Rechargeable Li-Ion Batteries, Nanocomposite Materials and Applications

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are pivotal in a wide range of applications, including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage systems. The broader adoption of LIBs hinges on advancements in their safety, cost-effectiveness, cycle life, energy density, and rate capability. While traditional LIBs already benefit from composite materials in components such as the cathode, anode, and separator, the integration of nanocomposite materials presents significant potential for enhancing these properties. Nanocomposites, including carbon–oxide, polymer–oxide, and silicon-based variants, are engineered to optimize key performance metrics, such as electrical conductivity, structural stability, capacity, and charging/discharging efficiency. Recent research has focused on refining these composites to overcome existing limitations in energy density and cycle life, thus paving the way for the next generation of LIB technologies. Despite these advancements, challenges related to high production costs and scalability remain substantial barriers to the widespread commercial deployment of nanocomposite-enhanced LIBs. Addressing these challenges is essential for realizing the full potential of these advanced materials, thereby driving significant improvements in the performance and practical applications of LIBs across various industries.

1. Introduction

Energy plays a crucial role in the progress of our world, with electricity being the most widely utilized form of energy. It is primarily generated from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. In recent years, the substantial use of conventional fossil fuels and their environmental and climate impacts have spurred increased interest in technologies like energy storage to enhance energy efficiency. The battery or chemical energy system, utilizing the conversion from chemical energy to electrochemical energy, has captured considerable interest in the energy storage field [1]. The main technologies utilized in rechargeable battery systems include lithium-ion (Li-ion), lead–acid, nickel–metal hydride (NiMH), and nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd). Rechargeable batteries constitute a substantial portion of the global battery market.

The Li-ion battery stands out as the most popular and widely used rechargeable battery, attributed to its high gravimetric and volumetric energy density, along with a significant cost reduction over the last decade [2]. The main applications of rechargeable Li-ion batteries include portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and solar energy storage. Currently, Li-ion batteries already reap benefits from composite materials, with examples including the use of composite materials for the anode, cathode, and separator.

Lithium-ion batteries are an appealing option for power storage systems owing to their high energy density. Despite this advantage, significant polarization during high charging and discharging rates results in low energy efficiency [3]. This polarization occurs due to the slow diffusion of lithium in the active material and an increase in electrolyte resistance with rising charging and discharging rates. Addressing these issues necessitates the creation of nanocomposite electrode materials with extensive surface areas and brief diffusion paths, enabling efficient ionic transport and electronic conduction.

Nanocomposites are composite materials in which one phase has nanoscale morphology such as nanoparticles or nanostructures. They are multiphase materials and, at least, the phases should have dimensions in the range of 10–100 nm [1]. Nanocomposites involve the fusion of a larger matrix and nanoscale phases, distinguished by variations in properties due to differences in both structure and chemistry. There are three categories of nanocomposites classified by their matrix: ceramic matrix, polymer matrix, and metal matrix nanocomposites. Recently, nanocomposite materials have attracted attention due to their remarkable thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and resistance to solvents.

Consequently, nanocomposite materials can provide ample opportunities for advancing Li-ion batteries. By manipulating these materials at the nanoscale, unprecedented improvements in material properties can be achieved [4].

This review critically examines the advancements in research pertaining to rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), emphasizing the significant contributions of nanocomposite materials to their performance enhancement. Given the essential function of LIBs in diverse applications—including consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage—the incorporation of innovative nanocomposite materials is poised to tackle critical challenges such as energy density, cycle life, and charge/discharge rates.

This review outlines recent progress in various nanocomposite materials, such as carbon–oxide, polymer–oxide, and silicon-based composites, highlighting their specific applications aimed at optimizing LIB performance. Key findings from recent research are presented, focusing on the enhancements in conductivity, stability, and overall efficiency attributed to these nanocomposites. Furthermore, this review addresses the obstacles related to the scalability and cost-effectiveness of these materials, which continue to hinder their wider adoption.

In summary, this review highlights the promising potential of nanocomposite materials in advancing LIB technology. It emphasizes the need for continued research and innovation to overcome existing challenges and unlock new opportunities that could lead to significant improvements in the performance and viability of next-generation rechargeable batteries. By exploring the intersection of nanocomposite materials and LIBs, this work aims to deepen understanding of their capabilities and chart future pathways for development in this critical field.

2. Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries were introduced to the industrial marketplace in 1991 [1]. Utilizing carbon and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO²) as the electrode’s materials. Since their introduction, lithium-ion batteries have made significant progress in various sectors, such as electronic devices, power sources, and energy storage devices. For that, lithium-ion batteries are recognized currently as the prevailing choice in battery chemistry.

Batteries are generally divided into two main types: primary batteries and secondary batteries. Primary batteries, or single-use cells, can be utilized and discharged once before disposal. However, secondary batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, are designed to be cycled, allowing them to be charged and discharged repeatedly throughout their lifespan.

The lithium-ion battery pack consists of distinct modules, each containing numerous individual cells assembled in either series or parallel configurations within the module. These modules are subsequently assembled in a specific configuration to constitute a complete battery pack. The number of cells depends on the battery application, and the assembly configuration significantly influences the voltage and current output of the battery. Specifically, the series configuration increases the voltage of the battery module, while the parallel configuration enhances the current. Furthermore, a series–parallel combination is employed to achieve a balance between voltage and capacity [2].

Lithium serves as the primary material in lithium-ion batteries owing to its distinctive chemical characteristics, making it a preferred option for battery components. Notably, lithium is the third smallest element after hydrogen and helium, featuring only three protons and three neutrons [5]. Being a highly electropositive material, lithium facilitates the efficient movement of ions between the anode and cathode during the charging and discharging processes. Additionally, this material boasts a higher energy density, signifying its ability to store a substantial amount of energy in a compact size. Furthermore, lithium’s lower atomic weight contributes to its lighter nature compared to many other metals. As a result of readily releasing its outer electron, lithium exhibits high reactivity, enabling a smooth flow of power through a cell [6].

Nanostructured materials are used in lithium-ion storage devices because of their high surface area, porosity, etc. These characteristics allow for introducing new active reactions, decreasing the path length for lithium-ion transport, reducing the specific surface current rate, and improving stability and specific capacitance. In addition, designed nanostructured composite materials could decrease the internal resistance of lithium-ion batteries, resulting in higher specific capacities even at high charge/discharge current rates [7].

The potential advantages of nanostructured active electrode materials can be summarized: new reactions can be used that are not possible with bulk materials; a larger electrode/electrolyte contact area, leading to higher charge/discharge rates; short path lengths for both electronic and Li-ion transport (permitting operation even with low electronic or low Li-ion conductivity, or at higher power); etc.

There are some disadvantages, such as a more complex synthesis process for nanomaterials, which will increase the cost of lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the development of simpler synthesis methods will allow for the large-scale production of nanostructured active materials.

Lithium-ion batteries offer a host of advantages that make them a leading choice in energy storage technology. They exhibit remarkable specific energy, durability, and longevity. Moreover, Li-ion batteries feature a conventional design and operate at elevated voltage levels, further enhancing their overall efficiency and effectiveness.

Table 1. Li-ion battery attributes.

Battery Attribute	Specific Power (Wkg−1)	Gravimetric Energy Density (Whkg−1)	Lifespan (Cycles)	Strengths	Weaknesses
Li-ion	500–2000	150–200	1500–4500	High energy density, high voltage operation, no memory effect, low self-discharge; long life cycle	Safety concerns, restricted possibilities for additional size reduction, and limited capacity for further improvement
Lead–acid	30–40	30–40	200–300	Low cost, reliable, widely used	Low energy density, short lifespan, heavy
Ni-MH	250–1000	60–120	500–1000	Moderate energy density, safer than Ni-Cd	Memory effect, higher self-discharge rate
Ni-Cd	150–300	40–60	1000–1500	Long cycle life, operates in low temperatures	Toxic, memory effect, lower energy density

presents a comparison of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries with other widely used rechargeable battery types, such as lead–acid, Ni-MH, and Ni-Cd. It emphasizes variations in specific power, gravimetric energy density, and lifespan, while also noting the advantages and disadvantages of each. The comparison shows that Li-ion batteries outperform others in terms of energy density, lifespan, and overall performance, although they are more costly and pose greater safety risks when compared to alternatives like lead–acid and Ni-MH batteries. Lithium-ion batteries provide the highest energy density and extended lifespan compared to alternative battery technologies. They demonstrate the highest level (approximately 95%) in terms of energy efficiency, allowing for discharge rates of up to 100%. Additionally, they exhibit a low self-discharge rate, enable rapid charging, and boast various other enhanced performance characteristics, rendering them highly appealing [8]. However, the intricate nature of material synthesis poses numerous challenges in the pursuit of creating new high-energy lithium-ion batteries.

2.1. Basic Concepts of Li-Ion Batteries

The essential components of lithium-ion batteries include the cathode (positively charged electrode), the anode (negatively charged electrode), electrolyte, separator, and current collector. The positive electrode serves to store and release electrons during the battery’s operation, while the negative electrode facilitates the movement of electrons [9]. The electrolyte is a conductive substance that sits between the cathode and anode, carrying and transferring the lithium ions between both ends of the battery. The separator acts as a barrier, preventing contact between the two electrodes. The current collector collects the flow of electrons.

Typically, the anode and cathode are always composed of different materials. The anode is usually constructed from graphite, which is a form of carbon known for its conductivity and stability [6]. On the other hand, the cathode is generally made of lithium metal oxide, such as lithium cobalt oxide or lithium iron phosphate, known for their high energy density and excellent performance. An electrolyte is a solution that transfers ions between the anode and cathode. There are three types of electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries: organic electrolytes, such as dimethyl carbonate, gel polymer electrolytes, such as polyethylene oxide, and solid electrolytes, like lithium ceramic materials. Finally, a separator is generally a porous material made of polyethylene or propylene that prevents direct physical contact between the anode and cathode while facilitating the movement of lithium ions between them. Figure 1 shows the components of rechargeable batteries.

The core principles and concepts that serve as the foundation for lithium-ion batteries derive from electrochemical mechanisms. This indicates that batteries employ a chemical process to convert stored chemical energy into electric energy. In simpler terms, the stored chemical energy undergoes a conversion into electrical energy. Moreover, during operation, the chemical reaction that produces electricity can be reversed by applying an external current [9].

Redox reactions, which involve reduction and oxidation, are crucial in the charging and discharging mechanisms of lithium-ion batteries. These reactions can be divided into two halves: oxidation occurs at the anode, leading to electron loss, while reduction takes place at the cathode, resulting in the gain in electrons. In the charging phase, lithium ions migrate from the cathode to the anode, accompanied by electron flow in the external circuit, generating electrical energy. Conversely, during discharging, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode, and electrons flow through the external circuit, releasing electrical energy [6,9]. Figure 2 shows a schematic of the lithium-ion battery.

2.2. Electrodes Materials for Lithium Ions Battery

Lithium-ion batteries are widely employed across a diverse range of applications, both small and large, owing to their high energy density and environmentally friendly nature. However, despite these advancements, lithium-ion batteries face certain limitations, particularly in transportation and high-energy storage applications [10]. Moreover, lithium-ion batteries encounter challenges in low-temperature conditions, attributed to the distinctive electronic and ionic conductivities of the anode material, cathode material, and electrolyte solution, resulting in diminished capacity and inefficient charging. This indicates that the effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries is substantially impacted by the selection of materials for their principal components [11].

At low temperatures, the interaction between the anodic and cathodic materials becomes more evident, impacting the overall conductivity and transport of ions within the battery. Consequently, the meticulous selection and optimization of electrode materials can enhance the effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries [10].

Generally, lithium-ion batteries utilize graphite as the anode material due to its low cost, effective conductivity, and outstanding reversibility. Furthermore, the utilization of graphite material comes with certain drawbacks, such as its restricted capacity and potential safety concerns linked to the insertion of Li+ into the anode’s structure [12]. On the other hand, the cathode, typically composed of lithium metal oxide, holds significant importance in conventional lithium-ion batteries. It serves as the primary supplier of lithium ions within the battery system, exerting a considerable impact on the capacity of lithium-ion batteries. Consequently, the development of cathode materials with advantageous attributes, including high performance, safety, and large capacity, would significantly enhance the widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries.

To improve the effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries under low-temperature conditions, multiple approaches have been suggested, such as the development of electrode materials [11]. Scientists are dedicated to designing materials with micro- and nanostructures, alongside composites featuring diverse morphologies, orientations, and particle dimensions. Moreover, the optimization of lithium-ion battery performance heavily relies on the utilization of electrode composite materials and nanocomposites.

A composite material is formed through the combination of two or more substances characterized by distinct physical and chemical properties. This combination results in an innovative composite material that displays enhanced qualities. A composite comprises two primary components: the matrix and the fibre. The matrix, serving as the foundational substance, can be a polymer, ceramic, or metal. It functions as a continuous phase, enveloping and binding the reinforcement materials. This matrix plays a crucial role in providing support, distributing loads, and ensuring cohesion. The reinforcement, typically in fibrous form and fashioned from materials like carbon or glass, strengthens the overall structure. In the realm of lithium-ion batteries, composite materials refer to the amalgamation of a lithium-ion conductive matrix material and a reinforcing substance, such as carbon or metal oxides [13]. The matrix functions as the conduit through which lithium ions can traverse, facilitating the seamless progression of charge and discharge cycles. Concerning the materials used in lithium-ion electrode construction, anode composites consist of a blend of active components like graphite or silicon. This amalgamation seeks to mitigate volume expansion and mechanical stress and enhance cycling stability. Conversely, cathodes incorporate a combination of active materials, such as lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, or lithium iron phosphate, with the objective of boosting the energy density, rate capability, and overall performance of lithium-ion batteries.

Table 2. Comparative analysis of Li-ion battery technologies.

Anode Material	Cathode Material (Lithium Metal Oxide)	Advantages	Disadvantages
Graphite	Lithium Cobalt Oxide	High energy density	Sensitiveness to overcharge, poor thermal stability
Graphite	Lithium Iron Phosphate	Excellent thermal stability	Low energy density
Graphite	Lithium Manganese Oxide	Excellent thermal stability and elevated safety	Low energy density
Graphite	Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC)	High energy density, good thermal stability, longer cycle life	Expensive, environmental concerns related to nickel and cobalt extraction

compares different Li-ion battery technologies using composite materials, focusing on the combination of anode and cathode materials. It highlights that lithium cobalt oxide with graphite anodes delivers high energy density but suffers from overcharging sensitivity and limited thermal stability. Conversely, when paired with lithium iron phosphate or lithium manganese oxide, graphite anodes offer superior thermal stability and increased safety, though at the expense of reduced energy density. This emphasizes the need to balance energy storage, safety, and thermal characteristics when choosing materials for specific uses.

Composites offer significant advantages in various aspects of material performance, outperforming single-material alternatives, particularly when compared to the isolated use of individual elements [13]. Despite these advantages, there are some drawbacks, such as the interface between electrode materials, which can affect the overall efficiency of the battery. Thus, the use of nanocomposite materials emerges as an interesting solution to address these challenges, leveraging the enhanced properties of nanoscale components to optimize performance and mitigate the drawbacks associated with traditional composites.

In conclusion, this section has provided a foundation for understanding lithium-ion battery technology. The subsequent section will delve into the advancements in nanocomposite materials and their role in improving the performance and efficiency of these batteries.

3. Nanocomposite Materials

Nanotechnology has been a fascinating field for researchers since the last century [14]. It is the science that deals with materials and devices at the nanometer scale [15]. At the nanoscale, materials showcase unique chemical, and physical properties that differ from those at the level of individual atoms, molecules, or bulk matter. These distinct characteristics give rise to novel applications, opening up new possibilities in various scientific and technological domains. A nanometer (nm) is a unit of length, 9-10 m, representing one billionth of a meter. The technology is quantified by the scale, with 1 nm equating to 1/1,000,000 m. Illustratively, human hair has a thickness of 60–80,000 nm, and red blood corpuscles measure 2–500 nm in width.

In recent years, the speedy advancement of nanotechnology has increased the significance of studying nanocomposites for the creation of novel materials tailored for advanced applications. A composite material, composed of multiple components with distinct microscopic characteristics, is classified as a nanocomposite when one of the reinforcing dimensions operates within the nanoscale range [16].

Nanocomposites constitute a unique category of composites characterized by the existence of morphological features at the nanoscale such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, or other nanostructures within at least one of their phases. First introduced in the literature by Blumstein in 1961 [14], these materials display a multiphasic characteristic, where at least one phase has dimensions spanning from 10 to 100 nanometers. In contrast to their micro-composite equivalents, nanocomposites have complex structures that are dependent on a variety of variables, including composition, interfacial interactions, and the unique characteristics of each component. Figure 3 shows a schematic diagram of matrix-reinforced nanocomposite.

3.1. Synthesis Method

A nanocomposite material is a solid material with multiple phases, where at least one phase possesses dimensions in one, two, or three directions that are smaller than 100 nanometers [1]. Alternatively, it may have a structure with a nanoscale repeating distance between the various phases comprising the material. On the other hand, a nanocomposite consists of a matrix, typically a polymer, that encases and integrates nanoscale reinforcements [14].

The creation processes of nanocomposite materials vary, depending on the intended composition and desired properties. Numerous techniques are employed in making nanocomposite materials, such as melt intercalation, solution blending, in situ polymerization and sol–gel. Melt intercalation is a technique utilized in the fabrication of nanocomposite materials [15]. This process entails the fusion of a polymer matrix and the incorporation of nanoscale additives while in a molten state. It is considered the conventional approach for producing nanocomposites with thermoplastic polymers. The fundamental concept of this approach involves heating the matrix until it reaches a molten state, enabling the seamless inclusion of nanoscale reinforcements, such as clay, graphene, silica nanoparticles, or other nanomaterials. This technique improves the distribution of nanomaterials within the polymer matrix, resulting in enhanced mechanical, thermal, and barrier characteristics.

The second method involves solution blending, a process relying on solvents where both the polymer and pre-polymer are soluble. The ability of the polymer and pre-polymer to dissolve causes the clay layers to swell, resulting in the separation of the layered clay into individual layers using a solvent like water, alcohol, and toluene [16]. On the other hand, the intercalation process is aided by annealing, where molecules undergo reorientation. The identification of increased tensile strength and modulus provides evidence for the development of partially intercalated material in specific instances. Essentially, this process results in the creation of a nanocomposite with a mixed immiscible–intercalated structure. The complete procedure generally involves three stages: first, the dispersion of clay in a polymer solution; second, the meticulous removal of the solvent; and lastly, the casting of the composite film.

The third technique, known as in situ polymerization, represents a method applied for the creation of nanocomposite materials. In this process, polymerization unfolds directly within the material’s matrix, giving rise to the development of a polymer composite [17]. This method entails the concurrent or sequential polymerization of monomers while incorporating nanoscale fillers or reinforcements. A distinctive feature of in situ polymerization is the simultaneous occurrence of the formation of the polymer matrix and the dispersion of nanoscale fillers during the reaction. Nanoparticles, nanotubes, or nanoclays are frequently utilized as nanofillers in this method. In a standard in situ polymerization procedure, nanoparticles are dispersed within a monomer or monomer solution, and subsequent polymerization of the monomer through conventional polymerization techniques results in the creation of nanocomposite materials.

The fourth technique is sol–gel, which involves transforming a solution (sol) into a gel-like substance and then solidifying it, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite [18]. The sol–gel methodology proves advantageous in creating nanocomposites characterized by controlled structures, compositions, and properties. At its core, the sol–gel method revolves around generating a homogeneous sol from precursor substances and subsequently converting it into a gel. Sol–gel stands out as an exceptionally adaptable approach to obtaining both the matrix and filler components of a nanocomposite, allowing for chemical adjustments at the interface to optimize overall structure and properties. Furthermore, sol–gel techniques find widespread application in the formulation of nanocomposite materials due to the facile occurrence of these transformations with a diverse range of precursors, and they can be executed at or around room temperature. Sol–gel chemistry enables the formation of a diverse array of host matrices under gentle conditions, employing cost-effective reagents.

Table 3. Summary of various synthesis methods for producing nanocomposite materials.

Method	Synthesis of Nanocomposite
Melt Intercalation	Polymer matrix is melted, nanoscale additives are introduced into the molten mixture, followed by mixing, cooling, and solidification.
Solution Blending	Nanoparticles are distributed within a solvent, accompanied by the inclusion of polymer or matrix material. The nanocomposite material is achieved through the evaporation of the solvent, ensuring a homogeneous mixture.
In situ Polymerization	Monomers are integrated with nanomaterials, leading to polymerization alongside the simultaneous dispersion of nanoscale additives.
Sol–Gel Process	Conversion of a colloidal solution into a gel (three-dimensional network), followed by additional procedures such as drying and heat treatment to produce the nanocomposite material.

presents various approaches for synthesizing nanocomposites, such as melt intercalation, solution blending, in situ polymerization, and the sol–gel process. Each method has distinct benefits, including improved dispersion of nanoparticles and better material properties. The choice of technique depends on the specific requirements and intended use of the nanocomposite.

3.2. Classification of Nanocomposite Materials

Nanocomposite materials belong to a category of substances wherein nanoscale fillers or reinforcements are integrated into a matrix material. This integration leads to improved characteristics in comparison to conventional composites [1]. Nanocomposites may be categorized according to the dispersion matrix into two primary groups: polymeric and non-polymeric [19]. The categorization is based on the presence or absence of polymeric material in the composite.

Polymer nanocomposites belong to the nanocomposite family, characterized by the integration of reinforcements. Typically, in the form of nanoparticles or nanofibers, these reinforcements are integrated into a matrix composed of polymers. Moreover, the collaboration between the polymer matrix and the reinforcements at the nanoscale level significantly improves the performance of polymer nanocomposites. Polymer nanocomposites have been widely utilized due to their capacity for amenability to functional modifications and the potential for manufacturing in diverse dimensions [20]. The synthesis of nanocomposites involved the use of several polymers, such as rubber, propylene, styrene, and ethylene vinyl acetate. Thus, incorporating polymeric components into nanocomposites contributes to the enhancement of their mechanical, thermal, and biodegradable properties. This integration plays a crucial role in optimizing the overall performance and sustainability of the composite materials.

Non-polymer nanocomposite materials consist of a matrix made from metals, ceramics, or carbon, which includes nanoparticles or nanofillers. These reinforcements are distributed within the matrix to improve the overall material’s properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical…). Additionally, they are often referred to as inorganic nanocomposites. These materials can be categorized into metal-based nanocomposites and ceramic-based nanocomposites. Metal-based nanocomposites are innovative materials that involve a metal matrix and ceramic reinforcement. These materials fall into categories of either continuous or non-continuous reinforced materials. They offer a range of improvements in properties compared to monolithic alloys, including super plasticity, heightened strength, and enhanced electrical resistivity [19]. Ceramic-based nanocomposites consist of nanoparticles or nanofibers dispersed within a ceramic matrix. The predominant ceramic component is typically derived from oxide groups like nitrides, borides, or silicide. These materials are characterized by enhanced toughness, increased ductility, and improved strength and hardness. Figure 4 presents a classification of nanocomposite material based on the matrix.

3.3. Electrochemical Performance

The electrochemical process involves creating electricity from chemical reactions [21], while electrochemical performance assesses how materials behave in these reactions. Evaluating electrochemical performance includes examining factors like specific capacity, rate capability, energy density, power density, and conductivity. In energy storage technologies, the efficiency of nanocomposite materials is measured by their electrochemical performance, which can be influenced by the unique characteristics they exhibit [19].

Nanocomposite materials are essential for enhancing the electrochemical performance of energy storage technologies, such as batteries. These materials boast promising properties, such as increased energy density or capacity compared to traditional composite materials. Improved rate capability enables faster charge and discharge rates [1]. Additionally, the inclusion of nanoparticles in nanocomposites influences electrical conductivity, leading to improved efficiency in electrochemical processes.

Table 4. Comparison between conventional and nanocomposite Li-ion batteries.

Conventional Lithium-Ion Battery (Weakness)	Nanocomposite Li-Ion Battery (Strength)
At extreme temperatures, the battery electrolyte forms a strong and durable interface barrier.	Utilizing nanocomposite electrodes prevents the formation of an electrolyte interface barrier by promoting a more uniform and stable interaction between the electrode and electrolyte component.
Moderate energy density limits overall performance.	Increased surface area contributes to high energy density by offering more active sites for electrochemical reactions, with additional enhancement from improved conductivity facilitated by nanoscale structures.
The significant distance the Li ion needs to traverse within the battery’s electrode material impacts the overall discharge rate.	The utilization of nanocomposite materials reduces the current distance within the electrode material, thereby accelerating both the recharging and discharging rates.

contrasts the performance of conventional lithium-ion batteries with those incorporating nanocomposite materials. The table emphasizes the advantages of nanocomposites in mitigating issues such as electrolyte interface barriers, improving energy density, and enhancing charge/discharge rates. By increasing the surface area and conductivity of electrodes, nanocomposite materials contribute to superior overall performance, especially in extreme temperature conditions and high-rate charging/discharging scenarios. This comparison underscores the potential of nanocomposites to address key limitations of traditional Li-ion batteries.

After examining the fundamental properties of nanocomposite materials, we will focus on their specific applications in the development of lithium-ion batteries.

4. Nanocomposite Materials in Li-Ion Battery Development

Lithium-ion batteries have garnered significant attention, especially with the increasing demand for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage applications. In recent years, substantial research has been dedicated to crafting advanced batteries with exceptional conductivity, power density, and both gravimetric and volumetric energy. The electrodes within lithium-ion batteries play a pivotal role in defining the battery’s overall performance, lifespan, capacity, and cycle stability [22]. As a result, there is a crucial need to explore novel electrode materials to enhance the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion batteries. Concurrently, the integration of nanocomposite materials is a promising pathway that holds significant potential for the progress and development of lithium-ion batteries.

4.1. Progress in Anode and Cathode Nanocomposite Materials

4.1.1. Nanocomposite Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

The anode electrode is considered as the most significant component of a lithium-ion battery, playing a crucial role in the overall performance of the battery. Generally, the most frequently used material for anode electrodes is graphite. Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon, consisting of stacked layers of graphene where carbon atoms are arranged in a hexagonal lattice structure. It is a pure material composed solely of carbon atoms. Graphite possesses chemical stability within a voltage range of 2.9 to 4.5 V and is cost-effective [23]. Nevertheless, its theoretical capacity is limited to 372 mAh/g [1]. The limited capacity of graphite does not meet the demands of rapidly advancing technology. It is imperative to create novel materials with improved Li storage properties to address this challenge. The main concept involves substituting graphite, either entirely or partially, with mixed metal anode materials.

Currently, Si (silicon) and Sn (tin) are capturing considerable attention due to their outstanding gravimetric and volumetric capacity among various alloy anodes.

Silicon, an economical and abundant material, is widely recognized as a highly promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity and low discharge potential [20]. Additionally, it boasts an ultra-high theoretical gravimetric capacity of 4200 mAh/g, surpassing that of commercially available graphite anodes by a factor of 10 [24]. Thus, nanocomposites incorporating dispersed silicon nanoparticles within a matrix are designed to enhance capacity and enhance cycling stability, surpassing conventional graphite anodes. Nanocomposite materials with a foundation in silicon exhibit a wide spectrum of compositions, incorporating various nanomaterials with the goal of improving the efficiency of anodes in lithium-ion batteries.

The initial nanocomposite material is silicon–carbon nanotubes (Si-CNTs), which incorporate carbon nanotubes into silicon. This composite comprises carbon microcapsules that enclose silicon nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Si-CNT has been fabricated through a surfactant-mediated sol–gel technique followed by carbonization [25]. The integration of Si-CNT microcapsules proved successful as an anode in lithium-ion batteries, exhibiting noteworthy reversible capacity and coulombic efficiency of 80%. The introduction of silica as an intermediary layer demonstrated a substantial enhancement in the capacity retention capability of Si-CNT microcapsules [26]. A different nanocomposite material gaining attention for anodes is silicon–graphene, where graphene, a hexagonally arranged single layer of carbon atoms, is acknowledged for its exceptional electrical conductivity and mechanical robustness. The incorporation of silicon with carbon materials, such as graphene, proves attractive for augmenting the electrochemical efficiency of silicon-based anodes. The enhanced electrochemical performance is ascribed to the supportive role of graphene in dispersing silicon nanostructures and acting as a highly conductive framework, facilitating efficient interaction between them. Moreover, graphene plays a vital role in averting the expansion/contraction of volume and aggregation of silicon nanostructures throughout the lithium charge/discharge process.

Silicon–oxide nanocomposites developed for anode electrodes in lithium-ion batteries consist of silicon nanoparticles combined with a variety of oxide compounds. Examples of these oxides include titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, zinc oxide, and cobalt oxide. These oxide materials play a crucial role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of the resulting nanocomposite anodes [27]. The manufacturing of these materials utilizes various technologies, such as sol–gel synthesis or chemical vapour deposition. Typically, the fabrication process involves creating silicon nanoparticles and incorporating them into an oxide matrix. The benefits provided by these nanocomposites include improved cycling stability and higher capacity. However, the intricacies of fabrication procedures, limited options for oxide selection, and the need to balance capacity with structural stability pose ongoing challenges in the advancement and refinement of these silicon–oxide nanocomposite materials for lithium-ion battery applications. The integration of nanocomposite materials into silicone-based anodes enhances cycling stability, boosts energy density, and accelerates charge/discharge rates in lithium-ion batteries.

On the other hand, tin nanoparticles emerge as a promising alternative for lithium-ion battery anodes, poised to replace carbon materials [28]. This shift is attributed to their remarkable theoretical Li-ion storage capacity, reaching 994 mAh/g, significantly surpassing that of graphite, which stands at 372 mAh/g. Tin, a member of the carbon family and a chemical element, exhibits soft, ductile, and highly crystalline silvery-white metal properties [29]. To address the challenge of Sn material expansion during cycling, nanocomposites based on Sn metal anodes have been developed [30]. These include Sn alloy-based materials, Sn–metal oxide composites, and Sn sulphide-based materials. The incorporation of tin with other metals to form alloys has been explored to enhance overall electrochemical performance. Various alloying elements such as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), antimony (Sb), and molybdenum (Mo) can be combined with tin to create different alloy types. The selection of alloying elements plays a crucial role in determining the final properties of the nanocomposite.

Examples of Sn alloy-based composite anodes encompass Sn-based alloy variations like Sn–Cu alloys, Sn–Co alloys, Sn–Al alloys, and Sn–Mo alloys [31]. The synthesis of Sn alloy-based nanocomposites involves methods such as mechanical alloying, electrodeposition, and sol–gel processes. Additionally, incorporating nanoscale reinforcements such as carbon nanotubes or graphene further enhances the performance of these alloy-based nanocomposites. Metal sulphides based on tin can occur in two stable forms, specifically, SnS₂ (tin selenide) and SnS (tin sulphide) [30,31]. Featuring a distinctive two-dimensional layer structure and significant layer spacing, these materials exhibit a high theoretical specific capacity, making them promising candidates for anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. The layered configurations inherent in tin-based metal sulphides not only offer favourable sites for charge storage but also contribute to improved electron/ion transport, thereby enhancing the efficient insertion of ions [30]. A common strategy involves compounding Sn-based sulphides with carbon materials and Sn-based sulphide anode materials including constructing SnS₂-based heterojunctions and forming hybrids with other Sn-based sulphides, which are promising strategies for enhancing the electrochemical performance.

There exist two primary categories of nanocomposites featuring tin-based oxides, namely, SnO and SnO₂, both considered promising options as active anode materials for advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [32]. Tin oxides exhibit accelerated lithiation/delithiation kinetics and significantly improved cyclability, making them potential candidates for use in the next generation of LIBs. SnO₂ provides simplicity in designing nanostructures and demonstrates a positive synergistic impact when incorporated with highly conductive materials or transition metal oxides [31]. On the other hand, SnO-based materials exhibit a substantial theoretical capacity [30,32]. Combining SnO with graphene or carbon materials to create hybrids represents an efficient approach for fabricating Sn-based anodes. Furthermore, the appealing aspect of this nanocomposite material is heightened by its low discharge potential, rendering it a more attractive choice as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries [32].

The importance of tin (Sn) in anode nanocomposite materials for lithium-ion batteries cannot be overstated. Its elevated theoretical capacity and adaptability in forming diverse nanocomposites make it an indispensable component [29]. Tin’s intrinsic ability to store and release electrical energy, coupled with its compatibility with various materials, facilitates the creation of customized anode structures tailored to specific requirements. This multifaceted nature positions tin nanoparticles as a key player in advancing the efficiency and versatility of lithium-ion batteries.

Table 5. Nanocomposite anode materials for Li-ion batteries.

Material	Characteristics	Advantages	Challenges	Examples
Graphite	Crystalline form of carbon with a hexagonal lattice structure.	Chemical stability, cost-effective, widely available.	Limited capacity (372 mAh/g), cannot meet advancing technological demands.	-
Silicon (Si)	Abundant material with ultra-high theoretical capacity (4200 mAh/g).	High capacity, low discharge potential, improved cycling stability in nanocomposites.	Volume expansion/contraction during cycling, aggregation of silicon nanoparticles.	Si-CNT, Si–graphene, Si–oxide composites.
Si-CNT Nanocomposite	Carbon nanotubes with silicon nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon microcapsules.	Improved reversible capacity and cycling stability, coulombic efficiency of 80%.	Complex fabrication process, moderate capacity retention without silica intermediary layer.	Si-CNT microcapsules with silica layer.
Si–Graphene Nanocomposite	Combines silicon nanoparticles with a graphene matrix.	Excellent electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, mitigates volume changes.	Cost of graphene, potential aggregation of nanoparticles.	Silicon–graphene hybrids.
Si–Oxide Nanocomposites	Silicon nanoparticles combined with oxide compounds (e.g., TiO2, SiO2, ZnO).	Enhanced cycling stability, higher capacity.	Intricate fabrication processes, limited oxide material options, balancing capacity with stability.	Si-TiO2, Si-Al2O3 composites.
Tin (Sn)	Soft, ductile metal with high theoretical capacity (994 mAh/g).	Elevated storage capacity, adaptable to form various nanocomposites.	Volume expansion during cycling, structural degradation.	Sn alloys (Sn-Cu, Sn-Co), Sn sulphides (SnS, SnS2), Sn oxides (SnO, SnO2).
Sn–Alloy Nanocomposites	Sn combined with metals like Cu, Co, Al, Mo, and nanoscale reinforcements like CNT or graphene.	Enhanced electrochemical performance, improved structural stability.	Alloying process complexity, achieving a balance between capacity and cyclability.	Sn-Cu, Sn-Mo alloys with carbon nanotubes.
Sn–Sulphide Nanocomposites	Tin-based sulphides (SnS, SnS2) with layered structures.	High theoretical capacity, good electron/ion transport, layered structure.	Limited scalability, potential performance degradation under high cycling rates.	SnS2-based heterojunctions, hybrids with other Sn sulphides.
Sn Oxide Nanocomposites	Nanostructures featuring SnO and SnO2, often combined with conductive materials.	Accelerated lithiation/delithiation, enhanced cyclability, low discharge potential.	Complex hybrid design, maintaining synergy between oxide and conductive matrix.	SnO–graphene hybrids, SnO2 with transition metal oxides.

provides a comprehensive overview of nanocomposite anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, emphasizing their characteristics, advantages, challenges, and notable examples [33].

4.1.2. Nanocomposite Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

The adoption of nanocomposite materials for the cathode of Li-ion batteries stands out as a crucial strategy, presenting unparalleled advantages in terms of energy density, cycling stability, and overall electrochemical performance. Generally, there are three types of cathode materials: layered oxides, spinels, and olivines.

The first category is layered oxide, characterized by its composition of layered structures, usually incorporating transition metal oxides, along with nanoscale reinforcements. LiCoO₂ (lithium cobalt oxide) is an example of this type, which is the first Li-ion chemistry that was discovered in 1980 and subsequently introduced to the market by SONY in 1991. On the other hand, the nanocomposite lithium cobalt oxide is essentially a composition of LiCoO₂ as the matrix, coupled with nanoscale reinforcements like carbon nanotubes, graphene, or metal oxides. Layered oxides possess Li ion diffusion channels in two dimensions. Various methods, such as sol–gel synthesis, chemical vapour deposition, or physical vapour deposition, can be employed to produce these materials [34]. Each approach provides distinct benefits in terms of regulating composition, structure, and morphology, ultimately impacting the performance of the resultant nanocomposite material. The superiority of the LiCoO₂ nanocomposite cathode compared to bulk LiCoO₂ is apparent in its enhanced rate capability. Nanostructuring has demonstrated its effectiveness in boosting the performance of positive electrodes in lithium-ion batteries by diminishing the diffusion distances necessary for electrons and lithium ions within nano-sized crystals or particles. Moreover, nanocrystalline samples have exhibited a unique voltage profile marked by a more gradual curve and the lack of a plateau during lithiation. This occurrence was linked to the heightened importance of surface reactions, disordered structure, and the distribution of site energy for reacting with lithium in the nanocomposite cathode. As a result, the LiCoO₂ nanocomposite cathode demonstrates exceptional rate capability, particularly under demanding high-rate cycling conditions, solidifying its prominence in the lithium-ion battery market.

The second category is spinels, which integrates nanoscale structures with crystal phases characteristic of spinels. Spinels belong to a group of materials characterized by a distinct arrangement of atoms in their crystal lattice. One example of a nanocomposite spinel cathode for lithium-ion batteries is lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) with nanoscale modifications. In its conventional form, LiMn₂O₄ functions as a spinel cathode material. The nanocomposite material LiMn₂O₄ is composed of nanoscale materials or structures, such as carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles, or graphene, within LiMn₂O₄ as a matrix. The nanochain-structured LiMn₂O₄ demonstrated better performance in terms of both rate capability and cycling stability when compared to commercially accessible LiMn₂O₄, which consists of aggregated particles at the submicron scale [34]. LiMn₂O₄ is traditionally synthesized through the solid-state reaction involving lithium and manganese salts. Nevertheless, these methods often encounter issues like inhomogeneity, irregular morphology, and large particle sizes. To address these challenges, wet chemical techniques, such as the sol–gel method, are recommended for the synthesis of LiMn₂O₄ nanocomposite materials. Contrastingly, the robust structural stability and significantly enhanced safety and environmental sustainability features have rendered spinel LiMn₂O₄ the most appealing choice as a cathode material for both transportation and large-scale batteries.

The last category relates to olivines, a term encompassing a group of minerals distinguished by their orthosilicate crystal structure containing elements such as iron and magnesium [1]. An example of this crystal structure is found in lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄). Nanocomposite cathodes utilizing LiFePO₄ generally comprise a blend of materials. LiFePO₄ (LFP) serves as the primary active material or matrix responsible for supplying lithium ions, alongside nanomaterials such as carbon additives, conductive polymers, or other relevant substances [34].

Nanotechnology has facilitated the utilization of LiFePO₄ and other metal phosphates as positive electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. Given their inherently low ionic and electronic conductivity, the integration of nanoparticles or particles coated with nanoscale conductive films becomes imperative to achieve the maximum charge storage capacity. Nevertheless, the compelling attributes of nanostructured LFP, including its cost-effectiveness, outstanding performance, and safety advantages, have positioned it as the preferred phosphate material. Consequently, it has become a focal point for extensive research and development within the industrial sector. Nanostructured materials for the cathode of lithium-ion batteries represent the core of significant advancements in efficient energy storage. Surface processes and transport kinetics play pivotal roles in these fundamental developments. Moreover, nanocomposite materials exhibit additional enhancements in properties when compared to their individual constituent phases.

Table 6. Nanocomposite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Category	Composition	Advantages	Challenges	Examples
Layered Oxides	Transition metal oxides with nanoscale reinforcements (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides).	High energy density, excellent rate capability, reduced electron and lithium-ion diffusion distances.	Complex synthesis processes, potential structural disorder, high cost of nanoscale reinforcements.	LiCoO2 nanocomposite with graphene or CNTs.
Spinels	Spinel crystal structures with nanostructures (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene, metal nanoparticles).	Robust structural stability, high cycling stability, good safety, and environmental sustainability.	Inhomogeneous morphology, irregular particle sizes, and low conductivity in conventional forms.	Nanochain-structured LiMn2O4 nanocomposite.
Olivines	Orthosilicate crystal structures (e.g., LiFePO4) blended with carbon additives, conductive polymers, or nanoscale coatings.	Cost-effective, safe, excellent thermal stability, and enhanced ionic and electronic conductivity.	Inherently low conductivity of base materials, requiring nanoscale coatings or additives.	Nanostructured LiFePO4 with carbon or conductive polymer coatings.

provides a summary of the three primary categories of nanocomposite cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: layered oxides, spinels, and olivines [35].

4.2. Role of Nanocomposites in Electrolytes and Separators

In lithium-ion batteries, the electrolyte plays a crucial role in enabling the seamless movement of lithium ions between the cathode and anode during electrochemical reactions. Typically, electrolyte materials for lithium-ion batteries can be classified into two categories: solid polymer electrolytes and liquid electrolytes. Solid polymer electrolytes exhibit superior performance compared to liquid electrolytes, yet they encounter processing challenges, primarily linked to potential toxicity issues. Despite their notable advantages, solid polymer electrolytes come with drawbacks such as physic-chemical incompatibility with the anode, resulting in diminished ion conductivity [36]. Liquid electrolytes maintain their dominance in the field of lithium-ion applications, primarily because solid polymer electrolytes face processing challenges related to poor chemical stability and potential toxicity. Despite the advantages offered by solid polymer electrolytes, their drawbacks, such as physic-chemical incompatibility with the anode, contribute to a reduction in ion conductivity, keeping liquid electrolytes as the prevalent choice.

Various types of nanocomposite electrolytes exist, one example being the incorporation of ceramic nanopowers (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, and TiO₂) into polyethylene electrolytes [36]. This addition has demonstrated an improved electrical conductivity in lithium-ion batteries. The utilization of smaller particles, when compared to pure polyethylene, could enhance dispersion. Furthermore, the integration of nanostructured additives plays a role in enhancing the physical stability of the solid polymer structure. Nanocomposite liquid electrolytes are a combination of liquid electrolytes with nanomaterials (graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, Nanostructured Ceramic Particles, and clay nanoparticles) to enhance the overall performance and safety of LIBs. The primary objective of the nanocomposite liquid electrolyte is to tackle challenges commonly linked with traditional liquid electrolytes, notably addressing concerns related to volatility and flammability.

In a notable instance, Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃(LATP) nanoparticles are seamlessly integrated with polyethylene through a solvent thermal technique, resulting in the formation of a solid composite electrolyte known as PEOLITFSI-LATP [37]. This amalgamation leads to the enhancement in electrochemical properties within the polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based electrolyte. Additionally, the exploration of methacrylate-functionalized SiO₂ (MA-SiO₂) nanoparticles in cross-linked composite gel polymer electrolytes reveals a significant improvement in cycling performance, particularly under heightened operating temperatures.

Nanomaterials play a crucial role in electrolytes by primarily improving the mass transport essential for the operation of lithium-ion batteries. The separator plays a crucial role in lithium-ion batteries by effectively segregating the anode and cathode electrodes. Simultaneously, it facilitates the movement of ions between these electrodes and promotes essential ionic transport within the battery. Presently, the primary components of lithium-ion separators predominantly comprise polyolefin materials, specifically polyethylene or polypropylene. The utilization of these materials encounters various challenges, primarily due to their low melting points and safety concerns. Polyethylene and polypropylene separators, in particular, exhibit relatively low melting points, with PE at 130 °C and PP at 160 °C [38]. These low melting points pose a significant risk of battery explosions in situations involving overheating or short circuits. Moreover, the hydrophobic nature and limited porosity of the existing separator materials give rise to challenges such as thermal shrinkage and wettability problems. To tackle these challenges, a practical solution involves integrating nanomaterials into LIB separators. This can be accomplished through the development of nanocomposites, which entail combining polymers with ceramics, or by applying nanoceramics coated onto polymer substrates. The use of nanocomposite material for separators improves the durability of LIB systems by reducing physical damage and preventing ion migration via crossover.

There are various nanocomposites used as separators in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), such as SiO₂ ceramic layers onto polypropylene (PP) separators. This application enhances rate capability, battery safety, coulombic efficiency, and mechanical strength. Additionally, it reduces thermal shrinkage. Another notable example is the Cellulose/PVDF-HFP Composite Non-woven, which serves as an advanced separator for LIBs. It offers high ionic conductivity, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. Furthermore, the incorporation of a ceramic coating with tailored porosity and engineered surface area is a common practice. Ceramic nanoparticles are coated using methods like dip-coating, automatic machining, and sol–gel techniques.

4.3. Advancements in Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies

Currently, investigations into lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are increasingly directed towards the creation of nanocomposite materials that emphasize multifunctional capabilities, scalability, and sustainability. The advancement of gradient-structured nanocomposites is a promising strategy for enhancing lithium-ion battery (LIB) technologies [39]. These materials exhibit a continuous variation in composition or properties throughout their structure, which optimizes lithium-ion diffusion pathways while simultaneously alleviating mechanical stress at the electrode–electrolyte interface. By customizing the structural and compositional gradients, these innovative nanocomposites can significantly improve electrochemical stability, ionic conductivity, and cycle life, thereby contributing to the development of next-generation high-performance LIB systems [39].

The advancement of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is increasingly dependent on the integration of self-healing and hybrid nanocomposites, which are essential for overcoming significant challenges related to durability and multifunctionality. Self-healing nanocomposites utilize materials such as synthetic polymers or metallic structures that can autonomously repair microstructural damage inflicted by mechanical stress or extended charge/discharge cycles. This capability not only restores electrical conductivity but also preserves structural integrity, thereby significantly prolonging the lifespan of LIBs [40]. On the other hand, hybrid nanocomposites combine materials with complementary properties to enhance both electrochemical and thermal performance. This strategic combination not only increases energy storage capacity but also facilitates effective thermal regulation, thereby reducing the risk of thermal runaway incidents [41].

Finally, the development of solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSBs) represents a promising area for the application of nanocomposites. Solid electrolytes that incorporate both ceramic and polymer phases exhibit exceptional ionic conductivity while retaining mechanical flexibility [42]. Moreover, advanced interfacial nanocomposites designed to mitigate dendrite formation are essential for the successful integration of high-capacity lithium metal anodes within SSBs. These innovations are critical for enhancing the performance and safety of next-generation battery technologies [43].

After investigating the role of nanocomposite materials in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, the next section will examine the practical applications of these advanced batteries in various industries.

5. Applications of Li-Ion Batteries Based on Nanocomposite Materials

Nowadays, the integration of nanocomposite materials has attracted considerable interest and stands out as a crucial breakthrough in the field of energy storage, specifically within the domain of lithium-ion batteries [44]. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries incorporating nanocomposite materials are widely utilized across diverse industries, revolutionizing energy storage solutions. Consequently, the utilization of these materials has transformed the realm of battery technology, heralding a new era of improved performance and efficiency.

The integration of nanocomposite materials into Li-ion batteries has numerous applications, ranging from small energy storage devices to large-scale solutions, emphasizing their extensive applicability across various contemporary industries. Medical Instruments, Mobile Devices, Aerospace Applications, Renewable Energy Storage Systems, and electric vehicles (EVs) exemplify key domains where nanocomposite-enhanced lithium-ion batteries play a vital role [44]. However, in this paragraph, we will specifically delve into the applications of Renewable Energy Storage Systems and electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to provide a detailed examination of their utilization and advancements in these key areas.

Cutting-edge nanocomposite materials have revolutionized the field of renewable energy storage technology, with a particular focus on lithium-ion batteries [45]. These enhanced batteries are recognized as ground-breaking solutions for efficiently storing clean energy, especially in solar energy systems. Lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in solar energy systems, serving as integral devices in this technology. They perform the essential function of storing excess energy generated during sunny periods. Subsequently, this stored energy is released during cloudy days or night-time, ensuring a continuous and reliable power supply. Furthermore, these batteries contribute to achieving grid independence, offering autonomy in energy supply, especially during grid outages. These batteries provide a prolonged lifespan and significant energy density, offering a dependable and resilient solution for solar energy systems.

On the other hand, lithium-ion batteries used in solar energy systems face specific challenges, notably, cycling instability and restricted rate capability. To tackle these issues, researchers have increasingly explored the potential of nanocomposite materials. These innovative materials aim to improve battery performance by rectifying concerns related to cycling stability and amplifying rate capability by optimizing electrode conductivity. Thus, opting for lithium-ion batteries empowered with nanocomposite materials in solar systems is a prudent choice for several compelling reasons. The incorporation of nanocomposite technology facilitates rapid charging for solar energy systems, reducing the time needed to replenish energy storage. This feature is especially advantageous during periods of intermittent sunlight, ensuring quick adaptation to changing weather conditions in the context of solar energy utilization. Further, the use of nanocomposite materials supports the development of a more streamlined and lighter battery design while maintaining optimal performance. This characteristic simplifies the installation process, rendering the solar system suitable for a range of applications, particularly on residential rooftops. Therefore, the solar system integrates nanocomposite lithium-ion batteries that utilize cutting-edge nanoscale materials. These materials elevate the battery’s overall performance, extending its lifespan and boosting energy density.

Nanocomposite technology not only guarantees dependable energy storage but also promotes the sustainability and eco-friendliness of the entire system. In the pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly transportation solutions, the electric vehicle (EV) sector has garnered significant attention [46]. As the demand for alternative fuel sources intensifies due to global warming concerns and fuel shortages, lithium-ion batteries have become a focal point for enhancing the performance of electric vehicles. The drawbacks of traditional electric vehicles, such as long charging times and large battery sizes, can be mitigated through the incorporation of nanocomposite materials in lithium-ion batteries. Nanomaterials, with their unique physical and chemical properties, hold the key to revolutionizing battery technology. These materials, whether spontaneously formed, synthesized, or engineered for specific tasks, offer increased performance and storage capacity while reducing the overall size of batteries.

Nanotechnology, with its ability to tailor materials to specific needs, has found applications across various sectors. In the realm of electric vehicles, nanomaterials play a crucial role in improving battery efficiency and addressing the challenges associated with EVs, such as long-distance travel and extended recharge periods. Lithium-ion batteries, with their inherent advantages over traditional nickel–metal hydride batteries, benefit from the integration of nanomaterials to enhance their performance. Nanocomposite materials, including carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, and vanadium oxide, have demonstrated the potential to optimize lithium-ion battery technology. These materials enable higher concentrations of lithium, resulting in increased power production and improved battery capabilities. The ongoing research in electrode compositions, such as nanowires and nanoparticles, aims to make batteries cost-effective and lightweight. Major automotive players, like Ford Motor Company, are actively exploring nanotechnology to create lighter vehicles, reducing energy consumption. Despite the promising strides in nanotechnology, the research is ongoing, with a focus on reducing costs and ensuring scalability for large-scale commercial applications.

6. Conclusions

In conclusion, the exploration of nanocomposite materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries has unveiled a promising avenue for significant advancements in performance parameters. The remarkable characteristics of lithium-ion batteries, with their widespread applications in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary energy storage, underscore the importance of continuous improvements in safety, cost efficiency, cycle life, energy density, and rate capability. The integration of nanocomposite materials, including carbon–oxide, polymer–oxide, and silicon-based nanocomposites, represents a crucial step towards achieving these goals.

While nanocomposite materials hold great promise, challenges such as high costs and scalability issues in commercial production still impede their widespread adoption. Overcoming these hurdles is imperative to fully harness the potential of nanocomposite-enhanced Li-ion batteries in various applications, including renewable energy systems and electric vehicles.

Nanotechnology not only improves the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries but also contributes to the development of eco-friendly and efficient electric vehicles. The integration of nanomaterials in battery technologies is not only limited to performance enhancement but also addresses environmental concerns, as evidenced by life cycle assessments conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The future of electric vehicles hinges on the continued advancements in nanocomposite materials, providing a path towards energy-efficient and sustainable transportation solutions. As the automotive industry evolves, the integration of nanotechnology in lithium-ion batteries stands as a pivotal step in the transition towards a greener and more efficient transportation landscape.