Journal of Xenobiotics

36 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bisphenol A (BPA) and Cardiovascular or Cardiometabolic Diseases

by Jeong-Hun Kang, Daisuke Asai and Riki Toita

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 775-810; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040049 - 5 Dec 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3854

Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. Most human exposure to BPA occurs through the consumption of BPA-contaminated foods. Cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure are the leading causes [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4′-isopropylidenediphenol) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. Most human exposure to BPA occurs through the consumption of BPA-contaminated foods. Cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure are the leading causes of death worldwide. Positive associations have been reported between blood or urinary BPA levels and cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases. BPA also induces disorders or dysfunctions in the tissues associated with these diseases through various cell signaling pathways. This review highlights the literature elucidating the relationship between BPA and various cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases and the potential mechanisms underlying BPA-mediated disorders or dysfunctions in tissues such as blood vessels, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, and heart that are associated with these diseases. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2145 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Micro and Nanoplastic Contamination and Its Effects on Freshwater Mussels Caged in an Urban Area

by François Gagné, Eva Roubeau-Dumont, Chantale André and Joëlle Auclair

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 761-774; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040048 - 5 Dec 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

Plastic-based contamination has become a major cause of concern as it pervades many environments such as air, water, sediments, and soils. This study sought to examine the presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater mussels placed at rainfall/street runoff overflows, downstream [...] Read more.

Plastic-based contamination has become a major cause of concern as it pervades many environments such as air, water, sediments, and soils. This study sought to examine the presence of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in freshwater mussels placed at rainfall/street runoff overflows, downstream (15 km) of the city centre of Montréal, and 8 km downstream of a municipal effluent dispersion plume. MPs and NPs were determined using flow cytometry and size exclusion chromatography using fluorescence detection. Following 3 months of exposure during the summer season, mussels contained elevated amounts of both MPs and NPs. The rainfall overflow and downstream of the city centre were the most contaminated sites. Lipid peroxidation, metallothioneins, and protein aggregates (amyloids) were significantly increased at the most contaminated sites and were significantly correlated with NPs in tissues. Based on the levels of MPs and NPs in mussels exposed to municipal effluent, wastewater treatment plants appear to mitigate plastic contamination albeit not completely. In conclusion, the data support the hypothesis that mussels placed in urbanized areas are more contaminated by plastics, which are associated with oxidative damage. The highest responses observed at the overflow site suggest that tire wear and/or asphalt (road) erosion MPs/NPs represent important sources of contamination for the aquatic biota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plastics, Water-Soluble Polymers and Rubberized Materials: Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Aquatic Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3356 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Materials as Xenobiotics in Living Systems: Is There a Consensus on Their Safety?

by David Gendron and Grzegorz Bubak

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 740-760; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040047 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2062

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes and graphene are two types of nanomaterials that have unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including biomedicine, energy storage, and gas sensing. However, there is still a debate about the safety of these materials, and there is yet to [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes and graphene are two types of nanomaterials that have unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including biomedicine, energy storage, and gas sensing. However, there is still a debate about the safety of these materials, and there is yet to be a complete consensus on their potential risks to human health and the environment. While some studies have provided recommendations for occupational exposure limits, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks of these materials to human health and the environment. In this review, we will try to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using carbon nanotubes and graphene as well as composites containing them in the context of their biocompatibility and toxicity to living systems. In addition, we overview current policy guidelines and technical regulations regarding the safety of carbon-based nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanotoxicology and Nanopharmacology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 7927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Bisphenol A and Alternatives: A Comprehensive In Silico Modelling Approach

by Liadys Mora Lagares and Marjan Vračko

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 719-739; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040046 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3354

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA), a compound widely used in industrial applications, has raised concerns due to its environmental impact. As a key component in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many consumer products, concerns about potential harm to human health [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA), a compound widely used in industrial applications, has raised concerns due to its environmental impact. As a key component in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins used in many consumer products, concerns about potential harm to human health and the environment are unavoidable. This study seeks to address these concerns by evaluating a range of potential BPA alternatives, focusing on their ecotoxicological properties. The research examines 76 bisphenols, including BPA derivatives, using a variety of in silico ecotoxicological models, although it should be noted that these models were not developed exclusively for this particular class of compounds. Consequently, interpretations should be made with caution. The results of this study highlight specific compounds of potential environmental concern and underscore the need to develop more specific models for BPA alternatives that will allow for more accurate and reliable assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Intolerance and Mast Cell Activation: A Suspicious Synchronicity

by Raymond F. Palmer, Tania T. Dempsey and Lawrence B. Afrin

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 704-718; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040045 - 12 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

Background: Chemical Intolerance (CI) is characterized by intolerances for chemicals, foods, and drugs with multi-system symptoms. As yet, the biomechanism remains unclear. One study reported converging lines of evidence supporting a substantive association between mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and CI. The [...] Read more.

Background: Chemical Intolerance (CI) is characterized by intolerances for chemicals, foods, and drugs with multi-system symptoms. As yet, the biomechanism remains unclear. One study reported converging lines of evidence supporting a substantive association between mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) and CI. The purpose of this study is to (1) confirm a previous report demonstrating that 60% of MCAS patients report CI and (2) examine the parallels between symptoms and intolerances in CI and MCAS. Methods: Five hundred forty-four MCAS patients were assigned a clinical MCAS score using a validated assessment instrument and were assessed for CI using the validated Quick Environmental Exposure Sensitivity Index. Results: Our outcomes confirm the previously published study where the majority of MCAS patients also have CI. There was a clear overlap between various ICD-10 diagnostic categories and CI symptoms, providing further support for a potential shared mechanism. Conclusions: Exposures to pesticides, volatile organic compounds, combustion products, and mold have previously been reported as initiators of CI. However, until recently, little was known about the biological mechanism involved that could explain the multisystem symptoms associated with CI. This paper addresses a newly identified biomechanism for disease, which may underlie a host of “medically unexplained symptoms” triggered by xenobiotics. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anthropogenic Microparticles in Sea-Surface Microlayer in Osaka Bay, Japan

by Mi Zhou, Hirofumi Yanai, Chee Kong Yap, Christina Emmanouil and Hideo Okamura

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 685-703; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040044 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1507

Abstract

The abundance, distribution, and composition of microparticles (MPs) in the sea-surface microlayer (S-SML, less than 100 μm of sea surface in this experiment) and in bulk water (1 m under the sea surface) were investigated to evaluate the pollution level of MPs in [...] Read more.

The abundance, distribution, and composition of microparticles (MPs) in the sea-surface microlayer (S-SML, less than 100 μm of sea surface in this experiment) and in bulk water (1 m under the sea surface) were investigated to evaluate the pollution level of MPs in Osaka Bay in Japan. Both seawater fractions were collected at eight sites including ship navigation routes, the coastal area, and the center of Osaka Bay for 2021–2023. MPs were filtered for four size ranges (10–53, 53–125, 125–500, and >500 μm) and then digested with H₂O₂. MPs’ abundance was microscopically assessed; and polymer types of MPs were identified by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). For the 22 collections performed along eight sites, the average MPs’ abundance was 903 ± 921 items/kg for S-SML, while for the 25 collections performed along the same sites, the average MPs’ abundance was 55.9 ± 40.4 items/kg for bulk water, respectively. MPs in both S-SML and bulk water exhibited their highest abundance along the navigation routes. The smallest MPs (10–53 μm) accounted for 81.2% and for 62.2% of all MPs in S-SML and in bulk water among all sites, respectively. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was the major type of MPs identified while minor ones were polyethylene, polyesters, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, etc. PMMA comprised 95.1% of total MPs in S-SML and 45.6% of total MPs in bulk water. In addition, PMMA accounted for 96.6% in S-SML and 49.5% in bulk water for the smallest MP category (10–53 μm). It can be assumed that the MP sources were marine paints—primarily APPs (antifouling paint particles)—as well as land coatings. Sea pollution due to microparticles from ship vessels should be given proper attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Legacy and Emerging Pollutants and Their Effects through the Lens of Environmental Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 31450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticle Size and Surface Properties on Neuronal PC-12 Cells: Unraveling Cytotoxicity, Dopaminergic Gene Expression, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition

by Jitendra Kumar Suthar, Balaji Rakesh, Anuradha Vaidya and Selvan Ravindran

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 662-684; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040043 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1385

Abstract

Titanium oxide nanoparticles can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, infiltrate the central nervous system, and induce neurotoxicity. One of the most often utilized nanoparticles has been investigated for their neurotoxicity in many studies. Nonetheless, there remains an unexplored aspect regarding the comparative analysis of [...] Read more.

Titanium oxide nanoparticles can penetrate the blood–brain barrier, infiltrate the central nervous system, and induce neurotoxicity. One of the most often utilized nanoparticles has been investigated for their neurotoxicity in many studies. Nonetheless, there remains an unexplored aspect regarding the comparative analysis of particles varying in size and nanoparticles of identical dimensions, both with and devoid of surface coating. In the current study, we synthesized two differently sized nanoparticles, TiO₂-10 (10 nm) and TiO₂-22 (22 nm), and nanoparticles of the same size but with a polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating (TiO₂-PVP, 22 nm) and studied their toxic effects on neural PC-12 cells. The results highlighted significant dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥10 μg/mL. The exposure of TiO₂ nanoparticles significantly elevated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species levels, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, altered the mitochondrial membrane potential, and enhanced apoptosis-related caspase-3 activity, irrespective of size and surface coating. The interaction of the nanoparticles with acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity was also investigated, and the results revealed a dose-dependent suppression of enzymatic activity. However, the gene expression studies indicated no effect on the expression of all six genes associated with the dopaminergic system upon exposure to 10 μg/mL for any nanoparticle. The results demonstrated no significant difference between the outcomes of TiO₂-10 and TiO₂-22 NPs. However, the polyvinylpyrrolidone surface coating was able to attenuate the neurotoxic effects. These findings suggest that as the TiO₂ nanoparticles get smaller (towards 0 nm), they might promote apoptosis and inflammatory reactions in neural cells via oxidative stress, irrespective of their size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanotoxicology and Nanopharmacology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Cellular Accumulation of Vehicle Exhaust Particulates Changes the Acidic pH Environment of Lysosomes in BEAS-2B Airway Epithelial Cells

by Akira Onodera, Takuya Shimomura, Hirohisa Ochi, Ryuto Sunada, Eiko Fukutomi, Koushi Hidaka and Yuichi Kawai

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 653-661; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040042 - 1 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1406

Abstract

Many people are exposed every day to vehicle exhaust particulates (VEPs), which are thought to be taken up by epithelial cells that are the first barrier in our biological defense. The study aim was to investigate how VEPs are processed in the lysosomal [...] Read more.

Many people are exposed every day to vehicle exhaust particulates (VEPs), which are thought to be taken up by epithelial cells that are the first barrier in our biological defense. The study aim was to investigate how VEPs are processed in the lysosomal degradation system. BEAS-2B airway epithelial cells easily ingest VEPs and have been shown to accumulate in cells for several days, but no elevated cytotoxicity was observed over that time period. An analysis of 3D images confirmed the presence of VEPs in or near lysosomes, and an accumulation of VEPs resulted in an increase in the normal acidic pH in lysosomes and the extracellular release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase. Epithelial cells were thought to activate the lysosome-mediated secretion of extracellular vesicles to avoid damage caused by non-degradable foreign substances, such as VEPs, and as a side reaction, the acidic pH environment of the lysosomes could not be maintained. Full article

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Baccharis Species Essential Oils: Repellency and Toxicity against Yellow Fever Mosquitoes and Imported Fire Ants

by Abbas Ali, Farhan Mahmood Shah, Jane Manfron, Luciane M. Monteiro, Valter P. de Almeida, Vijayasankar Raman and Ikhlas A. Khan

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 641-652; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040041 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1806

Abstract

Essential oils from five Baccharis species were screened for their toxicity and biting deterrence/repellency against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and imported fire ants, including Solenopsis invicta Buren (RIFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel (BIFA) and their hybrids (HIFA). Baccharis microdonta DC. and B. [...] Read more.

Essential oils from five Baccharis species were screened for their toxicity and biting deterrence/repellency against yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.), and imported fire ants, including Solenopsis invicta Buren (RIFA), Solenopsis richteri Forel (BIFA) and their hybrids (HIFA). Baccharis microdonta DC. and B. punctulata DC. at 10 µg/cm² showed biting deterrence similar to DEET, N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide at 25 nmol/cm², whereas the repellency of B. pauciflosculosa DC., B. sphenophylla Dusén ex Malme and B. reticularioides Deble & A.S. Oliveira essential oils was significantly lower than DEET against mosquitoes. Two major compounds from the active essential oils, kongol and spathulenol, also exhibited biting deterrence similar to DEET against mosquitoes. The highest toxicity exhibited against mosquitoes was by Baccharis punctulata essential oil (LC₅₀ = 20.4 ppm), followed by B. pauciflosculosa (LC₅₀ = 31.9 ppm), B. sphenophylla (LC₅₀ = 30.8 ppm), B. microdonta (LC₅₀ = 28.6 ppm), kongol (LC₅₀ = 32.3 ppm), spathulenol (LC₅₀ = 48.7 ppm) and B. reticularioides essential oil (LC₅₀ = 84.4 ppm). Baccharis microdonta essential oil showed repellency against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA at 4.9, 4.9 and 39 µg/g, respectively. Baccharis microdonta essential oil also showed toxicity with LC₅₀ of 78.9, 97.5 and 136.5 µg/g against RIFA, BIFA and HIFA, respectively, at 24 h post treatment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plastic Contamination in Seabass and Seabream from Off-Shore Aquaculture Facilities from the Mediterranean Sea

by Giacomo Mosconi, Sara Panseri, Stefano Magni, Renato Malandra, Alfonsina D’Amato, Marina Carini, Luca Chiesa and Camilla Della Torre

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 625-640; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040040 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2172

Abstract

We characterized the presence of plastics in different organs of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from some off-shore aquaculture facilities of the Mediterranean Sea. Plastics were detected in 38% of analyzed fish. Higher contamination [...] Read more.

We characterized the presence of plastics in different organs of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from some off-shore aquaculture facilities of the Mediterranean Sea. Plastics were detected in 38% of analyzed fish. Higher contamination was observed in fish from Turkey and Greece with respect to Italy, without significant differences between the geographical areas. Plastics accumulated mostly in the gastrointestinal tract and, to a lower extent, in the muscle, which represents the edible part of fish. Based on the particle detected, a maximum amount of 0.01 plastic/g wet weight (w.w.) can occur in muscles, suggesting a low input for humans through consumption. A large portion of the particles identified was represented by man-made cellulose-based fibers. The characterization of the polymeric composition suggests that plastics taken up by fish can have land-based and pelagic origins, but plastics can be introduced also from different aquaculture practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plastics, Water-Soluble Polymers and Rubberized Materials: Ecotoxicological Aspects in the Aquatic Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Underestimations in the In Silico-Predicted Toxicities of V-Agents

by Georgios Pampalakis

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 615-624; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040039 - 22 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

V-agents are exceedingly toxic nerve agents. Recently, it was highlighted that V-agents constitute a diverse subclass of compounds with most of them not extensively studied. Although chemical weapons have been banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), there is an increased concern for [...] Read more.

V-agents are exceedingly toxic nerve agents. Recently, it was highlighted that V-agents constitute a diverse subclass of compounds with most of them not extensively studied. Although chemical weapons have been banned under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), there is an increased concern for chemical terrorism. Thus, it is important to understand their properties and toxicities, especially since some of these agents are not included in the CWC list. Nonetheless, to achieve this goal, the testing of a huge number of compounds is needed. Alternatively, in silico toxicology offers a great advantage for the rapid assessment of toxic compounds. Here, various in silico tools (TEST, VEGA, pkCSM ProTox-II) were used to estimate the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of different V-agents and compare them with experimental values. These programs underestimated the toxicity of V-agents, and certain V-agents were estimated to be relatively non-toxic. TEST was also used to estimate the physical properties and found to provide good approximations for densities, surface tensions and vapor pressures but not for viscosities. Thus, attention should be paid when interpreting and estimating the toxicities of V-agents in silico, and it is necessary to conduct future detailed experiments to understand their properties and develop effective countermeasures. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

The Silent Threat: Exploring the Ecological and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Chlorinated Aniline Derivatives and the Metabolites on the Aquatic Ecosystem

by Daniela Rebelo, Sara C. Antunes and Sara Rodrigues

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 604-614; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040038 - 1 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1940

Abstract

The growing concern over the environmental impacts of industrial chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has prompted increased attention and regulation. Aromatic amines have drawn scrutiny due to their potential to disturb aquatic ecosystems. 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline are chlorinated derivatives of aniline used as intermediates [...] Read more.

The growing concern over the environmental impacts of industrial chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has prompted increased attention and regulation. Aromatic amines have drawn scrutiny due to their potential to disturb aquatic ecosystems. 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline are chlorinated derivatives of aniline used as intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, cosmetics, and laboratory chemicals. While industrial applications are crucial, these compounds represent significant risks to aquatic environments. This article aims to shed light on aromatic amines’ ecological and ecotoxicological impacts on aquatic ecosystems, given as examples 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline, highlighting the need for stringent regulation and management to safeguard water resources. Moreover, these compounds are not included in the current Watch List of the Water Framework Directive, though there is already some information about aquatic ecotoxicity, which raises some concerns. This paper primarily focuses on the inherent environmental problem related to the proliferation and persistence of aromatic amines, particularly 4-chloroaniline and 3,4-dichloroaniline, in aquatic ecosystems. Although significant research underscores the hazardous effects of these compounds, the urgency of addressing this issue appears to be underestimated. As such, we underscore the necessity of advancing detection and mitigation efforts and implementing improved regulatory measures to safeguard the water bodies against these potential threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Toxicology and Animal Health)

32 pages, 2761 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbial Exudates as Biostimulants: Role in Plant Growth Promotion and Stress Mitigation

by Mariya Ansari, B. Megala Devi, Ankita Sarkar, Anirudha Chattopadhyay, Lovkush Satnami, Pooraniammal Balu, Manoj Choudhary, Muhammad Adnan Shahid and A. Abdul Kader Jailani

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 572-603; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040037 - 1 Oct 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3773

Abstract

Microbes hold immense potential, based on the fact that they are widely acknowledged for their role in mitigating the detrimental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which were extensively employed during the Green Revolution era. The consequence of this extensive use has been [...] Read more.

Microbes hold immense potential, based on the fact that they are widely acknowledged for their role in mitigating the detrimental impacts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, which were extensively employed during the Green Revolution era. The consequence of this extensive use has been the degradation of agricultural land, soil health and fertility deterioration, and a decline in crop quality. Despite the existence of environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives, microbial bioinoculants encounter numerous challenges in real-world agricultural settings. These challenges include harsh environmental conditions like unfavorable soil pH, temperature extremes, and nutrient imbalances, as well as stiff competition with native microbial species and host plant specificity. Moreover, obstacles spanning from large-scale production to commercialization persist. Therefore, substantial efforts are underway to identify superior solutions that can foster a sustainable and eco-conscious agricultural system. In this context, attention has shifted towards the utilization of cell-free microbial exudates as opposed to traditional microbial inoculants. Microbial exudates refer to the diverse array of cellular metabolites secreted by microbial cells. These metabolites enclose a wide range of chemical compounds, including sugars, organic acids, amino acids, peptides, siderophores, volatiles, and more. The composition and function of these compounds in exudates can vary considerably, depending on the specific microbial strains and prevailing environmental conditions. Remarkably, they possess the capability to modulate and influence various plant physiological processes, thereby inducing tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, these exudates facilitate plant growth and aid in the remediation of environmental pollutants such as chemicals and heavy metals in agroecosystems. Much like live microbes, when applied, these exudates actively participate in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere, engaging in continuous interactions with plants and plant-associated microbes. Consequently, they play a pivotal role in reshaping the microbiome. The biostimulant properties exhibited by these exudates position them as promising biological components for fostering cleaner and more sustainable agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biostimulants - a Promising Tool in Organic Farming)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Behavior of Terbuthylazine, Tebuconazole, and Alachlor during Denitrification Process

by Kristína Pániková, Zuzana Bílková and Jitka Malá

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 560-571; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040036 - 1 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1233

Abstract

Pesticide compounds can influence denitrification processes in groundwater in many ways. This study observed behavior of three selected pesticides under denitrifying conditions. Alachlor, terbuthylazine, and tebuconazole, in a concentration of 0.1 mL L⁻¹, were examined using two laboratory denitrifications assays: a [...] Read more.

Pesticide compounds can influence denitrification processes in groundwater in many ways. This study observed behavior of three selected pesticides under denitrifying conditions. Alachlor, terbuthylazine, and tebuconazole, in a concentration of 0.1 mL L⁻¹, were examined using two laboratory denitrifications assays: a “short” 7-day and a “long” 28-day test. During these tests, removal of pesticides via adsorption and biotic decomposition, as well as the efficiency of nitrate removal in the presence of the pesticides, were measured. No considerable inhibition of the denitrification process was observed for any of the pesticides. On the contrary, significant stimulation was observed after 21 days for alachlor (49%) and after seven days for terbuthylazine (40%) and tebuconazole (36%). Adsorption was in progress only during the first seven days in the case of all tested pesticides and increased only negligibly afterwards. Immediate adsorption of terbuthylazine was probably influenced by the mercuric chloride inhibitor. A biotic loss of 4% was measured only in the case of alachlor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Chemicals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Risks from Intake and Contact with Toxic Metal-Contaminated Water from Pager River, Uganda

by Patrick Onen, Robin Akemkwene, Caroline K. Nakiguli, Daniel Nimusiima, Daniel Hendry Ruma, Alice V. Khanakwa, Christopher Angiro, Gadson Bamanya, Boniface Opio, Allan Gonzaga and Timothy Omara

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 544-559; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040035 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3825

Abstract

Pollution of water resources is one of the major impediments to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical quality and potentially toxic element (lead and cadmium) concentrations in surface water [...] Read more.

Pollution of water resources is one of the major impediments to the realization of Sustainable Development Goals, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical quality and potentially toxic element (lead and cadmium) concentrations in surface water sampled from Pager River, a tributary of the Nile River in Northern Uganda. Water samples (n = 18) were taken from six different points upstream (A, B, and C) and downstream (D, E, and F) of the river and analyzed following standard methods for their physiochemical properties. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify lead and cadmium concentrations. Human health risks from ingestion and dermal contact with potentially toxic metal-contaminated water were calculated. The results obtained indicated that the mean temperature (27.7 ± 0.5–29.5 ± 0.8 °C), turbidity (40.7 ± 2.1–50.1 ± 1.1 NTU), lead (0.296 ± 0.030–0.576 ± 0.163 mg/L) and cadmium (0.278 ± 0.040–0.524 ± 0.040 mg/L) occurred at levels that surpassed their permissible limits as per World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. Human health risk assessment showed that there are potential non-cancer risks from the ingestion of water from Pager River by adults, as the total hazard quotients were greater than one. These results emphasize the urgency to restrict the dumping of wastes into the river to minimize chances of impacting the Nile River, which flows northwards to the Mediterranean Sea. Further studies should perform routine monitoring of the river during both dry and wet seasons to establish the spatiotemporal variations of physicochemical, microbial, and trace metal profiles of the river and the associated health risks. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Extracellular Vesicles Containing Inorganic Polyphosphate of Candida Yeast upon Growth on Hexadecane

by Anton N. Zvonarev, Ludmila V. Trilisenko, Vasilina V. Farofonova, Ekaterina V. Kulakovskaya, Tatiana N. Abashina, Vladimir V. Dmitriev and Tatiana Kulakovskaya

J. Xenobiot. 2023, 13(4), 529-543; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox13040034 - 23 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1602

Abstract

The cell wall of Candida yeast grown on presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source undergoes structural and functional changes including the formation of specific supramolecular complexes—canals. The canals contain specific polysaccharides and enzymes that provide primary oxidization of alkanes. In addition, [...] Read more.

The cell wall of Candida yeast grown on presence of hexadecane as a sole carbon source undergoes structural and functional changes including the formation of specific supramolecular complexes—canals. The canals contain specific polysaccharides and enzymes that provide primary oxidization of alkanes. In addition, inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) was identified in Candida maltosa canals. The aim of the work was a comparative study of the features of cell walls and extracellular structures in yeast C. maltosa, C. albicans and C. tropicalis with special attention to inorganic polyphosphates as possible part of these structures when grown on the widely used xenobiotic hexadecane (diesel fuel). Fluorescence microscopy with DAPI has shown an unusual localization of polyP on the cell surface and in the exovesicles in the three yeast species, when growing on hexadecane. Electron-scanning microscopy showed that the exovesicles were associated with the cell wall and also presented in the external environment probably as biofilm components. Treatment of hexadecane-grown cells with purified Ppx1 polyphosphatase led to the release of phosphate into the incubation medium and the disappearance of polyP in vesicles and cell wall observed using microscopic methods. The results indicate the important role of polyP in the formation of extracellular structures in the Candida yeast when consuming hexadecane and are important for the design of xenobiotic destructors based on yeast or mixed cultures. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Xenobiot., Volume 13, Issue 4 (December 2023) – 16 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI