Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Tissue Distribution Study
2.2. Detoxification Study
3. Discussion
3.1. Anatomical Distribution of CTXs in Toxic Giant Clams
3.2. Elimination of CTXs from T. maxima
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Biological Material
4.1.1. Giant Clams
4.1.2. Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis
4.2. Ex Situ Exposure Experiments
4.2.1. Tissue Distribution Study
4.2.2. Detoxification Study
4.3. Toxin Extration
4.4. Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a)
4.5. Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tank | Tissue | Absolute Toxicity of Tissue 1 | Tissue Wet Weight [g] (Relative Weight Contribution, %) | Tissue Distribution of Toxins 2 | Tissue Contribution to the Total Body Toxin Content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Viscera | 12.2 ± 0.4 | 36 (26%) | 3.2 ± 0.1 | 59% |
Flesh | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 75 (54%) | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 31% | |
Mantle | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 28.5 (20%) | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 10% | |
2 | Viscera | 13.1 ± 0.8 | 37.5 (25%) | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 71% |
Flesh | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 72 (48%) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 20% | |
Mantle | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 39.5 (27%) | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 9% | |
3 | Viscera | 13.6 ± 1.4 | 33.5 (26%) | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 64% |
Flesh | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 58.5 (45%) | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 25% | |
Mantle | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 38 (29%) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 11% |
Days of Detoxification | Giant Clam Individual | Wet Weight [g] | Toxin Content 1 |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 39.9 | 1.4 ± 0.2 |
2 | 57.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | |
3 | 60.8 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | |
Average of 1–3 | 53 ± 11 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | |
2 | 1 | 39.0 | 3.3 ± 0.4 |
2 | 40.8 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | |
3 | 67.2 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | |
Average of 1–3 | 49 ± 16 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | |
4 | 1 | 71.0 | 3.3 ± 0.4 |
2 | 54.3 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | |
3 | 57.6 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | |
Average of 1–3 | 61 ± 9 | 2.0 ± 1.1 | |
6 | 1 | 46.6 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
2 | 43.9 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | |
3 | 32.1 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | |
Average of 1–3 | 41 ± 8 | 2.1 ± 0.7 |
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Roué, M.; Darius, H.T.; Ung, A.; Viallon, J.; Sibat, M.; Hess, P.; Amzil, Z.; Chinain, M. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins 2018, 10, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050189
Roué M, Darius HT, Ung A, Viallon J, Sibat M, Hess P, Amzil Z, Chinain M. Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins. 2018; 10(5):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050189
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoué, Mélanie, Hélène Taiana Darius, André Ung, Jérôme Viallon, Manoella Sibat, Philipp Hess, Zouher Amzil, and Mireille Chinain. 2018. "Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis" Toxins 10, no. 5: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050189
APA StyleRoué, M., Darius, H. T., Ung, A., Viallon, J., Sibat, M., Hess, P., Amzil, Z., & Chinain, M. (2018). Tissue Distribution and Elimination of Ciguatoxins in Tridacna maxima (Tridacnidae, Bivalvia) Fed Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Toxins, 10(5), 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10050189