Evaluation and Technical Requirements of the Initial Anti-Wear Performance of an Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Case Study in Northern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Experimental Work
2.3. Curing Condition
2.3.1. Curing Temperature
2.3.2. Curing Relative Humidity
2.3.3. Curing Time
2.4. Wear Loss Technical Requirements
2.4.1. Emulsifier
2.4.2. Emulsifier Dosage
2.4.3. Emulsified Asphalt Dosage
2.4.4. Cement Dosage
2.4.5. Cement Strength
2.4.6. Water Content
2.4.7. Mineral Grading
3. Data Variance Analysis
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- In this study, a method for evaluating the initial wear resistance of the emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture was proposed. The key parameters of the abrasion test were clarified by the test. The test results of this method are simple and reliable.
- (2)
- This study put forward the evaluation indexes and technical requirements for the initial anti-wear performance of an emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture. Taking an abrasion loss of not more than 3.5% as the control index can be used as the basis for optimizing the design of the mixture ratio.
- (3)
- The influencing factors of the initial abrasion loss of the cold recycled emulsified asphalt mixture are in the order of cement dosage > cement strength grade > emulsifier type > mineral aggregate gradation > emulsified asphalt dosage> mixture moisture content > emulsifier dosage. The cement dosage, the type of emulsifier, and the grade of mineral aggregate have a significant effect on the initial strength of the mixture.
- (4)
- This study proposed the key parameters for the abrasion test of a cold recycled asphalt emulsified mixture. Through the analysis of variance method, the key influencing factors that affect the initial strength of the cold reclaimed mixture of emulsified asphalt are determined.
- (5)
- Based on China’s conditions, the abrasion test specimens are formed using the large-scale Marshall method. The curing temperature was 25 °C, the curing relative humidity was 70%, and the curing time was 4h, following the standard test conditions for the abrasion test of China’s emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixtures.
- (6)
- In the future, it is recommended that the emulsified asphalt cold recycled mixture should be further studied under different climate and disease conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Mesh Size/mm | Quality Pass Rate/% | Synthetic Gradation | Gradation | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RAP | ||||||||||||
<2.36 | 2.36 | 4.75 | 9.5 | 13.2 | New 10–30 | Mineral | Coarse | Medium | Fine | Upper Limit | Lower Limit | |
37.5 | 100.0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
26.5 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 99.3 | 100 | 100 | 99.8 | 99.9 | 99.9 | 100 | 80 |
13.2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 97.9 | 4.9 | 7.8 | 100 | 68.5 | 72.3 | 78.0 | 80 | 60 |
4.75 | 100 | 99.0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 100 | 36.4 | 43.3 | 49.2 | 60 | 25 |
2.36 | 99.5 | 2.7 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100 | 24.3 | 28.3 | 31.4 | 45 | 15 |
0.3 | 21.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 98.3 | 5.8 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 20 | 3 |
0.075 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 90.2 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 7 | 1 |
Index | WS | S | W | LS | KZ | Requirements | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demulsification Speed (T0658) | Slow Split | Split | Slow Split | Slow Split | Split | Slow or Medium Split | |
Residue on sieve (1.18 mm sieve) % (T0652) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ≤0.1 | |
Ngualla viscosity at 25 °C/Pa·s (T0622) | 4.7 | 8.5 | 6.8 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 2~30 | |
Evaporation residue | content/% | 65.7 | 62.8 | 63.1 | 64.3 | 63.9 | ≥62 |
Penetration at 25 °C/0.1 mm | 82 | 70 | 84 | 69 | 86 | 50~300 | |
Ductility at 15 °C/cm | >100 | 47 | 69 | 55 | 82 | ≥40 |
Region | Annual Average Relative Humidity/% | Average Relative Humidity from June to September | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | |
Beijing | 45.3 | 49.4 | 48.8 | 55.4 | 56.9 | 56.7 |
Jiangxi | 70.6 | 74.8 | 75.7 | 78.6 | 78.4 | 76 |
Hubei | 63.3 | 65.3 | 66.9 | 73.1 | 72.0 | 72.8 |
Guangdong | 73.3 | 75.9 | 76.3 | 79.1 | 78.9 | 78.5 |
Average value | 63.1 | 66.4 | 66.9 | 71.6 | 71.6 | 71.0 |
Gradation Type | SS | DOF | MS | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emulsifier type | 16.382 | 4 | 4.096 | 4.411 | 0.015 |
Emulsifier dosage | 0.872 | 2 | 0.436 | 1.547 | 0.264 |
Emulsified asphalt dosage | 2.422 | 2 | 1.211 | 1.948 | 0.198 |
Cement dosage | 102.962 | 2 | 51.481 | 117.970 | 3.490 × 10−7 |
Mineral grading | 2.66 | 2 | 1.33 | 4.290 | 0.049 |
Cement strength | 89.535 | 1 | 36.214 | 95.367 | 1.062 × 10−4 |
Water content | 1.549 | 3 | 0.798 | 1.654 | 0.206 |
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Duan, W.; Liu, T.; Li, Q.; Xu, J.; Zhang, J.; Qin, Y.; Wang, J.; Chang, R. Evaluation and Technical Requirements of the Initial Anti-Wear Performance of an Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Case Study in Northern China. Sustainability 2022, 14, 15469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215469
Duan W, Liu T, Li Q, Xu J, Zhang J, Qin Y, Wang J, Chang R. Evaluation and Technical Requirements of the Initial Anti-Wear Performance of an Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Case Study in Northern China. Sustainability. 2022; 14(22):15469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215469
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuan, Weidang, Tao Liu, Qiuping Li, Jian Xu, Jialin Zhang, Yongchun Qin, Jie Wang, and Rong Chang. 2022. "Evaluation and Technical Requirements of the Initial Anti-Wear Performance of an Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Case Study in Northern China" Sustainability 14, no. 22: 15469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215469
APA StyleDuan, W., Liu, T., Li, Q., Xu, J., Zhang, J., Qin, Y., Wang, J., & Chang, R. (2022). Evaluation and Technical Requirements of the Initial Anti-Wear Performance of an Emulsified Asphalt Cold Recycled Mixture: A Case Study in Northern China. Sustainability, 14(22), 15469. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215469