Next Article in Journal
Large Area Growth of Silver and Gold Telluride Ultrathin Films via Chemical Vapor Tellurization
Next Article in Special Issue
Investigations of the Influence of Two Pyridyl-Mesoionic Carbene Constitutional Isomers on the Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Properties of Group 6 Metal Carbonyl Complexes
Previous Article in Journal
Deciphering Interactions Involved in Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography and Surface Plasmon Resonance for Validating the Analogy between Both Technologies
Previous Article in Special Issue
Probing the Electronic Structure of Dinuclear Carbon-Rich Complexes Containing an Octa-3,5-diene-1,7-diyndiyl Bridging Ligand
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Inorganics
Volume 12
Issue 1
10.3390/inorganics12010032
inorganics-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group

by
Anwar Abo-Amer
1,2,
Mohamed E. Moustafa
1,
Paul D. Boyle
1 and
Richard J. Puddephatt
1,*
1
Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
2
Department of Chemistry, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Inorganics 2024, 12(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032
Submission received: 2 November 2023 / Revised: 11 December 2023 / Accepted: 10 January 2024 / Published: 16 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Inorganics: Organometallic Chemistry)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The organoplatinum chemistry of the ligands 2-C5H4N-CH2-NH-C6H3-2-OH-5-X (L1, X = H; L3, X = NO2) and 2-C5H4N-CH=N-C6H3-2-OH-5-X (L2, X = H; L4, X = NO2), which contain an appended phenol substituent, is described. Comparisons are made between the ligands with amine or imine groups (L1, L3 vs. L2, L4) and ligands with X = H or NO2 (L1, L2 vs. L3, L4), and major differences are observed. Thus, on reaction with the cycloneophylplatinum(II) complex [{Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(μ-SMe2)}2], ligands L1, L2 and L4 give the corresponding platinum(II) complexes [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(κ2-N,N′-L)], containing a Pt··HO hydrogen bond, whereas L3 gives a mixture of isomeric platinum(IV) hydride complexes [PtH(CH2CMe2C6H4)(κ3-N,N′,O-L3-H)], which are formed by oxidative addition of the phenol O-H bond and which react further with oxygen to give [Pt(OH)(CH2CMe2C6H4)(κ3-N,N′,O-L3-H)]. The differences in reactivity are proposed to be due to the greater acidity of the nitro-substituted phenol groups in L3 and L4 and to the greater ability of the deprotonated amine ligand L3 over L4 to stabilize platinum(IV) by adopting the fac-κ3-N,N′,O-L3-H coordination mode.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

The catalysis of selective oxidation of organic compounds with oxygen typically requires, as key steps, C-H bond activation, dioxygen activation, combination of the M-C and M-O bonded fragments and elimination of the product to regenerate the active catalyst. There are still major challenges in discovering effective catalysts. Recent research is based on knowledge of the successful biological enzymes [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Thus, in catalysis, it is necessary that the oxidation by dioxygen to form a metal–oxygen bond is followed by a reduction step, involving its cleavage, and that both steps should occur rapidly [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. For example, many noble metal complexes, such as those of palladium(II) [15,16,17,18,19,20] and platinum(II) [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31], need to be activated in order to react with oxygen. For activation of electron-rich organoplatinum(II) complexes [PtR2L2], with R = alkyl or aryl and L = nitrogen-donor ligand, towards dioxygen, it is advantageous to use ligands with a third donor atom and/or a substituent containing a hydrogen bond donor group (usually an NH or OH group) [13,21,22,23,24,29,30,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. In enzyme catalysis, a tyrosine substituent or water molecule can aid the oxygen-binding step by hydrogen bonding to an incipient superoxide or peroxide group [1,2,3,4,5,6], and a similar effect may explain the enhanced reactivity of organoplatinum complexes that have ligands with appended phenol substituents [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40]. Such an activation of dioxygen can therefore be considered biomimetic.
The ligands used in the present work are shown in Scheme 1. The neutral ligands L1–L3 have been shown to act as NN chelate ligands in platinum complexes [33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42] (Scheme 2). In electron-rich dimethylplatinum(II) or cycloneophylplatinum(II) complexes, the appended phenol substituents may form OH··Pt hydrogen bonds (A, B, G) or, with the more acidic nitrophenol substituent in L3, oxidatively add to form a hydridoplatinum(IV) complex (C and isomers) [37]. In all cases, the pendent phenol group promotes a reaction with dioxygen to give platinum(IV) complexes (D, E, F). The present work describes additional reactions of organoplatinum complexes with ligands L1–L3 and extends the chemistry with cycloneophylplatinum complexes [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54] and the nitro-imine ligand L4 [55,56,57,58].

2. Results

2.1. The Ligand L4

The ligand L4 is known to form coordination complexes, but it has usually been prepared and used in situ [55,56,57] and, since several related imine derivatives are known to cyclize to the corresponding oxazoline [58,59,60,61], it was prepared and studied in solution. In most solvents (CD2Cl2, CDCl3, (CD3)2CO, (CD3)2SO and CD3CN), L4 was present in the imine form as shown by the prominent singlet resonance for the imine N=CH proton (δ = 8.96 in CD2Cl2) in the 1H NMR spectrum. However, in CD3OD solution, an equilibrium mixture of L4 and the oxazoline isomer L5 was present in a ratio L4:L5 = 1:4 (Figure 1). The imine resonance for L4 was at δ = 8.93 and the corresponding proton for the oxazoline derivative L5 was at δ = 5.86. Following the evaporation of the solution and the dissolution of the solid in CD2Cl2, the 1H NMR spectrum showed that complete isomerization of L5 back to L4 had occurred. DFT calculations predict that the preferred structure of L4 is the E–isomer [33], with the two nitrogen donor atoms (pyridyl and imine) in the anti conformation, whereas the syn conformation is required for chelation (calculated E-anti − E-syn = 3 kJ mol−1). In the gas phase, L4 is predicted to be more stable than L5 by 23 kJ mol−1, but the difference in energy is less in polar solvents and L5 is calculated to be slightly more stable than L4 in methanol, consistent with the experimental observations. The calculations take no account of specific intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions so are not expected to be accurate, but the trend is clear.

2.2. Model Platinum(IV) Complexes with Imine Ligand L2

The reaction of the complex [PtMe2(L2)], B (Scheme 2) [33] with methyl iodide or 3,5-di-t-butylbenzyl bromide gave the platinum(IV) complexes [PtIMe3(L2)], 1, or [PtBrMe2(CH2C6H3-3,5-t-Bu2)(L2)], 2, respectively (Scheme 3). The structures of complexes 1 and 2 (Figure 2 and Figure 3) show that the L2 remains as a bidentate ligand and that the phenol forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond OH··IPt in 1 and OH··BrPt in 2. The geometrical constraints of the imine group make it difficult for the deprotonated L2 to act as a fac-N,N,O-tridentate ligand, as is often observed with the corresponding amine ligand L1 [40,41]. This feature, which is established by the reactions of Scheme 2, will be important in later studies of reactivity with dioxygen. The platinum(IV) complexes 1 and 2 are chiral and this leads to non-equivalence of the benzylic CH2 protons of complex 2, which appear as an AB multiplet in the 1H NMR spectrum.

2.3. Cycloneophyl Complexes with Imine Ligand L4

The reaction of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] [44] with ligand L4 gave the platinum(II) complex [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L4)], 3, as a single isomer (Scheme 4a). Complex 3 was isolated as an orange–red solid, this color being characteristic of a platinum(II) complex, and it was stable in dichloromethane solution for at least one day. The corresponding complex of the ligand L2, [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L2)], H, was reported previously and has similar spectroscopic properties [38]. The observation of the imine proton in the 1H NMR spectrum of 3 [δ(1H) = 9.58 (s, 3J(PtH) = 25 Hz)] proves that the imine structure is maintained. Both complexes 3 and H give very broad resonances for the PtCH2 protons of the cycloneophyl group due to fluxionality. The formation of the OH··Pt hydrogen bond leads to a loss of the effective plane of symmetry and thus to non-equivalence of the PtCHAHB protons of the cycloneophyl group, and cleavage of the hydrogen bond is required to make them equivalent (Scheme 4b). As seen in variable-temperature NMR studies, the value of the activation energy for fluxionality for 3 was ΔG† = 60(1) kJ mol−1, compared to the value of ΔG† = 55(1) kJ mol−1 for complex H [38]. The difference can be attributed to the greater acidity of L4 compared to L2, leading to a stronger OH··Pt hydrogen bond in 3 than in H. However, this nitro group effect is not great enough to cause complete proton transfer to platinum to form a platinum(IV) hydride.
The reaction of complex 3 with methyl iodide gave the platinum(IV) complex [PtIMe(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L4)], 4, as a mixture of two isomers 4a and 4b (Scheme 4a), with a ratio 4a:4b of approximately 1:2. When the reaction was monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy, the first product formed was 4a and it equilibrated with 4b over a period of one hour. The methylplatinum resonances were observed at δ 1.81, 2J(PtH) = 72 Hz, and at δ 1.22, 2J(PtH) = 72 Hz, for 4a and 4b, respectively. Both isomers are chiral and so the methylene protons of the cycloneophyl group appear as AB multiplets. The imine protons were observed at δ 8.84, 3J(PtH) = 20 Hz, and at δ 9.07, 3J(PtH) = 18 Hz, for 4a and 4b, respectively.

2.4. Cycloneophyl Complexes with Ligand L3

The reaction of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] with ligand L3 was more complex and was solvent-dependent. The reaction in acetone solution gave a mixture of five compounds, perhaps isomers, in a ratio of about 10:6:1:1:0.4, characterized in the 1H NMR spectrum of the mixture by the ortho pyridyl proton resonance at δ(H6) = 8.77, 9.06, 9.18, 8.88 and 8.92, respectively. The compounds could not be identified by their NMR spectra, but recrystallisation from methanol gave crystals of the major isomer, which was identified as [Pt(OH)(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L3-H)], 5, as the methanol solvate, via X-ray structure determination (Scheme 5, Figure 4 and Figure 5). The formation of complex 5 involves the activation of dioxygen and is analogous to the formation of complex F (Scheme 2), although in that case it was a different isomer that crystallized [37]. As in related systems, the reaction is likely to involve a shortlived hydroperoxide complex intermediate [21,22,23,24,62,63,64], which might be formed either by the direct reaction of dioxygen with the platinum(II) precursor or by the insertion of dioxygen into a hydridoplatinum(IV) intermediate [24,28,32,62]. In both complexes 5 and F, the deprotonated ligand L3-H acts as a fac-κ3-N,N′,O tridentate ligand, a geometry that has not been observed with platinum(IV) complexes of the imine ligand L4. In the crystal, complex 5 forms a hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymeric structure. There are dimer units formed by complementary hydrogen bonding N(2)H··O(2B) and N(2A)H··O(2) groups, with NH groups as H-bond donors and PtOH groups as acceptors (Figure 5). These dimer units were connected to neighbors by intermolecular hydrogen bonds PtO(2)H··O(Me)H··O(1A)Pt, in which a solvate methanol molecule acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor from the PtOH group of one molecule and as an H-bond donor to the Pt-O group of a deprotonated L3 ligand of another (Figure 4 and Figure 5).
The reaction of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] with ligand L3 in CD2Cl2 solution, as monitored by 1H NMR spectroscopy under nitrogen, was also complex (Figure 6). After five minutes reaction time, the dimethylsulfide ligands had been displaced to give a mixture of four isomeric platinum(IV) hydride complexes [PtH(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L3-H)], 7. These isomers were initially formed in abundances 7a (72%), 7b (21%), 7c (4%) and 7d (3%) as determined by the integration of the characteristic PtH resonances for 7a (δ = −18.81, 1J(PtH) = 1479 Hz), 7b (δ = −21.23, 1J(PtH) = 1449 Hz), 7c (δ = −18.86, 1J(PtH) = 1480 Hz) and 7d (δ = −19.42, 1J(PtH) = 1434 Hz). After 40 min and after 24 h, these isomers remained but the abundances changed to 7a (20%), 7b (60%), 7c (10%) and 7d (10%) and to 7a (10%), 7b (60%), 7c (10%) and 7d (20%), respectively. No further change in isomer ratio occurred, but slow decomposition occurred over a period of weeks. What is clear from these data is that 7a and 7b are the major isomers of kinetic and thermodynamic control, respectively, and that the interconversion of isomers is relatively slow at room temperature. However, it is more challenging to assign the structures of the isomers or to determine the mechanisms of both the initial reaction and the subsequent isomerization steps.
Some suggestions of likely mechanisms, based on the experimental observations and on DFT calculations (see experimental section for details), are summarized in Scheme 6 and Scheme 7. It is likely that the first step is the displacement of the dimethylsulfide ligands from [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] by the ligand L3 to give [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L3)], which may exist as isomers 6 and 6a (Scheme 6). In most analogous complexes (e.g., complexes 3 and H), the isomer with the aryl group trans to the pyridyl group is preferred, but the presence of strong OH··Pt hydrogen bond leads to the distortion of the square planar stereochemistry so that 6 and 6a are calculated to have the same energy. Concerted oxidative addition of the O-H bond to platinum(II) might then give isomers 7a–7d, with 7a predicted to be the kinetically favored product (Scheme 6). Complexes 7a–7c are predicted to be accessible directly from 6 or 6a, but the activation energy for the formation of 7d from 6 is predicted to be too high to allow the formation of 7d at room temperature (Scheme 6). A subsequent pairwise exchange between hydride and alkyl or aryl groups can lead to subsequent isomerization steps, as illustrated in Scheme 7 [37]. The lowest energy isomers are predicted to be 7b and 7d, with CH2 trans to O, while the highest energy isomers are 7e and 7f, with hydride trans to O. These isomers 7e and 7f were not observed, and they are expected to be present in only very low concentration at equilibrium. There are also potential isomers with hydride trans to CH2 or C6H4, but these are predicted to lie at a higher energy and are not accessible.

2.5. A Comparison of Complexes with L3 and L4

In complexes such as 7, in Scheme 6 and Scheme 7, the hydride and carbon donors have a strong preference for the fac stereochemistry and so, to accommodate this, the deprotonated ligand L3-H must also take the fac stereochemistry. This is easily achieved with the amine ligand L3 but not with the imine ligand L4, in which the planar imine unit leads to strain in the fac-PtN,N’,O coordination mode. In stable organoplatinum(IV) complexes with the imine ligands L2 and L4, there is typically a halide ligand and the intact phenol unit forms a hydrogen bond OH··XPt, as in complexes 1, 2 and 4 (Scheme 3 and Scheme 4). On the other hand, the deprotonated imine ligands are better suited to act as tridentate pincer ligands in platinum(II) complexes. These trends are supported by DFT calculations illustrated in Figure 7. The intramolecular oxidative addition of the O-H bond of complex 6 to give isomers of 7 (illustrated by 7c in Figure 7, see also Scheme 7) is favorable, but a similar reaction of the imine complex 3 is unfavorable, in agreement with the observation that the hydridoplatinum(IV) complex [PtH(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L4-H)], J, or its isomers, is not observed. The potential reductive elimination from complex 7 might give either [Pt(CH2CMe2Ph)(L3-H)] or [Pt(C6H4-2-t-Bu)(L3-H)], I, by a combination of the hydride with sp2 or sp3 carbon donors, respectively. Complex I is calculated to be more stable, but its formation from 7 is still not favored, consistent with the observation that isomers of 7 are stable at room temperature. In contrast, the reductive elimination of J to give [Pt(C6H4-2-t-Bu)(L3-H)], K, is calculated to be strongly favored as the strained fac stereochemistry of L3-H in J is replaced by the planar pincer stereochemistry in K. Although K is the most stable isomer, it is not formed at room temperature due to the high activation energy needed to reach the likely intermediate J (Figure 7).

3. Materials and Methods

The compounds [Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2] [65], [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)(μ-SMe2)2] [44], and ligands L1–L4 [34,37,38,55] were prepared using the literature methods. NMR spectra were recorded using a Varian Inova 400 NMR or a Varian Inova 600 NMR spectrometer at room temperature and were reported using the labeling system of Scheme 8. Assignments were assisted by recording the COSY spectra.
Structure determinations.
Typically, a sample single crystal was mounted on a Mitegen polyimide micromount with a small amount of Paratone N oil. All X-ray measurements were made by using a Bruker Kappa Axis Apex2 diffractometer at a temperature of 110 K. The data collection strategy was a number of ω and φ scans and frame integration was performed using SAINT [66]. The resulting raw data were scaled and absorption corrected using a multi-scan averaging of symmetry-equivalent data using SADABS [67]. The structures were solved by using a dual space methodology using the SHELXT program [68]. The hydrogen atoms were introduced at idealized positions and were allowed to ride on the parent atom. The structures were refined using the SHELXL program from the SHELX-2014 suite of crystallographic software [69]. Details of individual structure determinations are given in the cif files (CCDC 2243128-2243130).
DFT calculations.
The DFT calculations were carried out using the NEB (nudged elastic band) method for finding the minimum energy reaction paths because this method can roughly track the reaction coordinate and gives good insight into the reaction mechanism [70,71]. The BLYP functional was used, with double-zeta basis set and first-order scalar relativistic corrections [72]. The solvent effect of dichloromethane was modeled by using COSMO [73], all as implemented in ADF-2020 [74]. Details of the calculated ground state and transition state structures are given in the Supporting Information.
C5H4N-2-CH=NC6H3-2-OH-5-NO2, L4.
To a solution of C6H3-1-NH2-2-OH-5-NO2 (0.50 g, 3.24 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 (5 mL) C5H4N-2-CHO (0.31 mL, 3.24 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 2 h, then the volume was reduced, and the product was separated by filtration as a white solid, which was washed with pentane and dried under vacuum. Yield 0.64 g, 81%. NMR in CD2Cl2: δ(1H) = 8.96 (s, 1H, H7); 8.75 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, H6); 8.37 (s, 1H, H6a); 8.24 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H4a); 8.17 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3); 7.88 (t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H4); 7.46 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 7 Hz, H5); 7.12 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3a). EI-MS: Found, m/z = 243.05; Calc. for C12H9N3O3, m/z = 243.06. NMR of L5 in CD3OD: δ(1H) = 8.59 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, H6); 7.89 (t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H4); 7.75 (s, 1H, H6a); 7.66 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3); 7.58 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H4a); 7.39 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 7 Hz, H5); 6.80 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3a); 5.86 (s, 1H, H7).
[PtIMe3(L2)], 1.
To a stirred solution of [PtMe2(L2)] (0.44 g, 0.1 mmol) in acetone (3 mL), MeI (20 µL, 0.3 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The color changed from deep purple to colorless with precipitation of a pale yellow solid product, which was collected by filtration, washed with pentane (3x 3 mL) and dried under vacuum (yield 0.53g, 89%). It was purified by crystallization from dichloromethane/ether. NMR in CDCl3: δ(1H) = 9.01 (d, 1H, JHH = 6 Hz, 3JPtH = 18 Hz, H6), 8.81 (s, 1H, 3JPtH = 25 Hz, CH=N), 8.12 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H4), 8.06 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H3), 7.72 (dd, 1H, JHH = 6 Hz, 8 Hz, H5), 7.25 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H5a), 7.06 (d, 2H, JHH = 8 Hz, H6a), 6.94 (t, 1H, JHH = 9 Hz, H4a), 6.88 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H3a), 1.56 (s, 3H, 3JPtH = 72 Hz, PtMe), 1.17 (s, 3H, 3JPtH = 72 Hz, PtMe), 0.60 (s, 3H, 3JPtH = 73 Hz, PtMe).
[PtBrMe2(CH2C6H3-3,5-t-Bu2)(L2)], 2.
This was prepared similarly but using 3,5-di-t-butylbenzyl bromide (yield 75%). It was purified via crystallization from chloroform/ether. NMR in CDCl3: δ(1H) = 8.70 (s, 1H, 3JPtH = 27 Hz, CH=N), 8.39 (d, 1H, JHH = 6 Hz, 3JPtH = 16 Hz, H6), 7.84 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H4), 7.73 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H3), 7.31 (dd, 1H, JHH = 6 Hz, 8 Hz, H5), 7.23 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H4a), 7.22(s, 2H, H2b,H6b), 7.03 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H6a), 6.88 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H5a), 6.87 (t, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H4a), 6.69 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, H3a), 6.57 (s, 1H, H4b), 2.75(d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, 3JPtH = 86 Hz, CHA), 2.73 (d, 1H, JHH = 8 Hz, 3JPtH = 72 Hz, CHB), 1.60 (s, 3H, 3JPtH = 72 Hz, PtMe), 1.17 (s, 3H, 3JPtH = 72 Hz, PtMe), 1.2 (s, 18H, tBu),
[Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)(C5H4N-2-CH=NC6H3-2-OH-5-NO2)], 3.
A mixture of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(µ-SMe2)2] (80 mg, 0.103 mmol) and L4 (56 mg, 0.230 mmol) in ether (5 mL) was stirred for 1 day to give an orange–red suspension. This was separated using filtration, washed with ether (2 mL) and pentane (2 mL) and dried under vacuum (yield 74 mg, 46%). It was purified via crystallization from acetone/ether. NMR in CD2Cl2: δ(1H) = 9.58 (s, 1H, 3J(PtH) = 25 Hz, H7); 9.25 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 3J(PtH) = 30 Hz, H6); 8.30 (s, 1H, H6a); 8.20-8.24 (m, 2H, H4, H4a); 8.07 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3); 7.80 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 7 Hz, H5); 7.03 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3a); 6.84 (m, 2H, H5b, H6b), 6.52 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, 9 Hz, H4b), 6.49 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, 3J(PtH) = 48 Hz, H3b); 3.51 (br, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 100 Hz, H8); 2.61 (br, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 102 Hz, H8′); 1.34 (s, 6H, H9). Coalescence of H8, H8′ resonances; Δν = 360 Hz, Tc = 318K, ΔG† = 60(1) kJ mol−1. ESI-MS: Found, m/z = 593.12; Calc. for C12H21N3O3Pt+Na+, m/z = 593.11.
[PtIMe(CH2CMe2C6H4)(C5H4N-2-CH=NC6H3-2-OH-5-NO2)], 4.
A mixture of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(µ-SMe2)2] (80 mg, 0.103 mmol) and L4 (56 mg, 0.230 mmol) in ether (5 mL) was stirred for 1 day to give an orange–red suspension, and then MeI (0.2 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 9 h to give a yellow solution. The solvent was evaporated and the product was crystallized from acetone/pentane (yield 95 mg, 65%). NMR in CD2Cl2: major isomer, 4b, δ(1H) = 9.07 (s, 1H, 3J(PtH) = 18 Hz, H7); 8.40 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 3J(PtH) = 14 Hz, H6); 8.28 (m, 1H, H4a); 8.22 (m, 1H, H4); 8.20 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3); 7.96 (s, 1H, H6a); 7.62 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 7 Hz, H5); 7.27 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3a); 7.05 (m, 1H, H5b); 6.96 (dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, 9 Hz, H4b); 6.82 (m, 1H, H6b); 6.69 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3b); 2.56 (d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 12 Hz, 2J(PtH) = 92 Hz, H8); 1.97 (d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 12 Hz, 2J(PtH) = 100 Hz, H8′); 1.22 (s, 2J(PtH) = 72 Hz, MePt); 1.19 (s, 3H, H9); 0.83 (s, 3H, H9′): minor isomer, 4a, resolved resonances only, δ(1H) = 9.23 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 5 Hz, 3J(PtH) = 14 Hz, H6); 8.84 (s, 1H, 3J(PtH) = 20 Hz, H7); 8.23 (s, 1H, H6a); 8.14 (m, 1H, H4a); 7.21 (d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 7 Hz, H3a); 2.92 (d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 12 Hz, 2J(PtH) = 68 Hz, H8); 2.67 (d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 12 Hz, 2J(PtH) = 100 Hz, H8′); 1.81 (s, 2J(PtH) = 72 Hz, MePt); 1.11 (s, 3H, H9); 0.55 (s, 3H, H9′). ESI-MS: Found, m/z = 735.05; Calc. for C23H24IN3O3Pt+Na+, m/z = 735.04.
[Pt(OH)(CH2CMe2C6H4)(C5H4N-2-CH2-NHC6H3-2-O-5-NO2)], 5.
A mixture of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(µ-SMe2)2] (84 mg, 0.108 mmol) and L3 (53 mg, 0.216 mmol) in acetone (5 mL) was stirred for 1 day to give a yellow/orange suspension. The solvent volume was reduced under vacuum and n-pentane (5 mL) was added. The solid product was separated using filtration and recrystallized from MeOH (yield: 76 mg, 60%). The 1H NMR spectrum indicated the presence of 5 isomers in approximate ratio 10:6:1:1:0.4. NMR in CD3OD: isomer 1, δ(1H) = 8.77 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.31 [s, 1H, H6a], 8.11 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4], 8.02 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H4a], 7.78 [d, 1H, 3J (HH) = 8 Hz, H3], 7.64 [dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, 8 Hz, H5], 6.82 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H5b], 6.75 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H6b], 6.68 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H3a], 6.48 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4b], 6.43 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H3b], 5.25 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 16 Hz, H7], 4.78 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 16 Hz, H7′], 3.89 [d, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 77 Hz, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8], 3.55 [d, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 77 Hz, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8′], 1.36 [s, 6H, H9, H9′]; isomer 2, δ(1H) = 9.06 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.16 [s, 1H, H6a], 8.10 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4], 7.89 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H4a], 7.78 [d, 1H, 3J (HH) = 8 Hz, H3], 7.73 [dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, 8 Hz, H5], 6.94 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H5b], 6.84 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H6b], 6.68 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4b], 6.56 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H3a], 6.33 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H3b], 5.24 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 16 Hz, H7], 4.52 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 16 Hz, H7′], 2.97 [d, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 77 Hz, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8], 3.07 [d, 1H, 2J(PtH) = 77 Hz, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8′], 1.35 [s, 6H, H9, H9′]. Three further compounds were present in the initial product mixture, characterized by doublet resonances at δ(1H) = 9.18 [d, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.88 [d, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.92 [d, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], but complete assignment was not possible.
[Pt(H)(CH2CMe2C6H4)(C5H4N-2-CH2-NHC6H3-2-O-5-NO2)], 7.
A mixture of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(µ-SMe2)2] (39 mg, 0.05 mmol) and L3 (25 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in CD2Cl2 (0.5 mL) in an NMR tube. 1H NMR spectra were recorded after 5 min, 40 min, 24 h and 48 h. After 5 min, the major compound was 7a: NMR in CD2Cl2: δ(1H) = 8.94 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.18 [s, 1H, H6a], 7.96 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4], 7.84 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H4a], 7.53 [d, 1H, 3J (HH) = 8 Hz, H3], 7.47 [dd, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, 8 Hz, H5], 6.96 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H5b], 6.84 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H6b], 6.65 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4b], 6.53 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H3a], 6.31 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H3b], 5.00 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 15 Hz, H7], 4.66 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 15 Hz, H7′], 2.51 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8], 2.40 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8′], 1.33, 1.18 [each s, 3H, H9, H9′], −18.81 [s, 1H, 1J(PtH) = 1479 Hz, PtH]. After 40 min, the major compound was 7b: NMR in CD2Cl2: δ(1H) = 8.68 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 6 Hz, H6], 8.34 [s, 1H, H6a], 7.88 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4], 7.79 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H4a], 7.40–7.45 [m, 2H, H3,H5], 6.96 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H5b], 6.87 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H6b], 6.68 [t, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H4b], 6.36 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 9 Hz, H3a], 6.19 [d, 1H, 3J(HH) = 8 Hz, H3b], 4.90 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 15 Hz, H7], 4.87 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 15 Hz, H7′], 2.48 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8], 2.02 [d, 1H, 2J(HH) = 7 Hz, H8′], 1.45, 1.29 [each s, 3H, H9, H9′], −21.23 [s, 1H, 1J(PtH) = 1449 Hz, PtH]. The minor compounds were characterized only by the hydride resonances: 7c [δ(PtH) = −18.86, 1J(PtH) = 1480 Hz), and 7d [δ(PtH) = −19.42, 1J(PtH) = 1434 Hz].

4. Conclusions

The results presented above allow two main conclusions to be drawn:
  • The nitro group enhances the acidity of the phenol unit in ligands L3 and L4. This is most apparent by comparing the reactions of L1 and L3 with [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] to give either the platinum(II) complex, G, (Scheme 2) or the hydridoplatinum(IV) complex 7 (as a mixture of isomers, Scheme 6 and Scheme 7). The difference is less marked in the reactions of L2 and L4 with [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2]. These both give the platinum(II) complex, H (Scheme 2) or 3 (Scheme 4), but there is evidence that the OH··Pt hydrogen bond is stronger in 3 than in H.
  • The platinum(IV) oxidation state is more easily attained with the amine ligand L3 than with the imine ligand L4 (Figure 7, compare Scheme 2 and Scheme 4).
In summary, the two simple ligand modifications of switching amine and imine centers or replacing a hydrogen by a nitro substituent are shown to have important effects on the reactivity of the organoplatinum complexes of ligands L1–L4. Such ligand design principles can be expected to influence the design of future catalysts for selective alkane oxidation reactions.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/inorganics12010032/s1, Figure S1: 1H NMR spectrum of ligand L2; Figure S2: 1H NMR spectrum of complex 1; Figure S3: 1H NMR spectrum of complex 2; Figure S4: 1H NMR spectra in the PtH region during formation and isomerization of complexes 7a–7d. Table S1: Summary of Crystal Data for complex 1; Table S2: Summary of Crystal Data for complex 2; Table S3: Summary of Crystal Data for complex 5; Table S4. Selected Bond Lengths and Angles for Complex 1; Table S5. Selected Bond Lengths and Angles for Complex 2; Table S6. Selected Bond Lengths and Angles for Complex 5. CCDC 2243128-2243130 contain the supplementary crystallographic data for three complexes. These data can be obtained free of charge via http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html, accessed on 19 January 2023, or from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: (+44) 1223-336-033; or e-mail: [email protected].

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.A.-A., M.E.M. and R.J.P.; methodology, P.D.B.; investigation, A.A.-A., M.E.M. and P.D.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.A.-A., M.E.M. and P.D.B.; writing—review and editing, R.J.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by NSERC (Canada).

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in this article and Supplementary Material.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

References

  1. Manna, S.; Kong, W.J.; Backvall, J.E. Metal-catalyzed biomimetic aerobic oxidation of organic substrates. Adv. Catal. 2021, 69, 1–57. [Google Scholar]
  2. Chakrabarty, S.; Wang, Y.; Perkins, J.C.; Narayan, A.R.H. Scalable biocatalytic C-H oxyfunctionalization reactions. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 8137–8155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Guillemard, L.; Kaplaneris, N.; Ackermann, L.; Johansson, M.J. Late-stage C-H functionalization offers new opportunities in drug discovery. Nat. Rev. Chem. 2021, 5, 522–545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Liang, Y.; Wei, J.; Qiu, X.; Jiao, N. Homogeneous Oxygenase Catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 4912–4945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Huang, X.; Groves, J.T. Oxygen Activation and Radical Transformations in Heme Proteins and Metalloporphyrins. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 2491–2553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Groves, J.T.; Feng, L.; Austin, R.N. Structure and Function of Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Acc. Chem. Res. 2023, 56, 3665–3675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Liu, Y.G.; You, T.; Wang, H.-X.; Tang, Z.; Zhou, C.-Y.; Che, C.-M. Iron- and cobalt-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reactions and their application in organic synthesis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 5310–5358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Tang, C.; Qiu, X.; Cheng, Z.; Jiao, N. Molecular oxygen-mediated oxygenation reactions involving radicals. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 8067–8101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Fukuzumi, S.; Cho, K.-B.; Lee, Y.-M.; Hong, S.; Nam, W. Mechanistic dichotomies in redox reactions of mononuclear metal-oxygen intermediates. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 8988–9027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Warren, J.J.; Tronic, T.A.; Mayer, J.M. Thermochemistry of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reagents and its Implications. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6961–7001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Munz, D.; Strassner, T. Alkane C-H Functionalization and Oxidation with Molecular Oxygen. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 5043–5052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Etim, U.J.; Bai, P.; Gazit, O.M.; Zhong, Z. Low-Temperature Heterogeneous Oxidation Catalysis and Molecular Oxygen Activation. Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 2023, 65, 239–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Machan, C.W. Advances in the Molecular Catalysis of Dioxygen Reduction. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 2640–2655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Gunsalus, N.J.; Koppaka, A.; Park, S.H.; Bischof, S.M.; Hashiguchi, B.G.; Periana, R.A. Homogeneous Functionalization of Methane. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 8521–8573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Schultz, J.W.; Rath, N.P.; Mirica, L.M. Improved Oxidative C-C Bond Formation Reactivity of High-Valent Pd Complexes Supported by a Pseudo-Tridentate Ligand. Inorg. Chem. 2020, 59, 11782–11792. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Cha, J.M.; Lee, E.S.; Yandulov, D.V. Mechanistic Studies for Pd(II)(O2) Reduction Generating Pd(0) and H2O: Formation of Pd(OH)2 as a Key Intermediate. Inorg. Chem. 2022, 61, 14544–14552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Wang, D.; Weinstein, A.B.; White, P.B.; Stahl, S.S. Ligand-Promoted Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. Chem. Rev. 2018, 118, 2636–2679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Sberegaeva, A.V.; Zavalij, P.Y.; Vedernikov, A.N. Oxidation of a Monomethylpalladium(II) Complex with O2 in Water: Tuning Reaction Selectivity to Form Ethane, Methanol, or Methylhydroperoxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138, 1446–1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Desnoyer, A.N.; Love, J.A. Recent advances in well-defined, late transition metal complexes that make and/or break C-N, C-O and C-S bonds. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 197–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Boisvert, L.; Goldberg, K.I. Reactions of Late Transition Metal Complexes with Molecular Oxygen. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 899–910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Labinger, J.A. Platinum-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 8483–8496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  22. Prantner, J.D.; Kaminsky, W.; Goldberg, K.I. Methylplatinum(II) and Molecular Oxygen: Oxidation to Methylplatinum(IV) in Competition with Methyl Group Transfer to Form Dimethylplatinum(IV). Organometallics 2014, 33, 3227–3230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Sberegaeva, A.V.; Watts, D.; Vedernikov, A.N. Oxidative Functionalization of Late Transition Metal-Carbon Bonds. Adv. Organomet. Chem. 2017, 67, 221–297. [Google Scholar]
  24. Scheuermann, M.L.; Goldberg, K.I. Reactions of Pd and Pt Complexes with Molecular Oxygen. Chem. Eur. J. 2014, 20, 14556–14568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Rudakov, E.S.; Shul’pin, G.B. Stable organoplatinum complexes as intermediates and models in hydrocarbon functionalization. J. Organomet. Chem. 2015, 793, 4–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Watts, D.; Zavalij, P.Y.; Vedernikov, A.N. Consecutive C-H and O2 Activation at a Pt(II) Center to Produce Pt(IV) Aryls. Organometallics 2018, 37, 4177–4180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Miller, B.; Altman, J.; Beck, W. Platinum(IV) complexes of vicinal-1,2-diamines and bis(vicinal-1,2-diamines) with an acylamino function. Evidence for a platinum hydroperoxide intermediate upon oxidation. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1997, 264, 101–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Look, J.L.; Wick, D.D.; Mayer, J.M.; Goldberg, K.I. Autoxidation of Platinum(IV) Hydrocarbyl Hydride Complexes to Form Platinum(IV) Hydrocarbyl Hydroperoxide Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2009, 48, 1356–1369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Khusnutdinova, J.R.; Zavalij, P.Y.; Vedernikov, A.N. Study of aerobic oxidation of phenyl PtII complexes (dpms)PtIIPh(L) (dpms = di(2-pyridyl)methanesulfonate; L = water, methanol, or aniline). Can. J. Chem. 2009, 87, 110–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Liu, W.G.; Sberegaeva, A.V.; Nielsen, R.J.; Goddard, W.A.; Vedernikov, A.N. Mechanism of O2 Activation and Methanol Production by (Di(2-pyridyl)methanesulfonate)PtIIMe(OHn)(2−n)− Complex from Theory with Validation from Experiment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 2335–2341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Lippert, B.; Miguel, P.J.S. More of a misunderstanding than a real mismatch? Platinum and its affinity for aqua, hydroxido, and oxido ligands. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2016, 327, 333–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Prokopchuk, E.M.; Jenkins, H.A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Stable cationic dimethyl(hydrido)platinum(IV) complex. Organometallics 1999, 18, 2861–2866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Moustafa, M.E.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. A biomimetic phenol substituent effect on the reaction of a dimethylplatinum(II) complex with oxygen: Proton coupled electron transfer and multiple proton relay. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51, 10334–10336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Fard, M.A.; Behnia, A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Activation of Dioxygen by Dimethylplatinum(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2017, 36, 4169–4178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Abo-Amer, A.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. Push-pull ligands to enhance the oxygen activation step in catalytic oxidation with platinum complexes. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2018, 473, 51–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  36. Abo-Amer, A.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. Push-pull ligands and the oxidation of monomethylplatinum(II) complexes with oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2020, 507, 119580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Abo-Amer, A.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. The remarkable effects of a ligand nitro substituent in organoplatinum chemistry related to activation of dioxygen or reductive elimination of methane. Polyhedron 2022, 217, 115722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Behnia, A.; Fard, M.A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Complexes containing a phenol-platinum(II) hydrogen bond: Synthons for supramolecular self-assembly and precursors for hydridoplatinum(IV) complexes. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 2899–2906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Fard, M.A.; Behnia, A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Platinum(II) complexes of pyridine–amine ligands with phenol substituents: Isotactic supramolecular polymers. Can. J. Chem. 2018, 97, 238–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Fard, M.A.; Behnia, A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Models for cooperative catalysis: Oxidative addition reactions of dimethylplatinum(II) complexes with ligands having both NH and OH functionality. ACS Omega 2019, 4, 257–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Behnia, A.; Fard, M.A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Stereochemistry of oxidative addition of methyl iodide and hydrogen peroxide to organoplatinum(II) complexes having an appended phenol group and the supramolecular chemistry of the platinum(IV) products. J. Organomet. Chem. 2019, 902, 120962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Fard, M.A.; Behnia, A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Supramolecular polymer and sheet and a double cubane structure in platinum(IV) iodide chemistry: Solution of a longstanding puzzle. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 10267–10272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  43. Fard, M.A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Oxidative addition of halogens to a cycloneophylplatinum(II) complex and evidence for C-H bond activation at platinum(IV). J. Organomet. Chem. 2020, 910, 121139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Fard, M.A.; Behnia, A.; Puddephatt, R.J. Cycloneophylplatinum Chemistry: A New Route to Platinum(II) Complexes and the Mechanism and Selectivity of Protonolysis of Platinum-Carbon Bonds. Organometallics 2018, 37, 3368–3377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Neugebauer, M.; Schmitz, S.; Brunink, D.; Doltsinis, N.L.; Klein, A. Dynamics of the efficient cyclometalation of the undercoordinated organoplatinum complex [Pt(COD)(neoPh)]+ (neoPh=2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl). New J. Chem. 2020, 44, 19238–19249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Campora, J.; Palma, P.; Carmona, E. The chemistry of group 10 metalacycles. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1999, 193, 207–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Griffiths, D.C.; Young, G.B. Mechanisms of thermolytic rearrangement of dineophylplatinum(II) complexes via intramolecular C-H activation. Organometallics 1989, 8, 875–886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Ankianiec, B.C.; Hardy, D.T.; Thomson, S.K.; Watkins, W.N.; Young, G.B. Mechanistic studies of the thermolytic and photolytic rearrangement of [bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]bis(neophyl)platinum(II). Organometallics 1992, 11, 2591–2598. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. SHo, K.Y.; Lam, F.Y.T.; de Aguirre, A.; Maseras, F.; White, A.J.P.; Britovsek, G.J.P. Photolytic Activation of Late-Transition-Metal-Carbon Bonds and Their Reactivity toward Oxygen. Organometallics 2021, 40, 4077–4091. [Google Scholar]
  50. Griffiths, D.C.; Joy, L.G.; Skapski, A.C.; Wilkes, D.J.; Young, G.B. Rearrangements of neophylplatinum(II) and related derivatives via intramolecular aromatic and aliphatic delta-carbon-hydrogen bond activation—The crystal and molecular-structure of cis-(Et3P)2Pt(CH2CMe2Ph)(2-C6H4CMe3). Organometallics 1986, 5, 1744–1745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Chappell, S.D.; Cole-Hamilton, D.J. The preparation and properties of metallacyclic compounds of the transition-elements. Polyhedron 1982, 1, 739–777. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Cámpora, J.; López, J.A.; del Rio, D.; Carmona, E.; Valerga, P.; Graiff, C.; Tiripicchio, A. Synthesis and insertion reactions of the cyclometalated palladium-alkyl complexes Pd(CH2CMe2-o-C6H4)L2.: Observation of a pentacoordinated intermediate in the insertion of SO2. Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 4116–4126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Albrecht, M. Cyclometalation Using d-Block Transition Metals: Fundamental Aspects and Recent Trends. Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 576–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Moustafa, M.E.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. Reactivity and mechanism in reactions of methylene halides with cycloneophylplatinum(II) complexes: Oxidative addition and methylene insertion. J. Organomet. Chem. 2021, 941, 121803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Ramirez-Jimenez, A.; Gomez, E.; Hernandez, S. Penta- and heptacoordinated tin(IV) compounds derived from pyridine Schiff bases and 2-pyridine carboxylate: Synthesis and structural characterization. J. Organomet. Chem. 2009, 694, 2965–2975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Chans, G.M.; Nieto-Camacho, A.; Ramirez-Apan, T.; Hernandez-Ortega, S.; Alvarez-Toledano, C.; Gomez, E. Synthetic, spectroscopic, crystallographic, and biological studies of seven-coordinated diorganotin(IV) complexes derived from Schiff bases and pyridinic carboxylic acids. Aust. J. Chem. 2016, 69, 279–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Iasco, O.; Riviere, E.; Guillot, R.; Buron-LeCointe, M.; Meunier, J.F.; Bousseksou, A.; Boillot, M.-L. FeII(pap-5NO2)2 and FeII(qsal-5NO2)2 Schiff-base spin-crossover complexes: A rare example with photomagnetism and room-temperature bistability. Inorg. Chem. 2015, 54, 1791–1799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. Sadimenko, A.P. Organometallic complexes of pyridyl Schiff bases. Adv. Heterocycl. Chem. 2012, 107, 133–218. [Google Scholar]
  59. Liles, D.C.; McPartlin, M.; Tasker, P.A.; Lip, H.C.; Lindoy, L.F. Novel polynuclear cadmium complexes resulting from ring-opening reactions of 2,6-bis(2-R-2-benzoxazolinyl)pyridine (R = Me or H): X-ray structures of [Cd4C21H17N3O2)2·(MeCO2)4]·Me2NCHO·H2O and [Cd3(C19H13N3C2)2·(MeCO2)2·(Me2NCHO)2]. Chem. Commun. 1976, 549–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Gurriero, P.; Bullita, E.; Vigato, P.A.; Pelli, B.; Traldi, P. Synthesis, characterization and electron impact mass spectrometry of Schiff bases rearranging to oxazoline, thiazoline and thiazole derivatives. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1988, 25, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. Luo, Y.; Utecht, M.; Dokic, J.; Korchak, S.; Vieth, H.-M.; Haag, R.; Saalfrank, P. Cis-trans isomerisation of substituted aromatic imines: A comparative experimental and theoretical study. ChemPhysChem 2011, 12, 2311–2321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Rostovtsev, V.V.; Henling, L.M.; Labinger, J.A.; Bercaw, J.E. Structural and mechanistic investigations of the oxidation of dimethylplatinum(II) complexes by dioxygen. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 3608–3619. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  63. Ruan, J.; Wang, D.; Kramer, M.J.; Zavalij, P.Y.; Vedernikov, A.N. Oxidation of Methylplatinum(II) Complexes K[(L)PtIIMe] with O2 and C(sp3)-X (X = O and C) Reductive Elimination Reactivity of Methylplatinum(IV) Products (L)PtIVMe(OH): The Effect of Structure of Sulfonated CNN-Pincer Ligands L. Organometallics 2022, 41, 2764–2783. [Google Scholar]
  64. Vedernikov, A.N. Direct Functionalization of M-C (M = Pt-II, Pd-II) Bonds Using Environmentally Benign Oxidants, O2 and H2O2. Acc. Chem. Res. 2012, 45, 803–813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Hill, G.S.; Irwin, M.J.; Levy, C.J.; Rendina, L.M.; Puddephatt, R.J.; Andersen, R.A.; McLean, L. Platinum(II) complexes of dimethylsulfide. Inorg. Synth. 1998, 32, 149–153. [Google Scholar]
  66. Bruker-AXS. SAINT, version 2013.8; Bruker-AXS: Madison, WI, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
  67. Bruker-AXS. SADABS, version 2012.1; Bruker-AXS: Madison, WI, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
  68. Sheldrick, G.M. SHELXT—Integrated space-group and crystal-structure determination. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A Found. Adv. 2015, A71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  69. GSheldrick, M. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C Struct. Chem. 2015, C71, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Henkelman, G.; Uberuaga, B.P.; Jonsson, H. A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 9901–9904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Henkelman, G.; Jonsson, H. Improved tangent estimate in the nudged elastic band method for finding minimum energy paths and saddle points. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113, 9978–9985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Becke, A.D. Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic behavior. Phys. Rev. A 1988, 38, 3098–3100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Andzelm, J.; Kolmel, C.; Klamt, A. Incorporation of solvent effects into density-functional calculations of molecular energies and geometries. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 103, 9312–9320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  74. ADF 2020, SCM, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Available online: https://www.scm.com (accessed on 1 January 2021).
Inorganics 12 00032 sch001
Scheme 1. The ligands used in this work.
Scheme 1. The ligands used in this work.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch001
Inorganics 12 00032 sch002
Scheme 2. Some platinum complexes of ligands L1–L3.
Scheme 2. Some platinum complexes of ligands L1–L3.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch002
Inorganics 12 00032 g001
Figure 1. Conformers of L4 and isomerization to oxazolyl derivative L5: (above), line drawings; (below), DFT-calculated structures.
Figure 1. Conformers of L4 and isomerization to oxazolyl derivative L5: (above), line drawings; (below), DFT-calculated structures.
Inorganics 12 00032 g001
Inorganics 12 00032 sch003
Scheme 3. Formation of the organoplatinum(IV) complexes 1 and 2.
Scheme 3. Formation of the organoplatinum(IV) complexes 1 and 2.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch003
Inorganics 12 00032 g002
Figure 2. The structure of [PtIMe3(L2)], 1, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1) 2.047(5), Pt(1)C(2) 2.050(6), Pt(1)C(3) 2.060(5), Pt(1)N(2) 2.161(5), Pt(1)N(1) 2.164(5), Pt(1)I(1) 2.7803(14), N(2)C(9) 1.284(7) Å. H-bond distance: O(1)I(1) 3.520(4) Å.
Figure 2. The structure of [PtIMe3(L2)], 1, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1) 2.047(5), Pt(1)C(2) 2.050(6), Pt(1)C(3) 2.060(5), Pt(1)N(2) 2.161(5), Pt(1)N(1) 2.164(5), Pt(1)I(1) 2.7803(14), N(2)C(9) 1.284(7) Å. H-bond distance: O(1)I(1) 3.520(4) Å.
Inorganics 12 00032 g002
Inorganics 12 00032 g003
Figure 3. The structure of [PtBrMe2(CH2C6H3-3,5-t-Bu2)(L2)], 2, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1A) 2.049(4), Pt(1)C(2A) 2.045(4), Pt(1)C(3) 2.075(4), Pt(1)N(2A) 2.186(3), Pt(1)N(1A) 2.156(3), Pt(1)Br(1A) 2.6076(11), N(2)C23A) 1.277(4) Å. H-bond distance: O(1A)Br(1A) 3.188(4) Å.
Figure 3. The structure of [PtBrMe2(CH2C6H3-3,5-t-Bu2)(L2)], 2, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1A) 2.049(4), Pt(1)C(2A) 2.045(4), Pt(1)C(3) 2.075(4), Pt(1)N(2A) 2.186(3), Pt(1)N(1A) 2.156(3), Pt(1)Br(1A) 2.6076(11), N(2)C23A) 1.277(4) Å. H-bond distance: O(1A)Br(1A) 3.188(4) Å.
Inorganics 12 00032 g003
Inorganics 12 00032 sch004
Scheme 4. Cycloneophyl complexes with ligand L4; (a) synthesis of complexes 3 and 4 and (b) fluxionality of complexes 3 and H.
Scheme 4. Cycloneophyl complexes with ligand L4; (a) synthesis of complexes 3 and 4 and (b) fluxionality of complexes 3 and H.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch004
Inorganics 12 00032 sch005
Scheme 5. The formation of complex 5.
Scheme 5. The formation of complex 5.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch005
Inorganics 12 00032 g004
Figure 4. The structure of complex 5, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1) 2.0500(18), Pt(1)C(6) 1.9968(18), Pt(1)N(1) 2.1567(16), Pt(1)N(2) 2.1725(16), Pt(1)O(1) 2.0447(15), Pt(1)O(2) 1.9936(15) Å; C(6)Pt(1)C(1) 81.24(7), N(1)Pt(1)N(2) 78.53(6) o.
Figure 4. The structure of complex 5, showing 30% probability ellipsoids. Selected bond distances: Pt(1)C(1) 2.0500(18), Pt(1)C(6) 1.9968(18), Pt(1)N(1) 2.1567(16), Pt(1)N(2) 2.1725(16), Pt(1)O(1) 2.0447(15), Pt(1)O(2) 1.9936(15) Å; C(6)Pt(1)C(1) 81.24(7), N(1)Pt(1)N(2) 78.53(6) o.
Inorganics 12 00032 g004
Inorganics 12 00032 g005
Figure 5. Part of the hydrogen-bonded polymeric structure of complex 5. H-bond distances: O(1)··O(1M) 2.809(2), O(2)··O(1MA) 2.879(2), O(2)..N(2B) 2,707(2) Å. Equivalent atoms: x, y, z; a, x-½, -y-½, z-½; b, 1-x, 1-y, 1-z.
Figure 5. Part of the hydrogen-bonded polymeric structure of complex 5. H-bond distances: O(1)··O(1M) 2.809(2), O(2)··O(1MA) 2.879(2), O(2)..N(2B) 2,707(2) Å. Equivalent atoms: x, y, z; a, x-½, -y-½, z-½; b, 1-x, 1-y, 1-z.
Inorganics 12 00032 g005
Inorganics 12 00032 g006
Figure 6. 1H NMR spectra in the PtH region for the reaction of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] with ligand L3 in CD2Cl2 solution at different times. Subfigures (a), (b), (c) after 5 min, 40 min, 24 h, respectively.
Figure 6. 1H NMR spectra in the PtH region for the reaction of [Pt2(CH2CMe2C6H4)2(μ-SMe2)2] with ligand L3 in CD2Cl2 solution at different times. Subfigures (a), (b), (c) after 5 min, 40 min, 24 h, respectively.
Inorganics 12 00032 g006
Inorganics 12 00032 sch006
Scheme 6. A possible route for the formation of isomers of complex 7, and their calculated relative energies. The signs * or ** indicate a transition state structure.
Scheme 6. A possible route for the formation of isomers of complex 7, and their calculated relative energies. The signs * or ** indicate a transition state structure.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch006
Inorganics 12 00032 sch007
Scheme 7. A possible sequence of isomerization of isomers of complex 7 from the kinetic product 7a, and the calculated relative energies of the isomers.
Scheme 7. A possible sequence of isomerization of isomers of complex 7 from the kinetic product 7a, and the calculated relative energies of the isomers.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch007
Inorganics 12 00032 g007
Figure 7. Calculated structures and relative energies for complexes [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)L], 6 and 3, [PtH(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L-H)], 7c and J, and [Pt(2-C6H4-t-Bu)(L-H)], I and K, with L = L3 or L4.
Figure 7. Calculated structures and relative energies for complexes [Pt(CH2CMe2C6H4)L], 6 and 3, [PtH(CH2CMe2C6H4)(L-H)], 7c and J, and [Pt(2-C6H4-t-Bu)(L-H)], I and K, with L = L3 or L4.
Inorganics 12 00032 g007
Inorganics 12 00032 sch008
Scheme 8. NMR labeling scheme.
Scheme 8. NMR labeling scheme.
Inorganics 12 00032 sch008
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abo-Amer, A.; Moustafa, M.E.; Boyle, P.D.; Puddephatt, R.J. Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group. Inorganics 2024, 12, 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032

AMA Style

Abo-Amer A, Moustafa ME, Boyle PD, Puddephatt RJ. Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group. Inorganics. 2024; 12(1):32. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abo-Amer, Anwar, Mohamed E. Moustafa, Paul D. Boyle, and Richard J. Puddephatt. 2024. "Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group" Inorganics 12, no. 1: 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032

APA Style

Abo-Amer, A., Moustafa, M. E., Boyle, P. D., & Puddephatt, R. J. (2024). Organoplatinum Chemistry Related to Alkane Oxidation: The Effect of a Nitro Substituent in Ligands Having an Appended Phenol Group. Inorganics, 12(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12010032

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop