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Article

Facile Construction of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin

by
Zhengru Zhu
1,
Haiwen Xia
1,
Hong Li
2,* and
Songlin Han
1
1
School of Geography, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
2
Department of Basic, Dalian Naval Academy, Dalian 116018, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2022, 10(9), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090131
Submission received: 18 July 2022 / Revised: 18 August 2022 / Accepted: 31 August 2022 / Published: 1 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganics: 10th Anniversary)
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Abstract

:
To mitigate antibiotic residues in the water environment, Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 (BSCN) heterojunction was fabricated by a facile ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method. The microstructure, morphology, and optical properties of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction was studied by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, and PL. The degradation rate of 20 mg/L norfloxacin (NOR) under visible light for 3 h was adopted as one of the indexes to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction. Embellished with 20% Bi2Sn2O7 (BSO), the Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction decomposed 94% NOR in the experimental solution, which was 2.35 and 3.03 times as much as pristine g-C3N4 and bare Bi2Sn2O7, respectively. In addition, the Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction still eliminated 89% of NOR after five cycles, portending outstanding stability and cyclability of photocatalytic activity. A possible photocatalytic mechanism of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction for NOR degradation is proposed.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Antibiotic as an efficacious treatment method in human and veterinary bacterial infection has lasted decades years [1]. However, antibiotics cannot be completely decomposed in organisms, and the residue is excreted as an aqueous solution, further, back to the water environment with the discharge of sewage [2]. The existing remediation technologies of polluted water cannot remove antibiotics completely [3]. According to previous reports, more than 100,000 tons of antibiotics is consumed globally every year, including NOR, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic that has been widely applied and frequently detected in natural water bodies, even in the drinking water of humans, posing a serious threat to human health [4,5]. Clearly, it is urgent to put forward an efficient, inexpensive, and environment-friendly water-pollution treatment method.
With the advantage of simple steps, high efficiency and little secondary pollution, semiconductor photocatalysis technology has gained increasing interest regarding the treatment of polluted water [6,7]. Photocatalysts generate photoinduced electrons and holes on the surface when exposed to the light with sufficient energy. These photogenerated electron holes then transform water and oxygen in the water to produce the active substances superoxide and hydroxyl radicals [8]. Pollutants in water will also be broken down by these active substances into CO2, H2O, and other harmless products [9]. However, traditional photocatalysts are only UV light active (about 4% of sunlight), as they have a wide bandgap, for example, TiO2 (~3.2 eV) [10] and ZnO (~3.3 eV) [11], thus limiting their practical application [12]. Most of the energy from sunlight cannot be utilized by these wide-bandgap photocatalysts. Thus, how to take advantage of the full spectrum of solar light is a much more meaningful but challenging research subject. Fortunately, a series of visible-light-driven photocatalysts have come out in recent years, such as LaFeO3 [13], Bi2WO6 [14], BiVO4 [15], etc. The emergence of photocatalysts driven by visible light holds promise for the treatment of antibiotic residues in the water environment.
Graphite-phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4, abbreviated as CN) is a non-metallic polymeric semiconductor that was first applied to photocatalysis in 2009 by Wang and his co-workers [16]. Due to the advantage of inexpensive cost, controllable morphology, stable chemical properties, and visible-light response ability, CN has attracted extensive attention in recent years [17]. However, drawbacks have been exposed gradually in the process of further research, such as rapid photogenerated carrier recombination, small specific surface area, and so on [18]. The construction of heterojunction photocatalyst is one of the ideal methods to solve the above problems; for example, Sun et al. [19] synthesized a Z-scheme BiOCl/g-C3N4 heterojunction and decomposed 97.1% tetracycline within 60 min. Hu et al. [20] doped g-C3N4 with TiO2 to degrade ciprofloxacin, and the degradation rate achieved 93.4% in 60 min, which is 2.3 and 7.5 times higher than TiO2 and g-C3N4. Zhang et al. [21] embellished g-C3N4 with NaNbO3 to disintegrate ofloxacin, and the degradation reached 99.5% within 30 min, whereas monomer NaNbO3 and g-C3N4 can only eliminate 42.5% and 21.1% of ofloxacin under the same conditions.
Bi2Sn2O7 is also a photocatalyst that can respond to visible light [22]. With a corner-shared octahedral network, it is easier for photogenerated electrons to migrate on the surface of Bi2Sn2O7, which benefits the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes [23]. Thus, Bi2Sn2O7 seems to be an ideal partner of g-C3N4. Previously, Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 photocatalysts have been demonstrated to be effective in degrading dyes such as rhodamine B (Rhb), methylene blue (MB), and acid red 18 (AR 18) [24,25]. Few research studies have been performed on the degradation of antibiotics [26].
Hence, Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts with different dosages of BSO (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, denoted as 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN, and 50BSCN) were synthesized by a facile ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, and PL. NOR was selected as the degradation target to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of heterojunction photocatalyst under visible light. Ultimately, a possible mechanism of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst to remove NOR was discussed.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. XRD Analysis

To examine the microstructure and ensure that the samples have no impurities, the XRD patterns of BSO, CN, and BSCN samples are exhibited in Figure 1. As for the CN pattern in Figure 1a, the aromatic interlayer stacking peak of the (002) crystal face appears pronouncedly at 2θ = 27.6°, in line with the CN standard PDF card (JCPDS No. 87-1526) [27]. The BSO pattern shows, in Figure 1b, several peaks located at 2θ = 14.3°, 23.4°, 28.8°, 33.4°, 43.8°, 47.9°, 54.0°, 56.9°, and 59.7°, corresponding to the (111), (220), (222), (400), (511), (440), (620), (622), and (444) crystal planes, and they are similar to the BSO standard PDF card (JCPDS No. 87-0284) [28]. Moreover, the average crystallite size of the BSO sample was 22.3 nm, as determined by the Scherrer equation. In the pattern of BSCN heterojunction photocatalysts (Figure 1c), the characteristic peaks of BSO and CN emerged simultaneously, and the peaks of the CN (002) plane moved to a higher angle, thus indicating that the heterojunction photocatalyst was successfully fabricated [29]. Moreover, all peaks are sharp, and there are no extra peaks in the pattern, thus demonstrating high crystallinity and no other miscellaneous products in the samples [30].

2.2. FTIR Analysis

The bonding systems of BSO, CN, and BSCN were characterized by FTIR, and the results are provided in Figure 2. The characteristic absorption bands at 532 and 630 cm−1 belong to the Bi–O and Sn–O vibrations of BSO, respectively [31]. The triazine ring structure of CN causes the peak at 808 cm−1 [32]. In addition, the C–N and C=N bending vibration of CN induce the peaks at the range of 1200–1650 cm−1 [33]. The wide peak at the wavelength of 3000~3691 cm−1 can be attributed to the N–H functional group in the samples [34]. The spectra of BSCN heterojunction photocatalyst have similar absorption peaks of monomer BSO and CN, which are consistent with XRD results.

2.3. XPS Analysis

As shown in Figure 3, XPS was employed to examine the chemical state of the BSCN sample. The survey spectrum (Figure 3a) demonstrates the existence of bismuth, stannum, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in the BSCN sample. In Figure 3b, two peaks located at 159.4 eV and 164.7 eV belong to Bi 4f7/2 and Bi 4f5/2 in BSO and symbolize the chemical state of bismuth as +3 [35]. The peaks at 486.9 and 495.3 eV in Figure 3c correspond to the Sn 3d5/2 and Sn 3d3/2 of BSO, revealing that the chemical state of stannum is +4 [36]. In Figure 3d, the O 1s peaks lie at 530.7 and 532.8 eV, conforming to the O2− of BSO and hydroxyl groups in the surrounding environment [37]. Figure 3e displays the spectrum of C 1s, and the peaks at 284.9 eV and 288.9 eV were fitted to sp2-hybridized carbon of CN and adventitious carbon on the surface of the samples. In Figure 3f, the N 1s spectrum exhibits three peaks at 398.8, 399.9, and 401.0 eV assigned at the triazine rings (C–N=C), tertiary nitrogen (N–(C3)), and O–N bond, respectively [38].

2.4. SEM and TEM Analysis

To observe the microscopic details and further investigate the photocatalytic performance of samples, the high-magnification SEM images of CN, BSO, and BSCN are disclosed in Figure 4. In Figure 4a, we can see that globular BSO particles are uniformly distributed with a particle size of 15–40 nm. Sheet-shape CNs stacked on top of each other can be clearly seen in Figure 4b. As shown in Figure 4c,d, the BSO particles are deposited on the CN sheet, thus confirming the formation of the BSCN heterojunction. Furthermore, the construction of BSCN heterojunction forms a relatively complex surface morphology, enriches the active points in the photocatalytic process, and contributes to the improvement of photocatalytic activity.

2.5. UV–Vis DRS Analysis

In order to figure out the optical absorption of the samples, the UV–Vis spectra of the BSO, CN, and BSCN composites are exhibited in Figure 5a, and the high-resolution images of the BSCN image are shown in Figure 5b. Obviously, the absorption edges of monomer BSO and CN were about 441 and 450 nm, whereas the absorption edges of 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN, and 50BSCN were 476, 482, 475, 471, and 475 nm, which experienced a dramatic redshift. Estimating by Tauc formula (in Figure 6), the band gap values (Eg) of BSO, CN, 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN, and 50BSCN were 2.81, 2.75, 2.60, 2.57, 2.61, 2.63, and 2.61 eV, respectively [39]. Assuredly, these samples have a strong responsiveness under the visible-light region, and the establishment of BSCN heterojunction structure enhanced the light-absorption properties.

2.6. PL Analysis

Typically, the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron and holes will hinder the photocatalytic process. Figure 7 presents the recombination efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes of BSCN heterojunction photocatalysts with an excited wavelength at 290 nm. The higher the peak intensity of PL, the higher the recombination efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes [40]. Clearly, with the increase of the amount of BSO, the peak of BSCN heterojunction photocatalysts becomes weaker than that of pristine CN. The 20BSCN sample possessed the weakest peak, which confirmed that the formation of heterojunction alleviates the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs.

2.7. Photocatalytic Performance

The photodegradation efficiency of NOR by the BSCN heterojunction in visible light is shown in Figure 8. In Figure 8a and Table 1, there is no NOR decomposed without the addition of a photocatalyst. The CN and BSO can remove 31% and 40% of NOR in the solution within 3 h. However, after the addition of BSCN composite photocatalysts, the visible light degradation rate of NOR has a dramatic increase. The 20BSCN sample eliminated 94% of NOR within 3 h, which was 3.03 times that of BSO and 2.35 times that of CN. And 10BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN and 50BSCN removed 78%, 70%, 87% and 85% of NOR, respectively. Figure 8b exhibited the kinetic curves of NOR degradation of the samples. The kinetic constants of BSO, CN, 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN and 50BSCN were 0.00325, 0.00216, 0.00703, 0.01261, 0.0068, 0.00997 and 0.00932 min−1, respectively. The reaction rate of 20BSCN is 3.88 times higher than BSO and 5.83 times higher than CN. Evidently, with the increase of BSO, the degradation activity of NOR by BSCN gradually increased and reached the maximum at 20BSCN, then decreased. 20BSCN has eminent photocatalytic performance of NOR degradation under the visible light irradiation. In addition, the degree of NOR mineralization before and after the degradation of 20BSCN was investigated by Total Organic Carbon (TOC) test. In the initial solution, the TOC concentration is 20.61 mg/L. Whereas the concentration decreased to 3.55 mg/L after the photocatalytic process, indicating the 20BSCN sample effectively mineralized the NOR pollutant in the solution. Furthermore, a comparison of photocatalytic performance between BSCN and the other g-C3N4-based heterojunctions are displayed in Table 2.
Inorganics 10 00131 g008 550
Figure 8. Photocatalytic degradation performance of NOR by BSO, CN, and BSCN heterojunction photocatalysts under visible light (a); kinetic curves of NOR degradation (b).
Figure 8. Photocatalytic degradation performance of NOR by BSO, CN, and BSCN heterojunction photocatalysts under visible light (a); kinetic curves of NOR degradation (b).
Inorganics 10 00131 g008
Table
Table 1. Photocatalytic performance of as-prepared samples.
Table 1. Photocatalytic performance of as-prepared samples.
Sample NameDegradation (%)K (min−1)R2
BSO40%0.003250.95248
CN31%0.002160.9814
10BSCN78%0.007030.98684
20BSCN94%0.012610.96041
30BSCN70%0.00680.98331
40BSCN87%0.009970.97395
50BSCN85%0.009320.98105
Table
Table 2. Comparison of photocatalytic performance with other g-C3N4 based heterojunction photocatalyst.
Table 2. Comparison of photocatalytic performance with other g-C3N4 based heterojunction photocatalyst.
Sample NameDegradationTimeLight SourceTargetReference
CeO2/g-C3N488.6%60 minVisible lightNorfloxacin[41]
NiWO4/g-C3N497%60 minVisible lightNorfloxacin[42]
LaNiO3/g-C3N496%300 minVisible lightTetracycline[43]
TiO2/g-C3N499.4%120 minVisible lightTetracycline[44]
ZnIn2S4/g-C3N498%300 minVisible lightMetronidazole[45]
BiOCl/g-C3N495%180 minVisible lightMetronidazole[46]
Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N494%180 minVisible lightNorfloxacinThis work
The reusable photocatalyst is an important parameter affecting the practical application of photocatalysts. As shown in Figure 9, the degradation efficiency of NOR showed an inconspicuous decrease after each cycle. The loss of the 20BSCN photocatalyst in the process of centrifuging separation, washing, and drying induced this phenomenon, whereas the 20BSCN sample still decomposed 89% of NOR after five continuous degradation processes, thus confirming the great stability of it.

2.8. Possible Mechanism

Figure 10a illustrates the possible mechanism by which BSCN improves the photocatalytic performance of NOR degradation. The valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) potentials of BSO and CN are estimated by the following equation [47]:
EVB = X − Ee + 0.5Eg,
ECB = EVB − Eg,
In these equations, EVB and ECB represent the CB and VB potential of photocatalysts, and X is the electronegativity of the photocatalysts. For BSO and CN, the value of X is 6.08 eV [22] and 4.72 eV [48]. The value of Ee is about 4.5 eV, which represents the energy of free electrons on the hydrogen scale [49]. Hence, the CBBSO and CBCN were estimated at 0.18 eV and −1.23 eV. The VBBSO and VBCN were calculated at 2.99 eV and 1.52 eV, respectively. With these values identified, the transfer path of photogenerated electrons can be inferred as the Z-scheme.
Primarily, both BSO and CN respond to visible light due to their narrow bandgap. Thus, the photogenerated electrons jump from their VB to their CB under the excitation of visible light [50]. Typically, the rapid recombination of photocarriers is one of the vital factors hindering photocatalytic activity. After the heterojunction is formed, the electron transfer path changes dramatically. The adjacent position of CBBSO and VBCN makes the electrons generated by photoexcitation on CBBSO recombine with the holes on VBCN [51], as there are not enough photogenerated holes in VBCN to recombine with photogenerated electrons in CBCN. Meanwhile, the electrons on CBBSO transfer to VBCN, and no photogenerated electrons return to VBBSO to recombine with the photoinduced holes, thus greatly reducing the recombination efficiency of photogenerated carriers and improving the photocatalytic activity, in accordance with the PL result [52]. In addition, the position of CBCN is more negative than the potential O2/·O2− (−0.33 eV) [53]. The photoinduced electron concentrate on the CBCN will convert the O2 in the solution to active substance ·O2− [54]. The VBCN was more negative than the reduction potential for ·OH/OH− (+1.99 eV) and H2O/·OH (+2.27 eV) [55]. In other words, even if photogenerated holes are concentrated on VBCN, it cannot react with water in the solution to produce active substance ·OH [56]. Whereas VBBSO was more positive than the reduction potential for ·OH/OH−, the photoinduced holes on VBBSO will produce the active substance, ·OH. In Figure 10b, a radicals’ quenching experiment was performed to investigate the active substances in photocatalytic processes. The silver nitrate (AgNO3), anhydrous ethanol (C2H6O), benzoquinone (BQ), and ethylene glycol (IPA) were adopted as the electron (e−) quencher, hole (h+) quencher, hydroxyl radical (·OH) quencher, and superoxide radical (·O2−) quencher, respectively. After the addition of quenchers, the degradation activity of BSCN to NOR was significantly reduced, indicating that these active substances played an important role in the degradation process. Finally, the active substance converts the NOR contaminant in the solution into CO2, H2O and other harmless substances [57]. To sum up, the construction of the BSCN heterojunction prolongs the life of photocarriers and improves the photocatalytic activity to degrade NOR.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Materials

All reagents used in this work were supplied as AR-grade chemicals from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China), without further purification.

3.2. Preparation of g-C3N4 Photocatalyst

Following the directions of previous reports [58], 10 g of melamine was added into a covered ceramic crucible and sintered at 550 °C in a muffle furnace for 4 h. After cooling and triturating, the primrose yellow powder was CN.

3.3. Synthesis of Bi2Sn2O7 Photocatalyst

BSO photocatalyst was synthesis by a facile hydrothermal process according to the antecedent studies [59]. Initially, Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (9 mmol) and K2SnO3·3H2O (9 mmol) were dissolved in 40 mL deionized water, respectively. The above solutions were blended, and the pH value was adjusted to 12 by adding NH3·H2O. After 30 min of vigorous continuous stirring, the obtained hybrid was sealed in a 100 mL stainless autoclave lined with polytetrafluoroethylene in a vacuum-drying oven at 180 °C for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the milky white precipitate was filtered and washed with distilled water and absolute ethanol several times, respectively. Finally, the precursor was dried in a vacuum drying oven at 80 °C overnight.

3.4. Fabrication of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalysts

BSCN heterojunction were fabricated by a facile ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal approach [60]. Typically, appropriate amounts of BSO and CN powder were scattered in 40 mL of ethanol and subjected to ultrasonic vibration for 30 min. The resulting mixture was poured into a 100 mL stainless autoclave lined with polytetrafluoroethylene and placed in vacuum-drying oven at 180 °C for 24 h. The sediment at the bottom was cleaned with DI water and ethanol several times after cooling to room temperature, and then it was dried in a vacuum-drying oven overnight. The dried product was BSCN heterojunction photocatalyst, and the different loading BSOs of the BSCN samples were obtained in the same way.

3.5. Characterization

The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) pattern was manifested by Shimadzu XRD-6000 (Kyoto, Japan). The FTIR spectrum was analyzed via a Bruker AXS TENSOR 27 FTIR spectrometer (Karlsruhe, Germany). Hitachi SU8010 scanning microscopy (Tokyo, Japan) and JEOL JEM-2100 transmission electron microscopy (Tokyo, Japan) were employed to observe the surface morphology of samples. The XPS pattern of samples was derived from an ESCALAB250 analysis system by Thermo VG (Waltham, MA, USA). The PerkinElmer Lambda 35 Spectrophotometer (Waltham, MA, USA) was adopted to measure the UV–Vis spectra of samples. The Shimadzu RF-540 Fluorescence Spectrophotometer (Kyoto, Japan) was used to record the PL spectra.

3.6. Photocatalytic Activity and Stability Evaluation

To evaluate the performance of the as-prepared samples, 0.02 g CN, BSO, 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCN, and 50BSCN photocatalyst samples were placed in 100 mL 20 mg/L NOR solution and stirred continuously for 30 min, away from light, to achieve an adsorption–desorption equilibrium, respectively. The visible light source was simulated by a 500 W xenon lamp with a UV cutoff filter. After the lamp was turned on, the solutions were sampled and filtered per 30 min to acquire the absorbance, using UV–Vis spectroscopy, and calculate the degradation rate. The concentration of NOR was estimated according to the initial NOR absorption value (C0) and residual NOR absorption value (Ct). All the steps were performed at room temperature.
The recycling experiment was designed to understand the stability of BSCN heterojunction photocatalyst. After each process of NOR degradation, the photocatalyst sample in the solution was separated by centrifugation and then washed by DI water and ethanol. After being dried in a vacuum oven overnight, the recollected photocatalyst was used in the next cycle experiment and repeated five times.

4. Conclusions

In this work, a Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized with an ultrasound-assisted hydrothermal method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, and PL. With 20% Bi2Sn2O7 loaded, the heterojunction photocatalyst can remove 94% NOR within 3 h, under visible light, which was 2.35 times as much as g-C3N4 and 3.03 times as much as Bi2Sn2O7. We deduced that improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron holes induced the enhanced photocatalytic performance in NOR degradation. Moreover, 89% NOR was eliminated after five times of recycling degradation, indicating a distinguished stability and cyclability of the heterojunction photocatalyst. In brief, the Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst is a promising and ideal photocatalyst for the treatment of antibiotic pollution in water.

Author Contributions

Supervision, H.L.; methodology, S.H.; writing—original draft preparation, H.X.; writing—review and editing, Z.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by “Research and Development Fund of Dalian Naval Academy, grant number No. 2021-027”.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. XRD patterns of CN (a), BSO (b), 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCB, and 50BSCN (c).
Figure 1. XRD patterns of CN (a), BSO (b), 10BSCN, 20BSCN, 30BSCN, 40BSCB, and 50BSCN (c).
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Figure 2. FTIR patterns of CN (a), BSO (b), 10BSCN (c), 20BSCN (d), 30BSCN (e), 40BSCN (f), and 50BSCN (g).
Figure 2. FTIR patterns of CN (a), BSO (b), 10BSCN (c), 20BSCN (d), 30BSCN (e), 40BSCN (f), and 50BSCN (g).
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Figure 3. XPS survey pattern of BSCN (a); the high-resolution XPS spectra of Bi 4f (b), Sn 3d (c), O 1s (d), C 1s (e), and N 1s (f).
Figure 3. XPS survey pattern of BSCN (a); the high-resolution XPS spectra of Bi 4f (b), Sn 3d (c), O 1s (d), C 1s (e), and N 1s (f).
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Figure 4. SEM patterns of BSO sample (a), CN sample (b), and BSCN sample (c); and TEM pattern of BSCN sample (d).
Figure 4. SEM patterns of BSO sample (a), CN sample (b), and BSCN sample (c); and TEM pattern of BSCN sample (d).
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Figure 5. The UV–Vis diffuse reflection patterns (a) and the high-resolution pattern (b).
Figure 5. The UV–Vis diffuse reflection patterns (a) and the high-resolution pattern (b).
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Figure 6. DRS analysis of BSO (a), CN (b), 10BSCN (c), 20BSCN (d), 30BSCN (e), 40BSCN (f), and 50BSCN (g).
Figure 6. DRS analysis of BSO (a), CN (b), 10BSCN (c), 20BSCN (d), 30BSCN (e), 40BSCN (f), and 50BSCN (g).
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Figure 7. PL emission patterns of BSO, CN and BSCN (a) and the high-definition pattern (b).
Figure 7. PL emission patterns of BSO, CN and BSCN (a) and the high-definition pattern (b).
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Figure 9. Reusability of photocatalytic activities experiment on 20BSCN photocatalysts.
Figure 9. Reusability of photocatalytic activities experiment on 20BSCN photocatalysts.
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Figure 10. Possible mechanism of BSCN composite photocatalyst (a) and results of radicals quenching experiments (b).
Figure 10. Possible mechanism of BSCN composite photocatalyst (a) and results of radicals quenching experiments (b).
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Zhu, Z.; Xia, H.; Li, H.; Han, S. Facile Construction of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin. Inorganics 2022, 10, 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090131

AMA Style

Zhu Z, Xia H, Li H, Han S. Facile Construction of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin. Inorganics. 2022; 10(9):131. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090131

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhu, Zhengru, Haiwen Xia, Hong Li, and Songlin Han. 2022. "Facile Construction of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin" Inorganics 10, no. 9: 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090131

APA Style

Zhu, Z., Xia, H., Li, H., & Han, S. (2022). Facile Construction of Bi2Sn2O7/g-C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin. Inorganics, 10(9), 131. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10090131

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