection of new possible applications. Rare-earth doped materials possess many remarkable features that have been exploited, for example, for diode pumped bulk solid-state lasers in the visible and near infrared regions, or for biomedical applications when grown in nanometric form. In the last few decades, electrospinning preparation of rare-earth-doped crystal nanofibers has been developed and many different materials have been successfully grown. Crystal host, crystal quality and nanosized shape can deeply influence the optical properties of embedded rare earth ions; therefore, a large number of papers has recently been devoted to the growth and characterization of rare earth doped nanofibers with the electrospinning technique and an up-to-date review of this rapidly developing topic is missing; This review paper is devoted to the presentation of the main results obtained in this field up to now with particular insight into the optical characterization of the various materials grown with this technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Materials Physics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Reversible Barrier Switching of ZnO/RuO₂ Schottky Diodes

by Philipp Wendel, Dominik Dietz, Jonas Deuermeier and Andreas Klein

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2678; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102678 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2539

Abstract

The current-voltage characteristics of ZnO/RuO

_{2}

Schottky diodes prepared by magnetron sputtering are shown to exhibit a reversible hysteresis behavior, which corresponds to a variation of the Schottky barrier height between 0.9 and 1.3 eV upon voltage cycling. The changes in the barrier [...] Read more.

The current-voltage characteristics of ZnO/RuO

_{2}

Schottky diodes prepared by magnetron sputtering are shown to exhibit a reversible hysteresis behavior, which corresponds to a variation of the Schottky barrier height between 0.9 and 1.3 eV upon voltage cycling. The changes in the barrier height are attributed to trapping and de-trapping of electrons in oxygen vacancies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on Oxide Semiconductor Transistors and Related Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Laser Energy Input and Shielding Gas Flow on Evaporation Fume during Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Zn Metal

by Yu Qin, Jinge Liu, Yanzhe Chen, Peng Wen, Yufeng Zheng, Yun Tian, Maximilian Voshage and Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2677; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102677 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3582

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Zn-based metals exhibits prominent advantages to produce customized biodegradable implants. However, massive evaporation occurs during laser melting of Zn so that it becomes a critical issue to modulate laser energy input and gas shielding conditions to eliminate [...] Read more.

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Zn-based metals exhibits prominent advantages to produce customized biodegradable implants. However, massive evaporation occurs during laser melting of Zn so that it becomes a critical issue to modulate laser energy input and gas shielding conditions to eliminate the negative effect of evaporation fume during the LPBF process. In this research, two numerical models were established to simulate the interaction between the scanning laser and Zn metal as well as the interaction between the shielding gas flow and the evaporation fume, respectively. The first model predicted the evaporation rate under different laser energy input by taking the effect of evaporation on the conservation of energy, momentum, and mass into consideration. With the evaporation rate as the input, the second model predicted the elimination effect of evaporation fume under different conditions of shielding gas flow by taking the effect of the gas circulation system including geometrical design and flow rate. In the case involving an adequate laser energy input and an optimized shielding gas flow, the evaporation fume was efficiently removed from the processing chamber during the LPBF process. Furthermore, the influence of evaporation on surface quality densification was discussed by comparing LPBF of pure Zn and a Titanium alloy. The established numerical analysis not only helps to find the adequate laser energy input and the optimized shielding gas flow for the LPBF of Zn based metal, but is also beneficial to understand the influence of evaporation on the LPBF process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Control in Additive Manufacturing Processes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Low-Melting Triply Charged Homoleptic Cr(III)-Based Ionic Liquids in Comparison to Their Singly Charged Heteroleptic Analogues

by Tim Peppel and Martin Köckerling

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2676; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102676 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2097

Abstract

A series of new low-melting triply charged homoleptic Cr(III)-based ionic liquids of the general formula (RMIm)₃[Cr(NCS)₆] (R = methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, benzyl) is reported. Their syntheses and properties are described in comparison to their singly [...] Read more.

A series of new low-melting triply charged homoleptic Cr(III)-based ionic liquids of the general formula (RMIm)₃[Cr(NCS)₆] (R = methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, benzyl) is reported. Their syntheses and properties are described in comparison to their singly charged heteroleptic analogues of the general formula (RMIm)[Cr(NCS)₄L₂] (R = methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, benzyl; L = pyridine, γ-picoline). In total, sixteen new Reineckate related salts with large imidazolium cations are described. Out of these, five compounds were crystallized, and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analyses. They all consisted of discrete anions and cations with octahedrally coordinated Cr(III) ions. In the structures, various hydrogen contacts interconnect the entities to build up hydrogen bonded networks. Thermal investigations showed relatively low melting points for the homoleptic complexes. The compounds with the [Cr(NCS)₆]³⁻ anion melt without decomposition and are stable up to 200 K above their melting points. The complex salts with the [Cr(NCS)₄L₂]⁻ anion, in contrast, start to decompose and lose L molecules (Pyr or Pic) already at the melting point. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Ionic Liquids)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Based Crosslinked Polymers Synthesized from Functionalized Soybean Oil and Squalene by Thiol–Ene UV Curing

by Sigita Grauzeliene, Deimante Valaityte, Greta Motiekaityte and Jolita Ostrauskaite

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102675 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3191

Abstract

The development of polymers photopolymerized from renewable resources are extensively growing as fulfills green chemistry and green engineering principles. With the rapid growth of consumerism, research on innovative starting materials for the preparation of polymers may help to reduce the negative impact of [...] Read more.

The development of polymers photopolymerized from renewable resources are extensively growing as fulfills green chemistry and green engineering principles. With the rapid growth of consumerism, research on innovative starting materials for the preparation of polymers may help to reduce the negative impact of petroleum-based plastic materials on the global ecosystem and on animal and human health. Therefore, bio-based crosslinked polymers have been synthesized from functionalized soybean oil and squalene by thiol–ene ultra-violet (UV) curing. First, thiol–ene UV curing of squalene was performed to introduce thiol functional groups. Then, hexathiolated squalene was used as a crosslinker in click UV curing of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil. Two photoinitiators, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone and ethylphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate, were tested in different quantities. Rheological properties of the resins were monitored by real-time photorheometry. The characterization of obtained polymers was performed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and Shore A hardness measurements. Polymers possessed higher storage modulus, thermal characteristics, Shore A hardness, and lower swelling value when ethylphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate was used as photoinitiator. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 14889 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Using TOF-SIMS Spectrometry to Study the Kinetics of the Interfacial Retro Diels–Alder Reaction

by Lilia Hassouna, Sachin Kumar Enganati, Florence Bally-Le Gall, Grégory Mertz, Jérôme Bour, David Ruch and Vincent Roucoules

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102674 - 20 May 2021

Viewed by 2100

Abstract

In this work, the use of Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was explored as a technique for monitoring the interfacial retro Diels–Alder (retro DA) reaction occurring on well-controlled self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A molecule containing a Diels–Alder (DA) adduct was grafted [...] Read more.

In this work, the use of Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was explored as a technique for monitoring the interfacial retro Diels–Alder (retro DA) reaction occurring on well-controlled self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A molecule containing a Diels–Alder (DA) adduct was grafted on to the monolayers, then the surface was heated at different temperatures to follow the reaction conversion. A TOF-SIMS analysis of the surface allowed the detection of a fragment from the molecule, which is released from the surface when retro DA reaction occurs. Hence, by monitoring the decay of this fragment’s peak integral, the reaction conversion could be determined in function of the time and for different temperatures. The viability of this method was then discussed in comparison with the results obtained by ¹H NMR spectroscopy. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 5961 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Physical Properties, Spectroscopic, Microscopic, X-ray, and Chemometric Analysis of Starch Films Enriched with Selected Functional Additives

by Maciej Combrzyński, Tomasz Oniszczuk, Karol Kupryaniuk, Agnieszka Wójtowicz, Marcin Mitrus, Marek Milanowski, Jakub Soja, Iwona Budziak-Wieczorek, Dariusz Karcz, Daniel Kamiński, Sławomir Kulesza, Karolina Wojtunik-Kulesza, Kamila Kasprzak-Drozd, Marek Gancarz, Iwona Kowalska, Lidia Ślusarczyk and Arkadiusz Matwijczuk

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2673; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102673 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3400

Abstract

Biodegradable materials are used in the manufacture of packaging and compostable films and various types of medical products. They have demonstrated a large number of potential practical applications in medicine and particularly in the treatment of various cardiac, vascular, and orthopedic conditions in [...] Read more.

Biodegradable materials are used in the manufacture of packaging and compostable films and various types of medical products. They have demonstrated a large number of potential practical applications in medicine and particularly in the treatment of various cardiac, vascular, and orthopedic conditions in adults as well in children. In our research, the extrusion-cooking technique was applied to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS), which was then utilized to obtain environmentally friendly starch-based films. Potato starch was the basic raw material exploited. Polyvinyl alcohol and keratin were used as functional additives in amounts from 0.5 to 3%, while 20% of glycerol was harnessed as a plasticizer. The processing of the thermoplastic starch employed a single screw extruder-cooker with an L/D ratio of 16. The film blowing process was carried out using a film-blowing laboratory line with L/D = 36. FTIR Spectroscopy was applied for the assignment of the prominent functional groups. The results showed that the processing efficiency of thermoplastic starch with functional additives varied depending on the level of polyvinyl alcohol and keratin addition. Moreover, the FTIR data correlated with the changes in the physical properties of the tested films. The analysis of FTIR spectra revealed several changes in the intensity of bands originating from stretching vibrations characteristic of the –OH substituent. The changes observed depended on the presence/lack of the hydrogen bonding occurring upon interactions between the starch molecules and the various additives used. In addition, notable changes were observed in bands assigned to glycoside bonds in the starch. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Complexes: Synthesis, Structural and Physicochemical Studies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2088 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Performance of CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Tooth-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Babak Saravi, Andreas Vollmer, Maja Hartmann, Gernot Lang, Ralf-Joachim Kohal, Martin Boeker and Sebastian B. M. Patzelt

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2672; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102672 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4595

Abstract

Although CAD/CAM ceramics present a promising alternative to metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses, little is known about their mid- and long-term clinical performance. This systematic review aims to estimate the survival and success rates and describes the underlying complication characteristics for CAD/CAM tooth-supported zirconia- [...] Read more.

Although CAD/CAM ceramics present a promising alternative to metal-ceramic fixed dental prostheses, little is known about their mid- and long-term clinical performance. This systematic review aims to estimate the survival and success rates and describes the underlying complication characteristics for CAD/CAM tooth-supported zirconia- and lithium disilicate-based fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). We systematically searched MEDLINE and Web of Science to find relevant prospective studies with a follow-up of at least one year. We estimated pooled 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival and success rates by combining the collected data in a Poisson regression model. Descriptive statistics were conducted to evaluate the distribution of failures and complications in the included studies. Risk of bias for the included studies was assessed with an adapted checklist for single-arm trials. Pooled estimated 1-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates ranged from 93.80% to 94.66%, 89.67% to 91.1%, and 79.33% to 82.20%, respectively. The corresponding success rates excluding failures, but including any other types of intervention were 94.53% to 96.77%, 90.89% to 94.62%, and 81.78% to 89.25%. Secondary caries was the most frequent cause of failure, followed by chipping of the veneering. The most common cause of complication excluding failures but requiring intervention was chipping of the veneering. Risk of bias was generally acceptable for the included studies, with seven studies associated with low risk of bias, eight studies with a moderate risk of bias, and three studies with serious risk of bias. The current meta-analysis on CAD/CAM-supported FDPs revealed satisfying survival and success rates for up to 10 years of exposure. More prospective studies focusing on long-term performance are needed to strengthen the evidence currently available in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Dental Implant and CAD-CAM Prostheses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 41920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Shielding Gas on Microstructure and Properties of GMAW DSS2205 Welded Joints

by Xin-Yu Zhang, Xiao-Qin Zha, Ling-Qing Gao, Peng-Hui Hei and Yong-Feng Ren

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2671; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102671 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2519

Abstract

In the present study, the microstructures and properties of DSS 2205 solid wire MIG welded samples prepared in different shielding gases (pure Ar gas, 98%Ar + 2%O₂ and 98%Ar + 2%N₂) were investigated for improving the weldability of DSS 2205 [...] Read more.

In the present study, the microstructures and properties of DSS 2205 solid wire MIG welded samples prepared in different shielding gases (pure Ar gas, 98%Ar + 2%O₂ and 98%Ar + 2%N₂) were investigated for improving the weldability of DSS 2205 welded joint. The work was conducted by mechanical property tests (hardness and tensile test) and corrosion resistance property tests (immersion and electrochemical tests). The results show that adding 2%O₂ into pure Ar gas as the shielding gas decreases crystal defects (faults) and improves the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the welded joints. Phase equilibrium and microstructural homogeneity in welded seam (WS) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) can be adjusted and the strength and corrosion resistance of welded joints increased obviously by adding 2%N₂ to pure Ar gas as the shielding gas. Compared with DSS 2205 solid wire MIG welding in 98%Ar + 2%O₂ mixed atmosphere, the strength and corrosion resistance of welded joints are improved more obviously in 98%Ar + 2%N₂ mixed atmosphere. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 5651 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deterioration of Portland Cement Pervious Concrete in Sponge Cities Subjected to Acid Rain

by Longxin Gao, Yong Lai, Mohammad Rashadul Islam Pramanic and Wuman Zhang

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2670; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102670 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3102

Abstract

The deterioration of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC) subjected to wet-dry cycles in the simulated acid rain solution was investigated; 4% silica fume (SF) and 8% fine aggregate (FAG) were used to replace part of cement and the coarse aggregates (weight by weight), [...] Read more.

The deterioration of Portland cement pervious concrete (PCPC) subjected to wet-dry cycles in the simulated acid rain solution was investigated; 4% silica fume (SF) and 8% fine aggregate (FAG) were used to replace part of cement and the coarse aggregates (weight by weight), respectively. The wear resistance, the compressive, and flexural strength of PCPC were measured. The results show that after 12 wet-dry cycles in acid rain solution the compressive strength and the flexural strength of control PCPC are decreased by 30.7% and 40.8%. The final compressive strength of PCPC with 4% SF and PCPC with 8% FAG is increased by 6.9% and 30.3%, and the final flexural strength is increased by 25.4% and 72.3%, respectively. The wear loss of PCPC is decreased by 58.8% and 81.9% when 4% SF and 8% FAG is added to PCPC, respectively. The microstructures of PCPC with wet-dry cycles are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Concrete and Building Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 13855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factorial Analysis of Fiber Laser Fusion Cutting of AISI 304 Stainless Steel: Evaluation of Effects on Process Performance, Kerf Geometry and Cut Edge Roughness

by Achim Mahrle, Madlen Borkmann and Peer Pfohl

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2669; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102669 - 19 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3880

Abstract

Factorial Design-of-Experiment analyses were applied for conventional and beam oscillation fiber laser cutting of 10 mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel. Considered factors in case of the conventional process with a static beam involve both laser and cutting gas parameters, in particular the [...] Read more.

Factorial Design-of-Experiment analyses were applied for conventional and beam oscillation fiber laser cutting of 10 mm thick AISI 304 stainless steel. Considered factors in case of the conventional process with a static beam involve both laser and cutting gas parameters, in particular the laser power, the focal plane position, the cutting gas pressure, the nozzle stand-off distance as well as the nozzle diameter. The conducted trials were evaluated with respect to the achievable cutting speed, the cut kerf geometry and the cut edge roughness. Noticeable correlations between cut edge roughness and cut kerf geometry stimulated the development of a corresponding Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of the cutting gas flow through the kerf. A specific approach of data synchronization revealed that the experimentally determined roughness values do well correlate with numerically computed values of the backward directed component of the gas-induced shear stress and that the cut kerf geometry as internal process-inherent boundary condition influences relevant cutting characteristics more than controllable external cutting gas parameters. Finally, effects of circular beam oscillation were investigated by an additional factorial analysis considering the laser power, the focal plane position, the oscillation frequency and the oscillation amplitude as factors. The results demonstrate the potential of beam oscillation techniques for quality improvements in laser cutting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2609 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Principal Component Analysis as a Statistical Tool for Concrete Mix Design

by Janusz Kobaka

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102668 - 19 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3370

Abstract

With the recent and rapid development of concrete technologies and the ever-increasing use of concrete, adapting concrete to the specific needs and applications of civil engineering is necessary. Due to economic considerations and care for the natural environment, improving the methods currently used [...] Read more.

With the recent and rapid development of concrete technologies and the ever-increasing use of concrete, adapting concrete to the specific needs and applications of civil engineering is necessary. Due to economic considerations and care for the natural environment, improving the methods currently used in concrete design is also necessary. In this study, the author used principal component analysis as a statistical tool in the concrete mix design process. Using a combination of PCA variables and 2D and 3D factors has made it possible to refine concrete recipes. Thirty-eight concrete mixes of different aggregate grades were analyzed using this method. The applied statistical analysis showed many interesting relationships between the properties of concrete and the content of its components such as the clustering of certain properties, showing dependence between the properties and the quantities of certain ingredients in concrete, and reducing noise in the data, which most importantly simplifies interpretation. This method of analysis can be used as an aid for concrete mix design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Structure and Properties of Concretes Based on Non-conventional Aggregates)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 2987 KiB

Open AccessArticle

POF-Based Solar Concentrators Incorporating Dyes and Europium Chelates

by Ander Vieira, Jon Arrue, Begoña García-Ramiro, Felipe Jiménez, María Asunción Illarramendi and Joseba Zubia

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14102667 - 19 May 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

In this paper, useful models that enable time-efficient computational analyses of the performance of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are developed and thoroughly described. These LSCs are based on polymer optical fibers codoped with organic dyes and/or europium chelates. The interest in such dopants [...] Read more.

In this paper, useful models that enable time-efficient computational analyses of the performance of luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) are developed and thoroughly described. These LSCs are based on polymer optical fibers codoped with organic dyes and/or europium chelates. The interest in such dopants lies in the availability of new dyes with higher quantum yields and in the photostability and suitable absorption and emission bands of europium chelates. Time-efficiency without compromising accuracy is especially important for the simulation of europium chelates, in which non-radiative energy transfers from the absorbing ligands to the europium ion and vice versa are so fast that the discretization in time, in the absence of some simplifying assumptions, would have to be very fine. Some available experimental results are also included for the sake of comparison. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Optical Fibers: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Materials, Volume 14, Issue 10 (May-2 2021) – 229 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI