Sustainability

32 pages, 4279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Technical Aspects of Power Grids with Electric Vehicle Charge Stations, Sustainable Energies, and Compensators

by Minh Phuc Duong, My-Ha Le, Thang Trung Nguyen, Minh Quan Duong and Anh Tuan Doan

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010376 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1289

Abstract

The study applies the black kite algorithm (BKA), equilibrium optimizer (EO), and secretary bird optimization algorithm (SBOA) to optimize the placement of electric vehicle charge stations (EVCSs), wind turbine stations (WTSs), photovoltaic units (PVUs), and capacitor banks (CAPBs) in the IEEE 69-node distribution [...] Read more.

The study applies the black kite algorithm (BKA), equilibrium optimizer (EO), and secretary bird optimization algorithm (SBOA) to optimize the placement of electric vehicle charge stations (EVCSs), wind turbine stations (WTSs), photovoltaic units (PVUs), and capacitor banks (CAPBs) in the IEEE 69-node distribution power grid. Three single objectives, including power loss minimization, grid power minimization, and total voltage deviation improvement, are considered. For each objective function, five scenarios are simulated under one single operation hour, including (1) place-only EVCSs; (2) place EVCSs and PVUs; (3) place EVCSs, PVUs, and CAPBs; (4) EVCSs and WTSs; and (5) EVCSs, PVUs, WTSs, and CAPBs. The results indicate that the EO can find the best solutions for the five scenarios. The results indicate that the EO and SBOA are the two powerful algorithms that can find optimal solutions for simulation cases. For one operating day, the total grid energy that is supplied to base loads and charge stations is 80,153.1 kWh, and many nodes at high load factors violate the lower limit of 0.95 pu. As for installing more renewable power sources, the energy that the base loads and charge stations need to supply from the grid is 39,713.4 kWh. As more capacitor banks are installed, the energy demand continues to be reduced to 39,578.9 kWh. The energy reduction is greater than 50% of the demand of all base loads and charge stations. Furthermore, the voltage can be significantly improved up to higher than 0.95 pu, and a few nodes at a few hours fall into the lowest range. Thus, the study concludes that the economic and technical aspects can be guaranteed for DPGs with additional installation of EVCSs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Evaluation and Resource Optimization of Forestry Carbon Sequestration Projects: A Case Study of State-Owned Forest Farms in Fujian Province

by Meizhu You, Yan Huang, Nan Wu and Xiangzhou Yuan

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010375 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 653

Abstract

Forestry carbon sink projects are an important pathway for achieving China’s carbon neutrality goal, with state-owned forest farms playing a leading role in the development of projects. This study collected data from 14 forestry carbon sink projects in Fujian Province, which are primarily [...] Read more.

Forestry carbon sink projects are an important pathway for achieving China’s carbon neutrality goal, with state-owned forest farms playing a leading role in the development of projects. This study collected data from 14 forestry carbon sink projects in Fujian Province, which are primarily led by state-owned forest farms. Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), the operational efficiency of each forestry carbon sink project was evaluated and calculated, followed by a study on resource optimization allocation based on the efficiency evaluation results. The conclusions are as follows: management capability and climate conditions are key factors affecting the efficiency of state-owned forest farms. The investment required for developing forestry carbon sink projects hinders small-scale forest farms from engaging in such projects. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 9029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Floating Covers in Mitigating Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions from Lab-Scale Swine Slurry Pits

by Jumi Lee, Riuh Wardhani, Jinho Shin, Seunghun Lee, Yangjoon Lee and Heekwon Ahn

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010374 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 910

Abstract

This study investigated the effectiveness of floating covers (FCs) in mitigating ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from lab-scale swine slurry pits. Lab experiments were conducted over 125 days, comparing a treatment setup with FCs covering approximately 51.6% [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effectiveness of floating covers (FCs) in mitigating ammonia (NH₃) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) emissions from lab-scale swine slurry pits. Lab experiments were conducted over 125 days, comparing a treatment setup with FCs covering approximately 51.6% of the slurry surface to a control setup without covers. The results showed a significant reduction in NH₃ emissions by 54.4% with FCs (p < 0.05), which was attributed to their ability to limit NH₃ volatilization and promote crust formation. Although H₂S emissions were also reduced by 22.7%, this decrease was not statistically significant, likely due to the complex factors influencing H₂S production. These findings highlight the role of floating covers (FCs) in improving air quality within swine barns and reducing environmental pollution. By minimizing nitrogen loss as ammonia (NH₃), FCs enhance nitrogen recycling into agricultural land, supporting sustainable nutrient management. This aligns with broader sustainability goals by addressing air quality concerns, reducing odors, and improving resource efficiency in livestock systems. This study offers an effective method to mitigate air pollution, providing a foundation for practical and sustainable agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 12209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Landscape Pattern and Vegetation Ecological Quality in Sanjiangyuan National Park

by Xiangbin Peng, Ruomei Tang, Junjie Li, Huanchen Tang and Zixi Guo

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010373 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

As one of China’s largest national parks, Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) plays a crucial role in preserving ecological security and biodiversity. Conducting a scientific evaluation of dynamic changes in vegetation ecological quality and landscape patterns within the park is essential for ensuring its [...] Read more.

As one of China’s largest national parks, Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) plays a crucial role in preserving ecological security and biodiversity. Conducting a scientific evaluation of dynamic changes in vegetation ecological quality and landscape patterns within the park is essential for ensuring its sustainable development and conservation as a national ecological security barrier. This study analyzed the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation ecological quality index (VEQI) and Landscape Pattern Metrics (LPM) in SNP using the VEQI model and Fragstats 4.2.1, along with spatial correlation analyses spanning from 2007 to 2022. The findings indicated an overall upward trend in VEQI, with a notable increase of approximately 38.88% over the 15-year period. Particularly in the Yangtze River Source Park, VEQI exhibited the most significant increase, reaching 48.99%. Furthermore, forest and shrub cover types displayed higher VEQI values and demonstrated an increasing trend, signifying significant ecological improvement in these ecosystems. Regarding landscape patterns, patch density (PD) and landscape shape index (LSI) demonstrated an increasing trend, while average patch area and edge density (ED) gradually decreased, indicating a rising level of landscape fragmentation. High values of the largest patch index (LPI) were primarily concentrated in the Lancangjiang source park, the Yellow River source park, and the southern part of the Yangtze River source, suggesting greater ecological connectivity in these regions. Spatial autocorrelation analysis between VEQI and LPM revealed significant spatial heterogeneity. Specifically, VEQI exhibited positive correlations with LPI and mean patch area, while showing negative correlations with PD, ED, PR, TE, NP, and mean shape index. This indicates that areas with lower vegetation ecological quality tend to exhibit higher landscape fragmentation and complexity. The study’s findings highlight the increasing trend in VEQI and changing landscape fragmentation within SNP, offering a scientific foundation for ecological protection policy formulation and sustainable park development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 2683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GDT Framework: Integrating Generative Design and Design Thinking for Sustainable Development in the AI Era

by Yongliang Chen, Zhongzhi Qin, Li Sun, Jiantao Wu, Wen Ai, Jiayuan Chao, Huaixin Li and Jiangnan Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010372 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 894

Abstract

The ability of AI to process vast datasets can enhance creativity, but its rigid knowledge base and lack of reflective thinking limit sustainable design. Generative Design Thinking (GDT) integrates human cognition and machine learning to enhance design automation. This study aims to explore [...] Read more.

The ability of AI to process vast datasets can enhance creativity, but its rigid knowledge base and lack of reflective thinking limit sustainable design. Generative Design Thinking (GDT) integrates human cognition and machine learning to enhance design automation. This study aims to explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying GDT and their impact on design efficiency. Using behavioral coding and quantitative analysis, we developed a three-tier cognitive model comprising a macro-cycle (knowledge acquisition and expression), meso-cycle (creative generation, intelligent evaluation, and feedback adjustment), and micro-cycle (knowledge base and model optimization). The findings reveal that increased task complexity elevates cognitive load, supporting the hypothesis that designers need to allocate more cognitive resources for complex problems. Knowledge base optimization significantly impacts design efficiency more than generative model refinement. Moreover, creative generation, evaluation, and feedback adjustment are interdependent, highlighting the importance of a dynamic knowledge base for creativity. This study challenges traditional design automation approaches by advocating for an adaptive framework that balances cognitive processes and machine capabilities. The results suggest that improving knowledge management and reducing cognitive load can enhance design outcomes. Future research should focus on developing flexible, real-time knowledge repositories and optimizing generative models for interdisciplinary and sustainable design contexts. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 8973 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge Graph Analysis in Climate Action Research

by Ran Ge, Yu Xia, Liquan Ge and Fei Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010371 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 533

Abstract

Climate change is a global challenge for humanity, and climate action is essential to address its impacts. With the purpose of building a clear theoretical framework for the research field of climate action and to gain a deeper understanding, this paper conducts a [...] Read more.

Climate change is a global challenge for humanity, and climate action is essential to address its impacts. With the purpose of building a clear theoretical framework for the research field of climate action and to gain a deeper understanding, this paper conducts a bibliometric analysis of 28,457 articles, which were selected from WoS data sources. These articles were analyzed through VOSviewer and CiteSpace, with the aims of exploring publication growth trends and categories, co-authorship analysis, national and regional collaboration, organization cooperation, co-citation journals, citations, keywords, and funding information. Subsequently, a knowledge graph for climate action was constructed, emerging trends were analyzed, and a clear theoretical framework was established. The research outcome offers effective, substantive, and forward-looking suggestions for the sustainable development of climate action. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Sustainable Development: Can Industrial Intelligence Promote Carbon Emission Reduction

by Hanqing Xu, Zhengxu Cao and Dongqing Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010370 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 598

Abstract

The realization of intelligent transformation is an important path for the industry to move towards low-carbon development. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China, this study utilizes the intermediate effect model and spatial econometric model to analyze the influence of industrial [...] Read more.

The realization of intelligent transformation is an important path for the industry to move towards low-carbon development. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China, this study utilizes the intermediate effect model and spatial econometric model to analyze the influence of industrial intelligence on carbon emissions. The research reveals that industrial intelligence helps with carbon reduction, and the result is still valid after undergoing various tests. Industrial intelligence relies on green technological innovation, industrial structure upgrading, and energy intensity to realize carbon reduction. There is a spatial spillover role of industrial intelligence on carbon emissions, which has a positive influence on carbon reduction in local and adjoining regions. The influence of industrial intelligence on carbon emissions exhibits heterogeneity in the regional dimension, time dimension, and industrial intelligence level dimension. The research provides empirical evidence and implications for using artificial intelligence to achieve carbon reduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Sustainability: Risks and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Emission Evaluation System for Foundation Construction Based on Entropy–TOPSIS and K-Means Methods

by Yuan Chen, Genglong He, Yuan Fang, Dongxu Li and Xi Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010369 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

Green construction evaluation systems can assist building stakeholders in scientifically evaluating the carbon emission performance of construction projects. However, most green construction evaluation tools and methods fail to explicitly incorporate construction carbon emission indicators, let alone a quantitative evaluation. Therefore, this study proposes [...] Read more.

Green construction evaluation systems can assist building stakeholders in scientifically evaluating the carbon emission performance of construction projects. However, most green construction evaluation tools and methods fail to explicitly incorporate construction carbon emission indicators, let alone a quantitative evaluation. Therefore, this study proposes a carbon emission evaluation system based on the entropy–TOPSIS and K-means methods for foundation construction projects. In this study, we innovatively divided the carbon emission of the foundation construction process into three phases, namely, transportation emission, excavation and earthwork emission, and pile work emission, considering their different emission characteristics and reduction difficulties by nature. Different from traditional carbon evaluation methods, the carbon emission of the three phases were evaluated separately against the baseline value obtained from local construction quota. After that, the emission performance of the three phases was weighted and evaluated based on the entropy–TOPSIS method, and then rated via the K-means method. Based on a case study of 19 residential buildings, the weights of the three construction phases were 27.66% (transportation), 42.34% (excavation and earthwork), and 29.99% (pile work). The carbon performance of the 19 cases were rated by the K-means method into four levels: six cases were rated “Excellent”, five were rated “Good”, five were rated “Fair”, and three were rated “Poor”. The proposed method was expected to objectively and scientifically evaluate and rate the carbon emission of the foundation construction process, and provided a theoretical basis for decision makers to identify emission hotspots and formulate specific carbon reduction measures. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does China’s Low-Carbon City Pilot Policy Effectively Enhance Urban Ecological Efficiency?

by Xin Ma and Tianli Sun

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010368 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 541

Abstract

The low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy represents a pioneering approach to fostering sustainable development. It offers a scientific framework to reconcile the relationship between economic growth, resource utilization, and environmental protection. This study measures urban ecological efficiency (UEE) through the non-radial directional distance [...] Read more.

The low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy represents a pioneering approach to fostering sustainable development. It offers a scientific framework to reconcile the relationship between economic growth, resource utilization, and environmental protection. This study measures urban ecological efficiency (UEE) through the non-radial directional distance function (NDDF) model using the panel data of 284 cities in China, from 2007 to 2021, and analyzes the impact of the LCCP policy on UEE, adopting a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model. The results of the baseline regression indicate that the pilot cities exhibit an average ecological efficiency that is approximately 3.0% higher than that observed in non-pilot cities, which pass both the parallel trend test and the robustness test. Mechanism analysis reveals that industrial upgrading and energy consumption reduction are the primary pathways through which the LCCP policy enhances UEE. In addition, the policy effects are particularly significant in improving UEE in non-resource-based cities, large cities, and cities in the eastern region. Finally, the spatial spillover effects demonstrated by the LCCP policy can effectively inform neighboring cities of strategies to enhance their UEE. The research findings provide invaluable insight and direction for China’s efforts in the development of low-carbon cities and ecological sustainability. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pricing for Online Food Service Considering Green Awareness of Customers and Green Efforts of Restaurants

by Tianhua Zhang, Xin Li and Yiwen Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010367 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

In recent years, the development of online food service has facilitated consumers’ catering needs, but it also has adverse environmental impacts. To mitigate pollution and attract environmentally conscious customers, restaurants have embarked on making green efforts, such as donating to environmental charities, using [...] Read more.

In recent years, the development of online food service has facilitated consumers’ catering needs, but it also has adverse environmental impacts. To mitigate pollution and attract environmentally conscious customers, restaurants have embarked on making green efforts, such as donating to environmental charities, using organic ingredients, and adopting green packaging. This study investigates the pricing strategies of restaurants that currently engage in green efforts. We develop demand models for online food services, considering customer green awareness and competition among restaurants. Both competitive pricing problems with symmetric and asymmetric information are discussed. The Nash equilibrium and Bayesian Nash equilibrium are derived in these scenarios. Optimal pricing strategies are presented, and the impacts of parameters on the optimal strategies are discussed. Our findings reveal that when the baseline utility derived from a green restaurant is lower than that from a regular restaurant, and customers are not highly concerned about environmental protection, the online food service from the green restaurant may have no market share. If the baseline utility derived from green restaurant services is higher than that from regular restaurant services, the optimal price tends to increase as the green utility increases. However, if the baseline utility derived from the green service falls within a certain range, the optimal price may first increase and then decrease as the green utility rises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Green Product Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Factors Contributing to Ineffective Cultural Heritage Management

by Fatma Seila, Gehan Selim and May Newisar

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010366 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 982

Abstract

Ineffective management increasingly threatens cultural heritage conservation, resulting in the mismanagement of tangible heritage assets and reducing the efficacy of conservation efforts. Although much of the literature examines the relationship between heritage management, tourism, and economic development, a notable gap exists in comprehending [...] Read more.

Ineffective management increasingly threatens cultural heritage conservation, resulting in the mismanagement of tangible heritage assets and reducing the efficacy of conservation efforts. Although much of the literature examines the relationship between heritage management, tourism, and economic development, a notable gap exists in comprehending the interrelated elements that undermine the efficacy of conservation initiatives. This paper argues that administrative, financial, legal, and stakeholder-related factors are intricately connected in causing ineffective heritage management. These factors must be examined in interrelation to improve cultural heritage conservation efforts. A systematic review of the academic and grey literature on conserving tangible cultural assets is carried out to contribute to this goal. This literature review identifies 29 factors that contribute to the inefficacy of cultural heritage management plans. These factors are classified into several categories, including administrative institutions, stakeholders, financial resources, natural and human risks, laws and legislation, and political issues. This study presents a theoretical framework that connects governments, stakeholders, legislation, and administrative performance as crucial components in the success of heritage management. It highlights the need for transparent procedures for the successful implementation of heritage management strategies. The findings contribute to assessing cultural heritage management plans and propose directions for further research, including addressing local heritage concerns and methods to enhance the management performance. By identifying key factors that impede effective management, this paper contributes to the broader sustainability challenges of preserving cultural heritage while promoting social and economic stability. Enhanced heritage management practices can significantly contribute to the development of inclusive and sustainable communities. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 3553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wind Turbine Blade Decommissioning in Brazil: The Economic Performance of Energy Recovery in a Cement Kiln Compared to Industrial Landfill Site

by Mário Joel Ramos Júnior, Diego Lima Medeiros, Joyce Batista Azevedo and Edna dos Santos Almeida

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010365 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 645

Abstract

This study compares the logistics of decommissioning wind turbine blades for energy recovery in a cement kiln (proposed scenario) to industrial landfill site disposal and coke fuel in a cement kiln combined (base scenario) to check the financial cost of the operation in [...] Read more.

This study compares the logistics of decommissioning wind turbine blades for energy recovery in a cement kiln (proposed scenario) to industrial landfill site disposal and coke fuel in a cement kiln combined (base scenario) to check the financial cost of the operation in each scenario. The wind farm coordinates, wind turbine blade mass, and logistics costs of the 760 wind farms in Northeast Brazil were used to determine the location of a material processing center (MPC) for wind turbine blade waste. The findings showed that the cost of the proposed scenario was higher than that of the base scenario when a single MPC was considered to serve the Northeast region. However, the proposed scenario was preferable when installing decentralized MPCs to serve the Northeast region. The installation of four additional decentralized MPCs shows that energy recovery is a more favorable technological route in the economic performance for disposing of 96% of the wind turbine blades in operation in the Northeast region, which represents 210,188 tonnes. Therefore, the gradual implementation of MPCs should consider a wind turbine blade decommissioning plan to support the energy recovery potential. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 31563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of pH Environments on the Long-Term Durability of Coir Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites

by Liangyong Li, Juntong Wang and Tianxiang Peng

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010364 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 733

Abstract

This study investigates the effects of different pH environments on the durability of coir fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRERCs). The CFRERCs were prepared by combining alkali-treated coir fibers with epoxy resin and exposing them to acidic, alkaline, pure water, and seawater environments for [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effects of different pH environments on the durability of coir fiber-reinforced epoxy resin composites (CFRERCs). The CFRERCs were prepared by combining alkali-treated coir fibers with epoxy resin and exposing them to acidic, alkaline, pure water, and seawater environments for a 12-month corrosion test. The results show that an alkaline environment has the most significant impact on the tensile strength of CFRERCs, with a 55.06% reduction after 12 months. The acidic environment causes a 44.87% decrease in strength. In contrast, tensile strength decreases by 32.98% and 30.03% in pure water and seawater environments, respectively. The greatest reduction in tensile strain occurs in the alkaline environment, with a decrease of 36.45%. In the acidic environment, tensile strain decreases by about 25.56%, while in pure water and seawater, the reductions are 18.78% and 22.65%, respectively. In terms of stiffness, the alkaline environment results in a 49.51% reduction, while the acidic environment causes a 54.56% decrease. Stiffness decreases by 43.39% in pure water and 36.72% in seawater. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) analysis shows that corrosive agents in different pH environments cause varying degrees of damage to the microstructure of CFRERCs. In the acidic environment, corrosive agents erode the fiber–resin interface, leading to delamination and fiber breakage. In the alkaline environment, corrosive agents penetrate the fiber interior, increasing surface roughness and porosity. While pure water and seawater also cause some damage, their effects are relatively mild. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 12750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Intensification of the Montado Ecosystem: Evaluation of Sheep Stocking Methods and Dolomitic Limestone Application

by Emanuel Carreira, João Serrano, Shakib Shahidian, Paulo Infante, Luís L. Paniagua, Francisco Moral, Luís Paixão, Carlos Pinto Gomes, José Lopes de Castro, Mário de Carvalho and Alfredo F. Pereira

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010363 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 576

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine how application of dolomitic limestone and stocking methods (continuous stocking or deferred stocking) affect the soil compaction, sheep grazing location, height, and nutritional value of pastures when the pasture growth rate is at its maximum. [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to determine how application of dolomitic limestone and stocking methods (continuous stocking or deferred stocking) affect the soil compaction, sheep grazing location, height, and nutritional value of pastures when the pasture growth rate is at its maximum. A 4 ha field at Mitra farm—University of Évora—was divided into four plots: P1 and P2—without application of dolomitic limestone, continuous stocking (CS), and deferred stocking (DS), respectively—and P3 and P4—with application of dolomitic limestone, DS (2.3 AUE), and CS (1 AUE), respectively. In DS, animals were placed and removed from the plots depending on the height of the pasture (entry ≥ 10 cm; removal ≤ 5 cm). Throughout the pasture’s vegetative cycle, several measurements of pasture height and cut were carried out. From the beginning of March to the beginning of June, animal behavior was observed (animals’ activity grazing and location) by trained observers through binoculars on six dates. The results show the following: (i) the application of dolomitic limestone combined with CS provided higher values of pasture height; (ii) there were no significant differences in pasture quality between treatments; (iii) DS led to 50% more sheep grazing days that CS; (iv) there were no significant differences in soil compaction between CS and DS; and (v) the stocking methods and the application of dolomitic limestone did not seem to change the grazing pattern between treatments. This study constitutes a basis to support more informed decisions by agricultural managers and may also contribute to maintaining balance in the Montado ecosystem, as well as increasing the efficiency of livestock production systems based on rainfed pastures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 2462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Thermal Comfort Experience of Metro Passengers Under Sustainable Transportation: Theory of Stimulus-Organism-Response Integration with a Technology Acceptance Model

by Tao Zou, Jiawei Guan, Yuhui Wang, Fangyuan Zheng, Yuwen Lin and Yifan Zhao

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010362 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 608

Abstract

(1) Background: Metro is an important part of urban transportation, carrying huge passenger volume every day. With improvements in people’s living standards, passengers’ demand for a comfortable Metro experience is increasing. In the context of urban development, maintaining a good thermal comfort level [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Metro is an important part of urban transportation, carrying huge passenger volume every day. With improvements in people’s living standards, passengers’ demand for a comfortable Metro experience is increasing. In the context of urban development, maintaining a good thermal comfort level of Metro cars is not only conducive to providing a comfortable and healthy environment for passengers, but also has great significance for reducing energy consumption and sustainable urban transportation development. This study provides empirical evidence for Metro design and operation strategies, aiming at creating a safer and more comfortable passenger experience. (2) Methods: By combining passengers’ comfort perception (cognitive value of thermal environment) and rideability perception (confidence in thermal comfort control), this study established a correlation model between thermal comfort and passenger unsafe behavior, namely the integration of SOR (Stimulus-Organism-Response) and TAM (Technology Acceptance Model). This study used methods such as field surveys, structural equation modeling, and reliability and validity analyses to investigate the impact of Metro thermal comfort on passenger behavior safety. (3) Results: This study found that the Metro thermal environment, including temperature, humidity, and airflow velocity, significantly affects passengers’ comfort perception and behavior choices. (4) Conclusions: Passengers may exhibit avoidance behavior in uncomfortable thermal environments, leading to uneven distribution of people in the train car and increasing safety risks. Improving Metro thermal environments can effectively enhance passengers’ perceived comfort and reduce unsafe behavior motivation, which is of great significance for safe Metro operations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions and Knowledge of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Workers Regarding Plastic Pollution and Removal

by Khumbelo Mabadahanye, Mwazvita T. B. Dalu, Linton F. Munyai, Farai Dondofema and Tatenda Dalu

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010361 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 927

Abstract

Plastic pollution is a problem and the world is currently dealing with its impacts on the aquatic environments. This study investigates the perceptions and knowledge of process controllers and managers from twelve water and wastewater treatment plants within two local municipalities (Thulamela and [...] Read more.

Plastic pollution is a problem and the world is currently dealing with its impacts on the aquatic environments. This study investigates the perceptions and knowledge of process controllers and managers from twelve water and wastewater treatment plants within two local municipalities (Thulamela and Makhado) in the Vhembe District Municipality, South Africa. The perceptions and knowledge of plastic pollution, limited resources and economic difficulties, the effects of plastic pollutants on water systems, a lack of information and training, and a lack of institutional support documents were the five main themes that were identified from semi-structured interviews with workers from the treatment plants. The findings show serious issues regarding plastic waste affecting treatment operations, ineffective methods of removing plastics and inadequate waste collection services in rural areas. Financial and material limits make managing plastic pollution even more difficult, and inconsistent training and a lack of institutional support make it difficult for workers to manage it consistently. The responses highlight the need for improved waste management plans, financial support for advanced filtration systems, and continuous training to provide workers with the skills and knowledge needed to reduce plastic pollution. These measures are crucial for maintaining the water quality and increasing treatment plants’ operational effectiveness. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facilitating or Inhibiting: Digital Transformation and Carbon Emissions of Manufacturing Enterprises

by Jinke Li, Shuang Zhang, Luyue Ji and Fang Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010360 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 713

Abstract

As global attention to the issue of climate change grows, the concepts of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, proposed by China, have increasingly gained traction. In this international context, digital technology and green development are closely interwoven, carving out a distinct path for [...] Read more.

As global attention to the issue of climate change grows, the concepts of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, proposed by China, have increasingly gained traction. In this international context, digital technology and green development are closely interwoven, carving out a distinct path for countries worldwide to achieve carbon emission reduction goals. This study empirically explores the mechanism of how digital transformation impacted the carbon emissions of Chinese A-share listed manufacturing enterprises from 2007 to 2021. The results indicate a significant inverted U-shaped nonlinear connection between digital transformation and carbon emissions within manufacturing enterprises. Green technology innovation, which is among the crucial driving forces for sustainable development, can act as a mediating factor. External environmental regulations positively moderate the relationship between digital transformation and carbon emissions in manufacturing firms. Furthermore, the heterogeneity analysis reveals that the nonlinear impact of digital transformation on carbon emissions in manufacturing enterprises is particularly significant in western regions, non-resource-based cities, light industry sectors, and large-scale enterprises. This paper innovatively verifies, at the micro level, the inverted U-shaped impact of digital transformation on carbon emissions in manufacturing enterprises, as well as its underlying mechanism. It provides theoretical support and practical guidance for the effective implementation of carbon emission reduction in the manufacturing sector. Meanwhile, it also offers valuable insights for manufacturing enterprises to formulate strategies that take both digital development and sustainable development into account, thereby contributing to the achievement of sustainable development. Full article

2 pages, 132 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Lian et al. The Relationship between Residential Block Forms and Building Carbon Emissions to Achieve Carbon Neutrality Goals: A Case Study of Wuhan, China. Sustainability 2023, 15, 15751

by Haitao Lian, Junhan Zhang, Gaomei Li and Rui Ren

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010359 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 413

Abstract

The authors would like to make the following corrections to their published paper [...] Full article

23 pages, 34667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Carbon Reduction Mechanism and Adaptive Planning Strategies of TOD Block Form Regulation Oriented to Microclimate Effects

by Peng Dai, Haotian Liu, Song Han, Chuanyan Liu, Guannan Fu and Yanjun Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010358 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 570

Abstract

Adapting to climate change and controlling carbon emissions have emerged as significant challenges faced by the international community. The high-quality pedestrian space system of TOD blocks, as an important means for carbon reduction and carbon sink increase in cities, showcases the effect of [...] Read more.

Adapting to climate change and controlling carbon emissions have emerged as significant challenges faced by the international community. The high-quality pedestrian space system of TOD blocks, as an important means for carbon reduction and carbon sink increase in cities, showcases the effect of green intensification and low-carbon sustainable urban space development. In this study, by combining the research on low-carbon block creation and urban microclimate, focusing on the technical process of the three stages of pre-treatment, core calculation, and post-treatment, comprehensively considering the three elements of microclimate, namely wind, heat, and carbon, and their influencing parameters, and introducing a CFD simulation method for porous media, a CFD simulation technology framework for microclimate improvement in urban design is constructed. Through the spatial visualization of the software solution calculation results and the correlation and comparative analysis of the measured data, we quantitatively analyze the coupling relationship between the block morphology and the comprehensive environment of wind, heat, and carbon. The research results indicate that by rationally adjusting indicator elements such as the height-to-width ratio of streets and entrance forms, it is possible to effectively facilitate cooling, ventilation, and air circulation within blocks and dilute the CO₂ concentration. Finally, from the urban design element systems at the micro, meso, and macro levels, the adaptive planning strategies in the three dimensions of the spatial form, constituent elements, and planning guidelines of TOD blocks are summarized and refined, with the aim of achieving the low-carbon transformation of cities through the creation of a healthy microclimate environment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Readiness for Industry 4.0 in a Medical Device Manufacturer as an Enabler for Sustainability, a Case Study

by Olivia McDermott, Dudley Luke Stam, Susana Duarte and Michael Sony

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010357 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 678

Abstract

This research aims to determine the state of Industry 4.0 readiness and to identify the best practices, challenges, and barriers to implementing Industry 4.0 technology in a medical device manufacturer, thus aiding in improving sustainability. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 12 senior executives [...] Read more.

This research aims to determine the state of Industry 4.0 readiness and to identify the best practices, challenges, and barriers to implementing Industry 4.0 technology in a medical device manufacturer, thus aiding in improving sustainability. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 12 senior executives representing a wide array of functions in a single large medical device manufacturer. Convenience sampling was used to analyse the interview transcripts to draw out themes that were then discussed and analysed with findings from the literature review. This research determined the state of Industry 4.0 readiness in the case study of medical device manufacturers. This research identified several best practices, challenges, and barriers to implementing Industry 4.0 technology. Currently, there are few case studies in the literature that have a medical device manufacturer as the case study for Industry 4.0 readiness. There are even fewer articles that tackle Industry 4.0 implementation across the entire medical device industry. There is currently no published literature that analyses the best practices for implementing Industry 4.0 in a medical device manufacturer. The best practices for Industry 4.0 implementation identified in this study can be beneficial to stakeholders in the medical device industry and within the healthcare sector, help them plan current and future Industry 4.0 programmes, improve sustainability in their companies, as well as optimise patient treatment and approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Organizational Performance)

21 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correcting or Concealing? The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Greenwashing Behavior of Heavily Polluting Enterprises

by Xiaohui Zhan, Xinrong Lian and Shengli Dai

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010356 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 691

Abstract

Identifying and governing enterprises’ greenwashing behavior is important for achieving green and low-carbon development. This behavior can be governed via digital transformation. Based on data from listed companies from 2013 to 2021, this article examines the impact of the digital transformation of heavily [...] Read more.

Identifying and governing enterprises’ greenwashing behavior is important for achieving green and low-carbon development. This behavior can be governed via digital transformation. Based on data from listed companies from 2013 to 2021, this article examines the impact of the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises on their greenwashing behavior, with an empirical analysis revealing that it can significantly inhibit this behavior. A mechanism analysis indicates that the digital transformation of heavily polluting enterprises reduces greenwashing behavior by enhancing the level of enterprise green technological innovation and improving investor attention. A heterogeneity analysis shows that the impact of enterprise digital transformation on greenwashing behavior is more significant among the private and highly competitive heavily polluting enterprises located in central China. The research conclusions of this article indicate that digital transformation is important for curbing enterprises’ greenwashing behavior and achieving green and sustainable development. Full article

17 pages, 380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Phenomenological Study on the Experience of Searching for Tourism Information Following the Emergence of ChatGPT: Focused on the Uncanny Valley Theory

by Jin-Hee Jin and Jin-Seok Han

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010355 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 620

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of the experience of searching for tourism information through ChatGPT and discover the meaning of it. In order to achieve this purpose, data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, and data analysis was [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study is to provide an understanding of the experience of searching for tourism information through ChatGPT and discover the meaning of it. In order to achieve this purpose, data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, and data analysis was conducted according to Giorgi. As a result, eight themes, 27 meaning units, and 226 meaningful statements were derived. First, the participants were found to partially trust tourism information searched through it and perceive it as a personal AI travel agent. In addition, they were found to be satisfied with it as their primary tool of searching for tourism information and perceived it as an AI travel mate in all processes of tourism. On the one hand, they were found to be disappointed that it still felt like a machine. Second, they were found to feel ambivalent about it and experience better moments with it than with humans. Moreover, they were found to feel enjoyment in the process of learning about it. This study discovered the meaning of experience in searching for tourism information through it, laid the foundation for follow-up research related to it, and presented the possibility of expanding the application of it in the tourism industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Tourism)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 3308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Cloud-Based Big Data Analytics Model for Sustainable Supply Chain Management

by Nenad Stefanovic, Milos Radenkovic, Zorica Bogdanovic, Jelena Plasic and Andrijana Gaborovic

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010354 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 988

Abstract

Due to uncertain business climate, fierce competition, environmental challenges, regulatory requirements, and the need for responsible business operations, organizations are forced to implement sustainable supply chains. This necessitates the use of proper data analytics methods and tools to monitor economic, environmental, and social [...] Read more.

Due to uncertain business climate, fierce competition, environmental challenges, regulatory requirements, and the need for responsible business operations, organizations are forced to implement sustainable supply chains. This necessitates the use of proper data analytics methods and tools to monitor economic, environmental, and social performance, as well as to manage and optimize supply chain operations. This paper discusses issues, challenges, and the state of the art approaches in supply chain analytics and gives a systematic literature review of big data developments associated with supply chain management (SCM). Even though big data technologies promise many benefits and advantages, the prospective applications of big data technologies in sustainable SCM are still not achieved to a full extent. This necessitates work on several segments like research, the design of new models, architectures, services, and tools for big data analytics. The goal of the paper is to introduce a methodology covering the whole Business Intelligence (BI) lifecycle and a unified model for advanced supply chain big data analytics (BDA). The model is multi-layered, cloud-based, and adaptive in terms of specific big data scenarios. It comprises business process modeling, data ingestion, storage, processing, machine learning, and end-user intelligence and visualization. It enables the creation of next-generation BDA systems that improve supply chain performance and enable sustainable SCM. The proposed supply chain BDA methodology and the model have been successfully applied in practice for the purpose of supplier quality management. The solution based on the real-world dataset and the illustrative supply chain case are presented and discussed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the big data model for intelligent and insight-driven decision making and sustainable supply chain management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Enterprise Operation and Supply Chain Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact and Mechanism of New-Type Urbanization on New Quality Productive Forces: Empirical Evidence from China

by Xiaotian Gao, Xiangwu Yan, Sheng Song and Ning Xu

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010353 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 692

Abstract

The development of new-type urbanization (NTU) represents a crucial strategic approach to fostering new drivers of economic growth. Despite its importance, limited research has explored the effects and underlying mechanisms through which NTU influences new quality productive forces (NQPFs), key indicators of emerging [...] Read more.

The development of new-type urbanization (NTU) represents a crucial strategic approach to fostering new drivers of economic growth. Despite its importance, limited research has explored the effects and underlying mechanisms through which NTU influences new quality productive forces (NQPFs), key indicators of emerging economic dynamism. Addressing this research gap, the present study analyzes panel data from 283 Chinese cities spanning from 2009 to 2022, applying a difference-in-differences (DID) model to empirically evaluate the impact of the New-Type Urbanization Pilot Policy (NTUPP) on NQPFs. The findings reveal that the NTUPP has a significant positive effect on NQPFs, a conclusion that is supported by a series of robustness and endogeneity checks. Specifically, the NTUPP’s implementation corresponds to an average increase of 1.1% in NQPFs. The policy facilitates NQPF growth primarily through mechanisms such as talent agglomeration and optimal resource allocation. Notably, the NTUPP is particularly effective in boosting NQPFs at lower initial levels. Since NQPFs inherently reflect green productivity, NTU’s emphasis on green, low-carbon, and civilizational features markedly amplifies the policy’s positive impact on NQPFs, while NTU’s focus on smart urbanization aspects appears to mitigate this effect. These findings contribute valuable empirical insights from the Chinese context, highlighting the potential of NTU to accelerate new economic growth drivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Macroeconomic Policies and Sustainable Economic Growth in Emerging Countries)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ensuring Sustainability in Preschool Education in Rural Areas During the Pandemic Lockdown Period: Teachers’ Experiences

by İbrahim Kandemir and Elif Akdemir

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010352 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 583

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disturbed preschool education in Turkey, necessitating a rapid shift to distance learning for over 1.5 million children. The Ministry of National Education has established programs such as the Educational Content Network in Turkey. Also, the Turkish Radio and Television [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly disturbed preschool education in Turkey, necessitating a rapid shift to distance learning for over 1.5 million children. The Ministry of National Education has established programs such as the Educational Content Network in Turkey. Also, the Turkish Radio and Television Association has made the TRT Preschool Application available online to support ongoing distance learning for preschool children. Preschool education in rural parts of Turkey was deeply impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. While previous research has examined the challenges of distance education broadly, there is a limited exploration of preschool teachers’ experiences during the pandemic lockdown, particularly in rural contexts in Turkey. To ensure sustainability in preschool education during the pandemic lockdown period, this study aimed to examine the experiences of preschool teachers who participated in distance education in rural areas. A qualitative case study was conducted with 10 teachers working in schools located in rural areas with diverse geographical difficulties scattered within the province near the Black Sea to obtain insights into the experiences of preschool teachers during the pandemic. The maximum variation sampling was utilized to select preschool teachers educating children between 45 and 72 months. To promote and facilitate individuals’ participation in the research, the semi-structured interviews were conducted via videoconferencing due to the lockdown. The content analysis was used to discover the meaning of the data. The study revealed that while teachers adapted their teaching methods to prioritize children’s well-being, disparities in digital access and socio-emotional issues within families created significant barriers to learning. The challenges encountered significantly impacted the children’s development in multiple areas. This study emphasized the need for improved infrastructure, providing extensive teacher training, and implementing robust support mechanisms to ensure the comprehensive growth of children in all domains during potential disasters. More research should be conducted to improve teachers’ skills in applying effective teaching strategies in virtual environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Education, Innovation and Training for Sustainable Development in the Context of COVID-19)

19 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feeling the Nature to Foster Sustainability: The Mediating Role of (Self) Compassion

by Giulia Ballarotto, Valerio Ghezzi and Patrizia Velotti

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010351 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 735

Abstract

Numerous studies have demonstrated that empathy and compassion are significant predictors of pro-environmental and sustainable behaviors. Nevertheless, these studies do not clarify how the relationship between empathy and compassion and consequent pro-social behavior develops. How can feeling the emotion of nature’s suffering move [...] Read more.

Numerous studies have demonstrated that empathy and compassion are significant predictors of pro-environmental and sustainable behaviors. Nevertheless, these studies do not clarify how the relationship between empathy and compassion and consequent pro-social behavior develops. How can feeling the emotion of nature’s suffering move compassion and activate behaviors that support the environment? This study aimed to verify whether self-compassion could act as a mediator in the relationship between empathy with nature and compassion, which in turn is associated with pro-environmental behaviors. A serial mediation model was analyzed on a sample of N = 1213 individuals. The results showed that women had higher levels of empathy with nature, compassion, uncompassionate behaviors toward themselves, and pro-environmental behaviors than males. Furthermore, the serial mediation model was confirmed, demonstrating that our initial hypotheses were supported. Self-compassion and compassion served as partial mediators in the relationship between empathy with nature and pro-environmental behaviors. Additionally, we observed the direct effects of both empathy and self-compassion on pro-environmental behaviors. The findings suggest that fostering self-compassion and compassion through targeted interventions may enhance individuals’ pro-environmental behaviors, especially by leveraging their empathetic connection with nature. Clinicians and educators could integrate self-compassion training into programs aimed at promoting environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection The Social Influence of Emotions on Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 1842 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Neglected Grain Legumes in Food and Nutrition Security and Human Health

by Busisiwe Vilakazi, Paramu L. Mafongoya, Alfred O. Odindo and Mutondwa M. Phophi

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010350 - 6 Jan 2025

Viewed by 922

Abstract

Increasing demand for nutritious, safe, and healthy food, including the need to preserve biodiversity and other resources, signifies a prodigious challenge for agriculture, which is already at risk from climate change. Diverse and healthy plant-based diets may significantly reduce food insecurity, malnutrition, diet-related [...] Read more.

Increasing demand for nutritious, safe, and healthy food, including the need to preserve biodiversity and other resources, signifies a prodigious challenge for agriculture, which is already at risk from climate change. Diverse and healthy plant-based diets may significantly reduce food insecurity, malnutrition, diet-related diseases, and other health-related issues. More attention to agricultural systems diversity is mandatory to improve the economic, environmental, ecological, and social sustainability of food production in developing countries. In this context, neglected legume production could significantly provide nutritional and healthy benefits for people while adhering to sustainability principles. However, the contribution of neglected legumes to food and nutrition security is still limited due to socio-economic challenges faced by farmers that contribute to the underutilization of neglected legumes, leading to overreliance on a few legumes with poor resilience to climatic perturbations, thus posing a risk to sustainable food production. While major legumes offer higher economic returns and more developed value chains, they also contribute to environmental degradation and resource depletion. Neglected legumes, on the other hand, provide ecosystem services, promote biodiversity, and offer climate resilience but face economic challenges due to limited market demand and underdeveloped value chains. Consequently, food nutritional insecurity and human health concerns remain prevalent, especially in developing countries. There is an urgent need to promote neglected legumes in agricultural systems through policy change implementation, genetic improvement, and development, fostering international cooperation to share knowledge, technologies, and best practices in the production and utilization of neglected legumes. This review comprehensively explores the utility of neglected legumes for food, nutritional security, and human health. It identifies knowledge gaps that should be prioritized as part of research strategies for sustainable future food systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 1195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Emission Reduction Assessment of Ships in the Grand Canal Network Based on Synthetic Weighting and Matter-Element Extension Model

by Zhengchun Sun, Sudong Xu and Jun Jiang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010349 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 918

Abstract

Vessel traffic is an important source of global greenhouse gas emissions. The carbon emissions from ships in the canal network are directly linked to the environmental performance of China’s inland waterway transportation, contributing to the achievement of global carbon reduction goals. Therefore, systematically [...] Read more.

Vessel traffic is an important source of global greenhouse gas emissions. The carbon emissions from ships in the canal network are directly linked to the environmental performance of China’s inland waterway transportation, contributing to the achievement of global carbon reduction goals. Therefore, systematically assessing the carbon emission reduction levels of ships in canal networks is essential to provide a robust foundation for developing more scientific and feasible emission reduction strategies. To address the limitations of current evaluations—which often focus on a single dimension and lack an objective, quantitative representation of the mechanisms driving carbon emission and their synergistic effects—this study took a comprehensive approach. First, considering the factors influencing ship carbon emissions and emission reduction strategies, an evaluation index system was developed. This system included 6 first-level indexes and 22 s-level indexes, covering aspects such as energy utilization, technical equipment, and economic benefits. Second, a novel combination of methods was used to construct an evaluation model. Qualitative weights, determined through the interval binary semantic method, were integrated with quantitative weights calculated using the CRITIC method. These were then combined and assigned using a game-theory-based comprehensive assignment method. The resulting evaluation model, built upon the theory of matter-element topology, represents a significant methodological innovation. Finally, the evaluation method was applied to the empirical analysis of ships operating in Jiangsu section of the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal. This application demonstrated the model’s specificity and feasibility. The study’s findings provide valuable insights for improving carbon emission reduction levels for inland ships and advancing the sustainable development of the shipping industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Intelligent Transportation: Cooperative Systems and Vehicle Automation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change and Meteorological Effects on Building Energy Loads in Pearl River Delta

by Sihao Chen, Yi Yang and Jiangbo Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010348 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 677

Abstract

Global climate change is significantly altering the energy consumption patterns and outdoor environments of buildings. The current meteorological data utilized for building design exhibit numerous deficiencies. To effectively address the needs of future building usage in design, it is crucial to establish more [...] Read more.

Global climate change is significantly altering the energy consumption patterns and outdoor environments of buildings. The current meteorological data utilized for building design exhibit numerous deficiencies. To effectively address the needs of future building usage in design, it is crucial to establish more refined meteorological parameters that accurately reflect the climate of specific geographical locations. Utilizing 60 years of meteorological data from Guangzhou, this study employs the cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) method to define four archetypal meteorological years, providing a robust foundation for subsequent analysis. The findings indicate a significant increase in the frequency of high temperatures and temperature values during the summer months, with an increase of nearly 20% in the cumulative degree hours (CDHs) used for calculating a typical meteorological year (TMY4) over the past 30 years. Additionally, there has been an increase of 0.4–0.7 °C in the air conditioning design daily temperature. The statistics on outdoor calculation parameters for different geographical locations, as well as outdoor design parameters for varying guaranteed rate levels in the Pearl River Delta, reveal a substantial impact on outdoor calculation parameters. The maximum difference in cooling load is approximately 9.3%, with a generally high cooling demand in summer and a relatively low heating demand in winter. Furthermore, the calculation values for different non-guaranteed rates can be applied flexibly to meet the needs of engineering applications. This study provides a valuable reference for updating meteorological parameters in building design. By refining meteorological parameters, this study enables more accurate predictions of energy needs, leading to optimized building designs that reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It supports the development of resilient buildings capable of adapting to changing climatic conditions, thus contributing to long-term environmental sustainability. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 8843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Organic Geochemical Characteristics and Hydrocarbon Significance of the Permian System Around the Bogda Mountain, Junggar Basin, Northwest China

by Jiaquan Zhou, Chao Li, Ziyi Song and Xinlei Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 347; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010347 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 726

Abstract

Shale oil and gas resources have become an alternative energy source and are crucial in the field of sustainable oil and gas exploration. In the Junggar Basin, the Permian is not only the most significant source rock, but also an important field in [...] Read more.

Shale oil and gas resources have become an alternative energy source and are crucial in the field of sustainable oil and gas exploration. In the Junggar Basin, the Permian is not only the most significant source rock, but also an important field in shale oil and gas exploration. However, there are significant differences in the effectiveness of source rocks in different layers. During the Permian, the Bogda region effectively recorded the transition from marine environments in the Early Permian to terrestrial environments in the Late Permian, providing a viable opportunity for studying the Permian source rock of the Junggar Basin. We conducted an analysis of the total organic carbon (TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), and biomarker compounds of Permian source rocks around the Bogda Mountain. The results indicate that the Lower Permian strata were primarily deposited in a moderately reducing marine environment, with the main organic matter sourced from planktonic organisms. These strata are currently in a high to over-mature stage, evaluated as medium-quality source rocks, and may have already generated and expelled substantial quantities of oil and gas, making the Lower Permian hydrocarbon resources within the basin a noteworthy target for deep condensate oil and gas exploration in adjacent depressions. The Middle Permian Wulabo and Jingjingzigou formations were deposited in a moderately oxidizing marine–continental transitional environment with significant terrestrial organic input. The kerogen type is predominantly Type III, and these formations are presently in the mature to over-mature stage with low organic abundance and poor hydrocarbon generation potential. The Middle Permian Lucaogou Formation was deposited in a moderately reducing saline lacustrine environment, with algae and planktonic organisms as the primary sources of organic matter. The kerogen types are mainly Type I and II₁, and it is currently within the oil-generation window. It is characterized by high organic abundance and evaluated as good to excellent source rocks, possessing substantial potential for shale oil exploration. The Upper Permian Wutonggou Formation was primarily deposited in a highly oxidizing continental environment with significant terrestrial input. The primary organic source comprises higher plants, resulting in Type III kerogen. These strata exhibit low organic abundance, are currently in the immature to mature stage, and are evaluated as poor source rocks with limited exploration potential. The information presented in this paper has important theoretical significance and practical value for oil and gas exploration and development in the Junggar Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Diagenesis and Reservoir 3D Modeling)
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability in Geographic Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Sustainability, Volume 17, Issue 1 (January-1 2025) – 376 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI