Brain Sciences

15 pages, 13982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Site Dependency of Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Reaction Time and Transfer of Learning during a Sequential Visual Isometric Pinch Task

by Fahimeh Hashemirad, Maryam Zoghi, Paul B. Fitzgerald, Masoumeh Hashemirad and Shapour Jaberzadeh

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040408 - 22 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Considering the advantages of brain stimulation techniques in detecting the role of different areas of the brain in human sensorimotor behaviors, we used anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (a-tDCS) over three different brain sites of the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) in healthy participants to elucidate [...] Read more.

Considering the advantages of brain stimulation techniques in detecting the role of different areas of the brain in human sensorimotor behaviors, we used anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (a-tDCS) over three different brain sites of the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) in healthy participants to elucidate the role of these three brain areas of the FPC on reaction time (RT) during a sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT). We also aimed to assess if the stimulation of these cortical sites affects the transfer of learning during SVIPT. A total of 48 right-handed healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of the four a-tDCS groups: (1) left primary motor cortex (M1), (2) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), (3) left posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and (4) sham. A-tDCS (0.3 mA, 20 min) was applied concurrently with the SVIPT, in which the participants precisely controlled their forces to reach seven different target forces from 10 to 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) presented on a computer screen with the right dominant hand. Four test blocks were randomly performed at the baseline and 15 min after the intervention, including sequence and random blocks with either hand. Our results showed significant elongations in the ratio of RTs between the M1 and sham groups in the sequence blocks of both the right-trained and left-untrained hands. No significant differences were found between the DLPFC and sham groups and the PPC and sham groups in RT measurements within the SVIPT. Our findings suggest that RT improvement within implicit learning of an SVIPT is not mediated by single-session a-tDCS over M1, DLPFC, or PPC. Further research is needed to understand the optimal characteristics of tDCS and stimulation sites to modulate reaction time in a precision control task such as an SVIPT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability and Construct Validity of a Mobile Application for the Finger Tapping Test Evaluation in People with Multiple Sclerosis

by Víctor Navarro-López, Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda, Pilar Fernández-González, Selena Marcos-Antón, Aitor Blázquez-Fernández, María Fernández-Cañas and Diego Fernández-Vázquez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040407 - 21 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1499

Abstract

The finger tapping test (FTT) is a tool to evaluate the motor performance of the hand and fingers and eye-hand coordination with applicability in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of [...] Read more.

The finger tapping test (FTT) is a tool to evaluate the motor performance of the hand and fingers and eye-hand coordination with applicability in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the TappingPro^® mobile app and the construct validity between this app and validated clinical scales for motor performance in healthy subjects and pwMS. 42 healthy subjects (mean age 25.05) and 13 pwMS (mean age 51.69, EDSS between 3 and 7.5E) participated. FTT was performed with the TappingPro^® mobile app. All participants were examined twice, with a one-week interval between the two appointments. For the analysis of construct validity, the Jamar^® hydraulic hand dynamometer, Box and Blocks Test (BBT), and Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT) were used. The intra-rater reliability showed a good correlation (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC > 0.787) for both upper limbs and both times of FTT for healthy subjects, and an excellent correlation (ICC > 0.956) for upper limbs and both times of FTT for pwMS. The ICC for the inter-rater reliability was good (ICC = 0.869) for the non-dominant upper limb in the FTT 10 s of the healthy subjects, and excellent (ICC > 0.904) for all the other measurements of the healthy subjects and pwMS. However, the Bland–Altman plots showed disagreement between observers and measurements that should be considered in the interpretation of clinical evaluations. The correlation analysis for healthy subjects showed poor associations between all variables, except for the association between hand grip strength and the FTT 60 s in the non-dominant upper limb, which had a moderate coefficient. For pwMS, there were moderate to excellent associations between BBT and the NHPT and FTT for both upper limbs. The correlations between hand grip strength and FFT were poor. This mobile app could be a useful and low-cost assessment tool in pwMS, allowing a simple evaluation and follow-up that has excellent correlation with clinical scales validated in this pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insight in the Application of Rehabilitation Devices in Neurological Disease)

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12 pages, 2471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Driven Estimation of Centiloid Scales from Amyloid PET Images with ¹¹C-PiB and ¹⁸F-Labeled Tracers in Alzheimer’s Disease

by Tensho Yamao, Kenta Miwa, Yuta Kaneko, Noriyuki Takahashi, Noriaki Miyaji, Koki Hasegawa, Kei Wagatsuma, Yuto Kamitaka, Hiroshi Ito and Hiroshi Matsuda

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040406 - 21 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Background: Standard methods for deriving Centiloid scales from amyloid PET images are time-consuming and require considerable expert knowledge. We aimed to develop a deep learning method of automating Centiloid scale calculations from amyloid PET images with ¹¹C-Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) tracer and assess [...] Read more.

Background: Standard methods for deriving Centiloid scales from amyloid PET images are time-consuming and require considerable expert knowledge. We aimed to develop a deep learning method of automating Centiloid scale calculations from amyloid PET images with ¹¹C-Pittsburgh Compound-B (PiB) tracer and assess its applicability to ¹⁸F-labeled tracers without retraining. Methods: We trained models on 231 ¹¹C-PiB amyloid PET images using a 50-layer 3D ResNet architecture. The models predicted the Centiloid scale, and accuracy was assessed using mean absolute error (MAE), linear regression analysis, and Bland–Altman plots. Results: The MAEs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and young controls (YC) were 8.54 and 2.61, respectively, using ¹¹C-PiB, and 8.66 and 3.56, respectively, using ¹⁸F-NAV4694. The MAEs for AD and YC were higher with ¹⁸F-florbetaben (39.8 and 7.13, respectively) and ¹⁸F-florbetapir (40.5 and 12.4, respectively), and the error rate was moderate for ¹⁸F-flutemetamol (21.3 and 4.03, respectively). Linear regression yielded a slope of 1.00, intercept of 1.26, and R² of 0.956, with a mean bias of −1.31 in the Centiloid scale prediction. Conclusions: We propose a deep learning means of directly predicting the Centiloid scale from amyloid PET images in a native space. Transferring the model trained on ¹¹C-PiB directly to ¹⁸F-NAV4694 without retraining was feasible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of AI in Neuroimaging)

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18 pages, 2789 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

What Does It Take to Play the Piano? Cognito-Motor Functions Underlying Motor Learning in Older Adults

by Florian Worschech, Edoardo Passarotto, Hannah Losch, Takanori Oku, André Lee and Eckart Altenmüller

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040405 - 20 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2686

Abstract

The acquisition of skills, such as learning to play a musical instrument, involves various phases that make specific demands on the learner. Knowledge of the cognitive and motor contributions during learning phases can be helpful in developing effective and targeted interventions for healthy [...] Read more.

The acquisition of skills, such as learning to play a musical instrument, involves various phases that make specific demands on the learner. Knowledge of the cognitive and motor contributions during learning phases can be helpful in developing effective and targeted interventions for healthy aging. Eighty-six healthy older participants underwent an extensive cognitive, motoric, and musical test battery. Within one session, one piano-related and one music-independent movement sequence were both learned. We tested the associations between skill performance and cognito-motor abilities with Bayesian mixed models accounting for individual learning rates. Results showed that performance was positively associated with all cognito-motor abilities. Learning a piano-related task was characterized by relatively strong initial associations between performance and abilities. These associations then weakened considerably before increasing exponentially from the second trial onwards, approaching a plateau. Similar performance–ability relationships were detected in the course of learning a music-unrelated motor task. Positive performance–ability associations emphasize the potential of learning new skills to produce positive cognitive and motor transfer effects. Consistent high-performance tasks that demand maximum effort from the participants could be very effective. However, interventions should be sufficiently long so that the transfer potential can be fully exploited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Music in Cognitive Processes)

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12 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Cortical and Subcortical Activations during Different Stages of Muscle Control: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

by Yu Peng and Zhaoxin Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040404 - 20 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1614

Abstract

Movement and muscle control are crucial for the survival of all free-living organisms. This study aimed to explore differential patterns of cortical and subcortical activation across different stages of muscle control using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An event-related design was employed. In [...] Read more.

Movement and muscle control are crucial for the survival of all free-living organisms. This study aimed to explore differential patterns of cortical and subcortical activation across different stages of muscle control using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An event-related design was employed. In each trial, participants (n = 10) were instructed to gently press a button with their right index finger, hold it naturally for several seconds, and then relax the finger. Neural activation in these temporally separated stages was analyzed using a General Linear Model. Our findings revealed that a widely distributed cortical network, including the supplementary motor area and insula, was implicated not only in the pressing stage, but also in the relaxation stage, while only parts of the network were involved in the steady holding stage. Moreover, supporting the direct/indirect pathway model of the subcortical basal ganglia, their substructures played distinct roles in different stages of muscle control. The caudate nucleus exhibited greater involvement in muscle contraction, whereas the putamen demonstrated a stronger association with muscle relaxation; both structures were implicated in the pressing stage. Furthermore, the subthalamic nucleus was exclusively engaged during the muscle relaxation stage. We conclude that even the control of simple muscle movements involves intricate automatic higher sensory–motor integration at a neural level, particularly when coordinating relative muscle movements, including both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation; the cortical and subcortical regions assume distinct yet coordinated roles across different stages of muscle control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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15 pages, 2635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imagery and Verbal Strategies in Spatial Memory for Route and Survey Descriptions

by Ioanna Markostamou, Sol Morrissey and Michael Hornberger

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040403 - 20 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1782

Abstract

Being able to represent and remember verbally-encoded information about spatial environments from different perspectives is important for numerous daily activities. The present study examined how frequently individuals spontaneously engage in visual mental imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies in memory recall of spatial descriptions, [...] Read more.

Being able to represent and remember verbally-encoded information about spatial environments from different perspectives is important for numerous daily activities. The present study examined how frequently individuals spontaneously engage in visual mental imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies in memory recall of spatial descriptions, and whether using certain strategies is associated with better recall performance. Memory recall for route (person-centred) and survey (object-centred) spatial descriptions was examined in a sample of 105 neurotypical individuals, who also reported to what extent they used route- and survey-based mental imagery and verbal rehearsal strategies in each description. Results showed that participants favoured a path visualisation strategy to recall the route description and a map visualisation strategy to recall the survey description. Regression models further showed that employing both imagery and verbal strategies was associated with better recall for both route and survey descriptions, although imagery strategies held a higher predictive power. The present findings highlight the fact that the spontaneous use of internal strategies in the form of visual imagery and verbal rehearsal is ubiquitous when recalling spatial descriptions and a core part of efficient spatial memory functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Contribution of Internal and External Factors to Human Spatial Navigation)

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14 pages, 1268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorimotor Oscillations in Human Infants during an Innate Rhythmic Movement

by Helene Vitali, Claudio Campus, Valentina De Giorgis, Sabrina Signorini, Federica Morelli, Marco Fasce and Monica Gori

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040402 - 20 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1459

Abstract

The relationship between cerebral rhythms and early sensorimotor development is not clear. In recent decades, evidence revealed a rhythmic modulation involving sensorimotor processing. A widely corroborated functional role of oscillatory activity is to coordinate the information flow across sensorimotor networks. Their activity is [...] Read more.

The relationship between cerebral rhythms and early sensorimotor development is not clear. In recent decades, evidence revealed a rhythmic modulation involving sensorimotor processing. A widely corroborated functional role of oscillatory activity is to coordinate the information flow across sensorimotor networks. Their activity is coordinated by event-related synchronisation and desynchronisation in different sensorimotor rhythms, which indicate parallel processes may be occurring in the neuronal network during movement. To date, the dynamics of these brain oscillations and early sensorimotor development are unexplored. Our study investigates the relationship between the cerebral rhythms using EEG and a typical rhythmic movement of infants, the non-nutritive sucking (NNS) behaviour. NNS is an endogenous behaviour that originates from the suck central pattern generator in the brainstem. We find, in 17 infants, that sucking frequency correlates with beta synchronisation within the sensorimotor area in two phases: one strongly anticipating (~3 s) and the other encompassing the start of the motion. These findings suggest that a beta synchronisation of the sensorimotor cortex may influence the sensorimotor dynamics of NNS activity. Our results reveal the importance of rapid brain oscillations in infants and the role of beta synchronisation and their possible role in the communication between cortical and deep generators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sensory–Motor Integration)

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13 pages, 2062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Brain Age and Gender from Brain Volume Data Using Variational Quantum Circuits

by Yeong-Jae Jeon, Shin-Eui Park and Hyeon-Man Baek

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040401 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1413

Abstract

The morphology of the brain undergoes changes throughout the aging process, and accurately predicting a person’s brain age and gender using brain morphology features can aid in detecting atypical brain patterns. Neuroimaging-based estimation of brain age is commonly used to assess an individual’s [...] Read more.

The morphology of the brain undergoes changes throughout the aging process, and accurately predicting a person’s brain age and gender using brain morphology features can aid in detecting atypical brain patterns. Neuroimaging-based estimation of brain age is commonly used to assess an individual’s brain health relative to a typical aging trajectory, while accurately classifying gender from neuroimaging data offers valuable insights into the inherent neurological differences between males and females. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of classical machine learning models with that of a quantum machine learning method called a variational quantum circuit in estimating brain age and predicting gender based on structural magnetic resonance imaging data. We evaluated six classical machine learning models alongside a quantum machine learning model using both combined and sub-datasets, which included data from both in-house collections and public sources. The total number of participants was 1157, ranging from ages 14 to 89, with a gender distribution of 607 males and 550 females. Performance evaluation was conducted within each dataset using training and testing sets. The variational quantum circuit model generally demonstrated superior performance in estimating brain age and gender classification compared to classical machine learning algorithms when using the combined dataset. Additionally, in benchmark sub-datasets, our approach exhibited better performance compared to previous studies that utilized the same dataset for brain age prediction. Thus, our results suggest that variational quantum algorithms demonstrate comparable effectiveness to classical machine learning algorithms for both brain age and gender prediction, potentially offering reduced error and improved accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pushing the Boundaries of Neuroradiology: Cutting-Edge Advanced Applications and Innovations)

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13 pages, 5272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Empathic Concern on Prosocial Behavior in Gain and Loss Contexts: Evidence from Event-Related Potential

by Xi Luo, Taowen Yu, Min Tan and Yiping Zhong

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040400 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1300

Abstract

This study employs event-related potential (ERP) to examine the impact of empathic concern on prosocial decision-making with costs in both gain and loss contexts. In this experiment, participants can choose between two types of lottery tickets and pay lottery money to help the [...] Read more.

This study employs event-related potential (ERP) to examine the impact of empathic concern on prosocial decision-making with costs in both gain and loss contexts. In this experiment, participants can choose between two types of lottery tickets and pay lottery money to help the target person gain more money or lose less money. The behavioral results showed that regardless of the context of the decision (financial loss or gain), participants tended to help individuals who had induced high empathic concern. ERP results show that compared to the low-empathic-concern condition, the high-empathic-concern condition induced greater P3 amplitude in the gain context. However, this change in P3 amplitude caused by empathic concern did not occur in the context of loss. These findings indicate that empathic concern has different psychological mechanisms that moderate prosocial behavior in gain and loss contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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21 pages, 27681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acupuncture Extended the Thrombolysis Window by Suppressing Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption and Regulating Autophagy–Apoptosis Balance after Ischemic Stroke

by Zhihui Zhang, Tianliang Lu, Shanshan Li, Ruyu Zhao, Honglei Li, Xinchang Zhang, Yiyang Li, Yawen Xia and Guangxia Ni

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040399 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1844

Abstract

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window (within 4.5 h) and severe hemorrhagic potential limits therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis for patients. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) [...] Read more.

Background: Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. The narrow therapeutic window (within 4.5 h) and severe hemorrhagic potential limits therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tissue type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) intravenous thrombolysis for patients. Xingnao Kaiqiao (XNKQ) acupuncture is an integral part of traditional Chinese medicine, specifically designed to address acute ischemic stroke by targeting key acupoints such as Shuigou (GV26) and Neiguan (PC6). In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of XNKQ acupuncture in extending the time window for thrombolysis and interrogated the molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect. Methods: The effect of extending the thrombolysis window by acupuncture was evaluated via TTC staining, neuronal score evaluation, hemorrhagic transformation assay, and H&E staining. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was performed to identify the therapeutic targets and intervention mechanisms of acupuncture. Evans blue staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to assess blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation were performed to evaluate the level of autophagy and apoptosis and validate their interactions with BBB endothelial cells. Results: Acupuncture alleviated infarction and neurological deficits and extended the thrombolysis window to 6 h. The RNA-seq revealed 16 potential therapeutic predictors for acupuncture intervention, which related to suppressing inflammation and restoring the function of BBB and blood vessels. Furthermore, acupuncture suppressed BBB leakage and preserved tight junction protein expression. The protective effect was associated with regulation of the autophagy–apoptosis balance in BBB endothelial cells. Acupuncture intervention dissociated the Beclin1/Bcl-2 complex, thereby promoting autophagy and reducing apoptosis. Conclusion: XNKQ acupuncture could serve as an adjunctive therapy for rt-PA thrombolysis, aiming to extend the therapeutic time window and mitigate ischemia–reperfusion injury. Acupuncture suppressed BBB disruption by regulating the autophagy–apoptosis balance, which in turn extended the therapeutic window of rt-PA in IS. These findings provide a rationale for further exploration of acupuncture as a complementary candidate co-administered with rt-PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 2620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerebral and Peripheral Immune Cell Changes following Rodent Juvenile Traumatic Brain Injury

by Allie M. Smith, Erin B. Taylor, Ruth J. Brooks, Christiano Dos Santos e Santos and Bernadette E. Grayson

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040398 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1228

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. TBI is associated with neuroinflammation, but temporal changes in immune and inflammatory signaling following TBI have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, there have been no previous studies on changes [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. TBI is associated with neuroinflammation, but temporal changes in immune and inflammatory signaling following TBI have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, there have been no previous studies on changes in immune cell populations following TBI via the Closed Head Injury Model of Engineered Rotational Acceleration (CHIMERA). The current study aimed to determine the time course changes to inflammatory marker mRNA expression in the acute period following TBI in juvenile rats and to determine acute changes to brain and circulating immune cell populations. For this study, post-natal day (PND)-30 male Long Evans rats sustained a TBI or Sham TBI and were euthanized at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, or 96 h post-injury. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus samples were used to determine mRNA expression changes of inflammatory factors. The mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was significantly elevated at 6 h post-injury in both regions evaluated. To evaluate immune cell populations, male Long Evans rats were euthanized at 48 h post-injury, and brain and blood samples were used for cell sorting by marker-specific antibodies. In the peripheral blood, there was an elevation in CD3⁺ total T cells, CD45R⁺ total B cells, and CD3⁺CD4⁺ helper T cells in the TBI subjects. However, there were no changes to natural killer cells or CD3⁺CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cell populations. In the brain, there was a reduction in CD11b/c⁺ monocytes/macrophages, but no changes in other immune cell populations. At 48 h post-injury, the TBI subjects also demonstrated expansion of the thymic medulla. These changes in the cerebral and blood immune cell populations and thymic medulla expansion may implicate the subacute recovery timeframe as a vulnerable window for the immune system in the pediatric population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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16 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Fatigue on Sleep and Other Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease

by Stefania Diaconu, Vlad Monescu, Rafaela Filip, Laura Marian, Cristian Kakucs, Iulia Murasan, K. Ray Chaudhuri, Dragos Catalin Jianu, Cristian Falup-Pecurariu and Bianca Opritoiu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040397 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1527

Abstract

Fatigue is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but even so, it may still be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in current practice due to its non-specific manifestations. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of fatigue in PD patients [...] Read more.

Fatigue is a common non-motor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but even so, it may still be underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed in current practice due to its non-specific manifestations. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of fatigue in PD patients compared to healthy controls and to identify the main characteristics and associations of fatigue with other non-motor symptoms and the impact of fatigue on sleep disturbances in Parkinson’s disease. Materials and methods: case–control study in which 131 PD patients and 131 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Main characteristics of fatigue, sleep, and other non-motor symptoms were assessed using specific validated questionnaires. Results: According to the Chalder fatigue scale, fatigue is more prevalent in PD patients (38.16%) compared to healthy controls (26.71%). Fatigue was identified in 46.54% of the PD patients using the Parkinson’s Fatigue Scale (PFS-16). PD patients with fatigue presented a worse motor status, more sleep disturbances (insomnia, daytime sleepiness), a broader spectrum of non-motor symptoms (pain, anxiety, urinary disturbances), worse cognitive performances, a lower level of happiness, and worse quality of life compared to PD patients without fatigue. Conclusion: Fatigue is a common symptom of PD and needs to be assessed, considering its consequences on quality of life. Sleep disturbances have a great influence over fatigue in PD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Parkinson’s Disease: Opportunities and Challenges)

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19 pages, 6789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Neuron Reconstruction Based on Branch Confidence

by Ying Zeng and Yimin Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040396 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

In the past few years, significant advancements in microscopic imaging technology have led to the production of numerous high-resolution images capturing brain neurons at the micrometer scale. The reconstructed structure of neurons from neuronal images can serve as a valuable reference for research [...] Read more.

In the past few years, significant advancements in microscopic imaging technology have led to the production of numerous high-resolution images capturing brain neurons at the micrometer scale. The reconstructed structure of neurons from neuronal images can serve as a valuable reference for research in brain diseases and neuroscience. Currently, there lacks an accurate and efficient method for neuron reconstruction. Manual reconstruction remains the primary approach, offering high accuracy but requiring significant time investment. While some automatic reconstruction methods are faster, they often sacrifice accuracy and cannot be directly relied upon. Therefore, the primary goal of this paper is to develop a neuron reconstruction tool that is both efficient and accurate. The tool aids users in reconstructing complete neurons by calculating the confidence of branches during the reconstruction process. The method models the neuron reconstruction as multiple Markov chains, and calculates the confidence of the connections between branches by simulating the reconstruction artifacts in the results. Users iteratively modify low-confidence branches to ensure precise and efficient neuron reconstruction. Experiments on both the publicly accessible BigNeuron dataset and a self-created Whole-Brain dataset demonstrate that the tool achieves high accuracy similar to manual reconstruction, while significantly reducing reconstruction time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computational Neuroscience and Neuroinformatics)

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17 pages, 1110 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Brain Activation for Social Cognition and Emotion Processing Tasks in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies

by Matthias Schurz, Jan-Patrick Berenz, Jeff Maerz, Raphael Perla, Anna Buchheim and Karin Labek

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040395 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

The present meta-analysis summarizes brain activation for social cognition and emotion-processing tasks in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We carried out two meta-analyses to elaborate on commonalities and potential differences between the two types of tasks. In the first meta-analysis, we implemented a more [...] Read more.

The present meta-analysis summarizes brain activation for social cognition and emotion-processing tasks in borderline personality disorder (BPD). We carried out two meta-analyses to elaborate on commonalities and potential differences between the two types of tasks. In the first meta-analysis, we implemented a more liberal strategy for task selection (including social and emotional content). The results confirmed previously reported hyperactivations in patients with BPD in the bilateral amygdala and prefrontal cortex and hypoactivations in bilateral inferior frontal gyri. When applying a stricter approach to task selection, focusing narrowly on social cognition tasks, we only found activation in prefrontal areas, particularly in the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We review the role of these areas in social cognition in healthy adults, suggesting that the observed BPD hyperactivations may reflect an overreliance on self-related thought in social cognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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9 pages, 216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Racial and Socioeconomic Status among a Patient Population Presenting with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage versus Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysm: A Single-Center Study

by Ashia M. Hackett, Christopher O. Adereti, Ariel P. Walker, Elsa Nico, Lea Scherschinski, Emmajane G. Rhodenhiser, Adam T. Eberle, Anant Naik, Juan P. Giraldo, Joelle N. Hartke, Redi Rahmani, Ethan A. Winkler, Joshua S. Catapano and Michael T. Lawton

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040394 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1501

Abstract

Racial and socioeconomic health disparities are well documented in the literature. This study examined patient demographics, including socioeconomic status (SES), among individuals presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) to identify factors associated with aSAH presentation. A retrospective assessment [...] Read more.

Racial and socioeconomic health disparities are well documented in the literature. This study examined patient demographics, including socioeconomic status (SES), among individuals presenting with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA) to identify factors associated with aSAH presentation. A retrospective assessment was conducted of all patients with aSAH and UIA who presented to a large-volume cerebrovascular center and underwent microsurgical treatment from January 2014 through July 2019. Race and ethnicity, insurance type, and SES data were collected for each patient. Comparative analysis of the aSAH and UIA groups was conducted. Logistic regression models were also employed to predict the likelihood of aSAH presentation based on demographic and socioeconomic factors. A total of 640 patients were included (aSAH group, 251; UIA group, 389). Significant associations were observed between race and ethnicity, SES, insurance type, and aneurysm rupture. Non-White race or ethnicity, lower SES, and having public or no insurance were associated with increased odds of aSAH presentation. The aSAH group had poorer functional outcomes and higher mortality rates than the UIA group. Patients who are non-White, have low SES, and have public or no insurance were disproportionately affected by aSAH, which is historically associated with poorer functional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery)

9 pages, 389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychiatric Co-Morbidities and Profile of Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Northern India

by Ankita Saroj, Adarsh Tripathi, Sumit Rungta and Sujita Kumar Kar

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040393 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1463

Abstract

Objectives: To study sociodemographic and clinical variables, including psychiatric co-morbidities, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: A total of 158 patients attending a medical gastroenterology clinic in a tertiary care center in Northern India were screened, from whom 100 were selected for [...] Read more.

Objectives: To study sociodemographic and clinical variables, including psychiatric co-morbidities, in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Methods: A total of 158 patients attending a medical gastroenterology clinic in a tertiary care center in Northern India were screened, from whom 100 were selected for the study. Rome IV criteria were used to diagnose IBS, and the severity of symptoms was assessed by the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS). Psychiatric co-morbidities were screened via clinical evaluation, and if present, a diagnosis was made as per DSM-5. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) were used to assess depression, anxiety, stress, and somatic symptoms. Result: The mean age of cases was 35.6 years’ old, and the majority of cases (i.e., 38.0%) were between 18 and 29 years’ old. Males comprised 62.0% of the sample and females 38.0%. Moderate IBS was present in 61.0% of the cases. Evaluation via DASS-21 revealed that 53.0% were in the moderate category of depression, 43.0% had moderate anxiety, and 36.0% had moderate stress. The somatic symptom scale revealed that 48.0% patients were in the high category. Psychiatric co-morbidities were present in 29.0% of cases. Depressive disorders were the most common psychiatric co-morbidity. Conclusions: Patients with IBS presenting to a tertiary care center in Northern India were primarily young males living in semi-urban areas who belonged to the Hindu religion, were married, and had a nuclear family. Patients with IBS commonly have associated psychiatric disorders; anxiety disorders and depression are most common. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

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24 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Necessity of Taking Culture and Context into Account When Studying the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Brain Development

by Julie M. Schneider, Mohammad Hossein Behboudi and Mandy J. Maguire

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040392 - 18 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3383

Abstract

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through [...] Read more.

Decades of research has revealed a relationship between childhood socioeconomic status (SES) and brain development at the structural and functional levels. Of particular note is the distinction between income and maternal education, two highly correlated factors which seem to influence brain development through distinct pathways. Specifically, while a families’ income-to-needs ratio is linked with physiological stress and household chaos, caregiver education influences the day-to-day language environment a child is exposed to. Variability in either one of these environmental experiences is related to subsequent brain development. While this work has the potential to inform public policies in a way that benefits children, it can also oversimplify complex factors, unjustly blame low-SES parents, and perpetuate a harmful deficit perspective. To counteract these shortcomings, researchers must consider sociodemographic differences in the broader cultural context that underlie SES-based differences in brain development. This review aims to address these issues by (a) identifying how sociodemographic mechanisms associated with SES influence the day-to-day experiences of children, in turn, impacting brain development, while (b) considering the broader cultural contexts that may differentially impact this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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16 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Pilot Study

by Kyriaki Neophytou, Kelly Williamson, Olivia Herrmann, Alexandros Afthinos, Jessica Gallegos, Nadine Martin, Donna C. Tippett and Kyrana Tsapkini

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040391 - 17 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1747

Abstract

Background: This study aims to determine (a) if home-based anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) delivered to the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) coupled with verbal short-term memory/working memory (vSTM/WM) treatment (“RAM”, short for “Repeat After Me”) is more effective than sham-tDCS in improving [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to determine (a) if home-based anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) delivered to the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) coupled with verbal short-term memory/working memory (vSTM/WM) treatment (“RAM”, short for “Repeat After Me”) is more effective than sham-tDCS in improving vSTM/WM in patients with primary progressive aphasia (PPA), and (b) whether tDCS effects generalize to other language and cognitive abilities. Methods: Seven PPA participants received home-based a-tDCS and sham-tDCS coupled with RAM treatment in separate conditions in a double-blind design. The treatment task required participants to repeat word spans comprising semantically and phonologically unrelated words in the same and reverse order. The evaluation of treatment effects was carried out using the same tasks as in the treatment but with different items (near-transfer effects) and tasks that were not directly related to the treatment (far-transfer effects). Results: A-tDCS showed (a) a significant effect in improving vSTM abilities, measured by word span backward, and (b) a generalization of this effect to other language abilities, namely, spelling (both real words and pseudowords) and learning (retention and delayed recall). Conclusions: These preliminary results indicate that vSTM/WM intervention can improve performance in trained vSTM/WM tasks in patients with PPA, especially when augmented with home-based tDCS over the left SMG. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Development of Cognitive and Neuropsychological Assessment)

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21 pages, 1500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reading Skill Profiles in School-Aged Italian-Speaking Children: A Latent Profile Analysis Investigation into the Interplay of Decoding, Comprehension and Attentional Control

by Angela Pasqualotto, Noemi Mazzoni, Francesco Benso and Carlo Chiorri

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040390 - 17 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1208

Abstract

Our study examined the complex relationships among reading performance (decoding, comprehension) and language, visuo-spatial, and attentional control abilities in 115 Italian-speaking children. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct clusters of participants showcasing quantitative differences in decoding skills, including word, pseudo-word, text [...] Read more.

Our study examined the complex relationships among reading performance (decoding, comprehension) and language, visuo-spatial, and attentional control abilities in 115 Italian-speaking children. Latent profile analysis was used to identify distinct clusters of participants showcasing quantitative differences in decoding skills, including word, pseudo-word, text reading speed and accuracy. Then, we used this classification to investigate group differences in a variety of linguistic, working memory, and visuo-spatial tasks, as well as in reading comprehension skills, by means of multivariate and univariate tests. Our results reveal significant links between reading proficiency and several key factors: language skills, visuo-spatial abilities, and attentional control. These findings illuminate the nuanced impact of domain-general processes that govern a series of linguistic and visuo-perceptive subcomponents during reading tasks. Additionally, using dominance analysis, predictors of written text comprehension were identified. Our findings suggest that effective reading comprehension relies on a synergistic interplay of adequate reading speed, attentional control, working memory, and verbal fluency, accounting for 23% of the explained variance. This study highlights the multifaceted nature of reading proficiency and suggests that a broader perspective is necessary to fully understand reading development and support its improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychology of Reading)

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15 pages, 4839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Four-Week High-Fat Diet Induces Anxiolytic-like Behaviors through Mature BDNF in the mPFC of Mice

by Huixian Huang, Jia Huang, Wensi Lu, Yanjun Huang, Ran Luo, Luqman Bathalian, Ming Chen and Xuemin Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040389 - 17 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1521

Abstract

The effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on mood is a widely debated topic, with the underlying mechanisms being poorly understood. This study explores the anxiolytic effects of a four-week HFD in C57BL/6 mice. Five-week-old mice were exposed to either an HFD (60% [...] Read more.

The effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on mood is a widely debated topic, with the underlying mechanisms being poorly understood. This study explores the anxiolytic effects of a four-week HFD in C57BL/6 mice. Five-week-old mice were exposed to either an HFD (60% calories from fat) or standard chow diet (CD) for four weeks, followed by cannula implantation, virus infusion, behavioral tests, and biochemical assays. Results revealed that four weeks of an HFD induced anxiolytic-like behaviors and increased the protein levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (mBDNF) and phosphorylated tyrosine kinase receptor B (p-TrkB) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Administration of a BDNF-neutralizing antibody to the mPFC reversed HFD-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. Elevated BDNF levels were observed in both neurons and astrocytes in the mPFC of HFD mice. Additionally, these mice exhibited a higher number of dendritic spines in the mPFC, as well as upregulation of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95). Furthermore, mRNA levels of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), and the hydrolase matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), also increased in the mPFC. These findings suggest that an HFD may induce FTO and MMP9, which could potentially regulate BDNF processing, contributing to anxiolytic-like behaviors. This study proposes potential molecular mechanisms that may underlie HFD-induced anxiolytic behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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21 pages, 534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementing an Early Detection Program for Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Polish Primary Healthcare Setting—Possible Obstacles and Experiences from Online ASD Screening

by Mateusz Sobieski, Urszula Grata-Borkowska and Maria Magdalena Bujnowska-Fedak

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040388 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1524

Abstract

A screening questionnaire for autism symptoms is not yet available in Poland, and there are no recommendations regarding screening for developmental disorders in Polish primary healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the opinions of parents and physicians on the legitimacy [...] Read more.

A screening questionnaire for autism symptoms is not yet available in Poland, and there are no recommendations regarding screening for developmental disorders in Polish primary healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the opinions of parents and physicians on the legitimacy and necessity of screening for autism spectrum disorders, potential barriers to the implementation of the screening program, and the evaluation and presentation of the process of online ASD screening, which was part of the validation program for the Polish version of one of the screening tools. This study involved 418 parents whose children were screened online and 95 primary care physicians who expressed their opinions in prepared surveys. The results indicate that both parents and doctors perceive the need to screen children for ASD in the general population without a clear preference as to the screening method (online or in person). Moreover, online screening is considered by respondents as a satisfactory diagnostic method. Therefore, online screening may prove to be at least a partial method of solving numerous obstacles indicated by participants’ systemic difficulties including time constraints, the lack of experienced specialists in the field of developmental disorders and organizational difficulties of healthcare systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)

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14 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pragmatic Communication Deficit and Functional Outcome in Patients with Right- and Left-Brain Damage: A Pilot Study

by Simona Spaccavento, Sofia Caliendo, Roberta Galetta, Emilia Picciola, Ernesto Losavio and Robert Glueckauf

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040387 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1201

Abstract

Pragmatic communication abilities refer to the capacity to use language in a social context. Despite evidence to the contrary, the left cerebral hemisphere of the majority of right handers has been considered exclusively specialized for control of language phonology, syntax and semantics, whereas [...] Read more.

Pragmatic communication abilities refer to the capacity to use language in a social context. Despite evidence to the contrary, the left cerebral hemisphere of the majority of right handers has been considered exclusively specialized for control of language phonology, syntax and semantics, whereas the right hemisphere has been specialized for the control of language pragmatics. Many studies have shown the non-exclusivity of the left hemisphere for language skills. Communication deficits observed in these studies for patients with right hemisphere damage confirmed the necessity for integrity of the right hemisphere across a number of language components. The aim of this study is to investigate the specific role of the right and left hemispheres across several aspects of communication deficits, with particular attention given to the influence of these deficits on functional outcome. The second aim is to characterize possible correlations between pragmatic and other cognitive deficits. We evaluated 22 patients, 15 with left- and 7 with right-brain ischemic or hemorrhagic damage, using cognitive, pragmatic and language tests. We deployed the Right Hemisphere Language Battery–Santa Lucia and Montreal d’Evaluation de la Communication to assess pragmatic abilities. The results showed no statistically significant differences between patients with left- and right-brain damage, highlighting the importance of integration between the two hemispheres in the communication process. Multiple significant correlations were found between pragmatic abilities and cognitive tests assessing global cognitive functioning, pantomime expression and comprehension. Pragmatic deficits were also shown to correlate with functional cognitive outcome. It is important to assess pragmatic abilities in patients with cognitive deficits after both left and right stroke for tailoring neuropsychological intervention to mitigate pragmatic disabilities in functional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Involvement of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere in Communication)

24 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of the Bodily Awareness Representation and Interoception: Insights and Progress in the Field of Neurorehabilitation Research

by Chiara Parma, Federica Doria, Aida Zulueta, Jacopo Lanzone, Marilisa Boscarino, Luca Giani, Christian Lunetta, Marta Vassallo, Eugenio Agostino Parati, Mario Picozzi and Davide Sattin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040386 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2793

Abstract

In the last two decades, the scientific literature on so-called body representations has been increasing, and the notion of body awareness (BA) is particularly interesting for neurorehabilitation. In this article, we present results derived from recent studies on this representation, considering the different [...] Read more.

In the last two decades, the scientific literature on so-called body representations has been increasing, and the notion of body awareness (BA) is particularly interesting for neurorehabilitation. In this article, we present results derived from recent studies on this representation, considering the different definitions and explicative models proposed as well as the empirical settings used to test it, providing an extensive overview of these issues. This article discusses the challenge of understanding how we integrate the sensory experiences of proprioception (knowing where our body is in space) and interoception (sensing internal bodily sensations, like hunger of thirst) with our perception of self. This is a difficult problem to analyze because our awareness of our body is inherently linked to our perspective, since the body is the means through which we interact with the world. Presenting the different viewpoints offered by recent theories on this concern, we highlighted that the neurorehabilitation and psychiatric settings offer two important fields useful for the study of BA because in them it is possible to analyze bodily representations by inducing/observing a controlled discrepancy between dysfunctional content and sensory inputs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

10 pages, 553 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Embodied and Bioenergetic Approaches in Trauma Therapy: Observing Somatic Experience and Olfactory Memory

by Sara Invitto and Patrizia Moselli

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040385 - 16 Apr 2024

Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Recent studies highlight how body psychotherapy is becoming highly cited, especially in connection with studies on trauma-related disorders. This review highlights the theoretical assumptions and recent points in common with embodied simulation and new sensory theories by integrating bioenergetic analysis, embodiment, and olfactory [...] Read more.

Recent studies highlight how body psychotherapy is becoming highly cited, especially in connection with studies on trauma-related disorders. This review highlights the theoretical assumptions and recent points in common with embodied simulation and new sensory theories by integrating bioenergetic analysis, embodiment, and olfactory memory in trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) therapy. Embodied memory, rooted in sensorimotor experiences, shapes cognitive functions and emotional responses. Trauma, embodied in somatic experiences, disrupts these processes, leading to symptoms such as chronic pain and dissociation. The literature discussed highlights the impact of burning odors on individuals with PTSD and those who have experienced childhood maltreatment. Burning odors can increase stress and heart rate in war veterans, with sensitivity to these odors intensifying over time since the trauma. Additionally, adults who experienced childhood maltreatment exhibit faster processing of unpleasant odors and increased symptom severity. Grounding techniques, such as adopting a balanced posture, enhance breathing and sensory capabilities, potentially aiding in managing symptoms associated with trauma-related disorders such as PTSD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD)

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11 pages, 1624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Objective Speech Analysis Techniques for the Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment of Speech Disorders in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

by Zeynep Z. Sonkaya, Bilgin Özturk, Rıza Sonkaya, Esra Taskiran and Ömer Karadas

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040384 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1643 | Correction

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). It generally affects motor, sensory, cerebellar, cognitive, and language functions. It is thought that identifying MS speech disorders using quantitative methods will make a significant contribution [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic and neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). It generally affects motor, sensory, cerebellar, cognitive, and language functions. It is thought that identifying MS speech disorders using quantitative methods will make a significant contribution to physicians in the diagnosis and follow-up of MS patients. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the speech disorders of MS via objective speech analysis techniques. The study was conducted on 20 patients diagnosed with MS according to McDonald’s 2017 criteria and 20 healthy volunteers without any speech or voice pathology. Speech data obtained from patients and healthy individuals were analyzed with the PRAAT speech analysis program, and classification algorithms were tested to determine the most effective classifier in separating specific speech features of MS disease. As a result of the study, the K-nearest neighbor algorithm (K-NN) was found to be the most successful classifier (95%) in distinguishing pathological sounds which were seen in MS patients from those in healthy individuals. The findings obtained in our study can be considered as preliminary data to determine the voice characteristics of MS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence Methods for Assessing Speech, Language, and Communication Functioning)

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18 pages, 306 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

AI and Aphasia in the Digital Age: A Critical Review

by Adam John Privitera, Siew Hiang Sally Ng, Anthony Pak-Hin Kong and Brendan Stuart Weekes

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040383 - 16 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4391

Abstract

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all [...] Read more.

Aphasiology has a long and rich tradition of contributing to understanding how culture, language, and social environment contribute to brain development and function. Recent breakthroughs in AI can transform the role of aphasiology in the digital age by leveraging speech data in all languages to model how damage to specific brain regions impacts linguistic universals such as grammar. These tools, including generative AI (ChatGPT) and natural language processing (NLP) models, could also inform practitioners working with clinical populations in the assessment and treatment of aphasia using AI-based interventions such as personalized therapy and adaptive platforms. Although these possibilities have generated enthusiasm in aphasiology, a rigorous interrogation of their limitations is necessary before AI is integrated into practice. We explain the history and first principles of reciprocity between AI and aphasiology, highlighting how lesioning neural networks opened the black box of cognitive neurolinguistic processing. We then argue that when more data from aphasia across languages become digitized and available online, deep learning will reveal hitherto unreported patterns of language processing of theoretical interest for aphasiologists. We also anticipate some problems using AI, including language biases, cultural, ethical, and scientific limitations, a misrepresentation of marginalized languages, and a lack of rigorous validation of tools. However, as these challenges are met with better governance, AI could have an equitable impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Language(s), Social Environment and Culture on Brain Development and Function)

12 pages, 3337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postnatal Development of Synaptic Plasticity at Hippocampal CA1 Synapses: Correlation of Learning Performance with Pathway-Specific Plasticity

by Yuheng Yang, Yuya Sakimoto and Dai Mitsushima

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040382 - 14 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1583

Abstract

To determine the critical timing for learning and the associated synaptic plasticity, we analyzed developmental changes in learning together with training-induced plasticity. Rats were subjected to an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task prior to weaning. While IA training did not alter latency at postnatal [...] Read more.

To determine the critical timing for learning and the associated synaptic plasticity, we analyzed developmental changes in learning together with training-induced plasticity. Rats were subjected to an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task prior to weaning. While IA training did not alter latency at postnatal day (PN) 16, there was a significant increase in latency from PN 17, indicating a critical day for IA learning between PN 16 and 17. One hour after training, acute hippocampal slices were prepared for whole-cell patch clamp analysis following the retrieval test. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (0.5 µM), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were sequentially recorded from the same CA1 neuron. Although no changes in the amplitude of mEPSCs or mIPSCs were observed at PN 16 and 21, significant increases in both excitatory and inhibitory currents were observed at PN 23, suggesting a specific critical day for training-induced plasticity between PN 21 and 23. Training also increased the diversity of postsynaptic currents at PN 23 but not at PN 16 and 21, demonstrating a critical day for training-induced increase in the information entropy of CA1 neurons. Finally, we analyzed the plasticity at entorhinal cortex layer III (ECIII)-CA1 or CA3-CA1 synapses for each individual rat. At either ECIII-CA1 or CA3-CA1 synapses, a significant correlation between mean α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid/N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (AMPA/NMDA) ratio and learning outcomes emerged at PN 23 at both synapses, demonstrating a critical timing for the direct link between AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity and learning efficacy. Here, we identified multiple critical periods with respect to training-induced synaptic plasticity and delineated developmental trajectories of learning mechanisms at hippocampal CA1 synapses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)

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26 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Effect of Super-Resolved Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Mild Cognitive Impairment Detection

by Ovidijus Grigas, Robertas Damaševičius and Rytis Maskeliūnas

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040381 - 14 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1165

Abstract

This paper presents a novel approach to improving the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through the use of super-resolved structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimized deep learning models. The study introduces enhancements to the perceptual quality of super-resolved 2D structural MRI [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel approach to improving the detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) through the use of super-resolved structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimized deep learning models. The study introduces enhancements to the perceptual quality of super-resolved 2D structural MRI images using advanced loss functions, modifications to the upscaler part of the generator, and experiments with various discriminators within a generative adversarial training setting. It empirically demonstrates the effectiveness of super-resolution in the MCI detection task, showcasing performance improvements across different state-of-the-art classification models. The paper also addresses the challenge of accurately capturing perceptual image quality, particularly when images contain checkerboard artifacts, and proposes a methodology that incorporates hyperparameter optimization through a Pareto optimal Markov blanket (POMB). This approach systematically explores the hyperparameter space, focusing on reducing overfitting and enhancing model generalizability. The research findings contribute to the field by demonstrating that super-resolution can significantly improve the quality of MRI images for MCI detection, highlighting the importance of choosing an adequate discriminator and the potential of super-resolution as a preprocessing step to boost classification model performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of AI in Neuroimaging)

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14 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Mediated F-Actin in the Acupuncture-Induced Mitigation of Inflammatory Pain in Arthritic Rats

by Xu Zhou, Yu-Chen Zhang, Kai-Qiu Lu, Ran Xiao, Wen-Chao Tang and Fan Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040380 - 14 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1337

Abstract

The analgesic efficacy of acupuncture has been widely recognized. However, the mechanism by which manual acupuncture-generated mechanical stimuli translate into biological signals remains unclear. This study employed a CFA-induced inflammatory pain rat model. Acupuncture intervention was then performed following standardized procedures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent [...] Read more.

The analgesic efficacy of acupuncture has been widely recognized. However, the mechanism by which manual acupuncture-generated mechanical stimuli translate into biological signals remains unclear. This study employed a CFA-induced inflammatory pain rat model. Acupuncture intervention was then performed following standardized procedures. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessed inflammatory cytokines levels, while immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR screened the level of p38 and F-actin expression in the ST36 acupoint area of rats. Results indicated increased inflammatory factors, including IL-1β and TNFα, with reduced paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) in CFA rats compared to unmodeled rats. After acupuncture intervention, the heightened expression level of F-actin and p38 mRNA and the phosphorylation of p38 in the acupoint area was observed alongside decreased inflammatory factors in diseased ankle joints. The application of lifting and thrusting manipulations further enhanced the effect of acupuncture, in which the molecular expression level of muscle and connective tissue increased most significantly, indicating that these two tissues play a major role in the transformation of acupuncture stimulation. Moreover, antagonizing p38 expression hindered acupuncture efficacy, supporting the hypothesis that p38 MAPK-mediated F-actin transduces mechanical signals generated by acupuncture and related manipulation into biological signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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24 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Prevalence and Correlates of the Concurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Claudia Aymerich, Malein Pacho, Ana Catalan, Noorulain Yousaf, Violeta Pérez-Rodríguez, Matthew J. Hollocks, Mara Parellada, Georgina Krebs, Bruce Clark and Gonzalo Salazar de Pablo

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14040379 - 13 Apr 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3864

Abstract

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young [...] Read more.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) are two common and impairing neurodevelopmental conditions with partial symptomatic overlap. The aim of this study is to systematically and meta-analytically examine the following: (i) the prevalence of an OCD diagnosis among young people with ASD, (ii) the prevalence of an ASD diagnosis among young people with OCD, and (iii) the clinical and therapeutic implications of such comorbidity. Method: A multistep literature search was performed from database inception until 17 November 2023. This PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant systematic review, registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023480543), identified studies reporting on the prevalence, sociodemographic, psychopathologic, prognostic, and therapeutic correlates of OCD and ASD concurrence in children and adolescents. A quantitative meta-analysis with random effects was conducted to analyse the pooled prevalence of OCD among samples with a mean age of < 18 years old with ASD and the prevalence of ASD among individuals under 18 with OCD. Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the effect of diagnostic criteria and different continents. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the effect of gender, age, IQ, and OCD severity scores. A narrative review of the clinical and therapeutical implications of the comorbidity was provided. Results: 42 studies were selected for the systematic review (SR), and 31 of them were also included in one of the meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of OCD among ASD youth samples (n = 8916, mean age = 10.6 ± 1.6; 16.4% female) was 11.6% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 6.9%; 18.8%), and the pooled prevalence of ASD among OCD children and adolescent samples (n = 6209, mean age = 14.1 ± 1.4; 45.7% female) was 9.5% (95% CI = 6.0%; 14.7%). Meta-regressions found a statistically higher prevalence of ASD among samples with a lower prevalence of females (β = −4.7; 95%CI = −8.6; −0.8). Children with both OCD and ASD present higher rates of functional impairment, psychopathology, and other comorbidities, compared to youth with either of the disorders alone. Conclusions: OCD and ASD are highly concurrent conditions in youth, with symptomatic, prognostic, severity, and therapeutic implications. Future research should focus on conducting longitudinal cohort studies prospectively to determine development trajectories, along with randomized controlled trials to assess the efficacy of specific therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolutionary and Developmental Pathways of Obsessive Compulsive Rituals in Psychopathology)

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