Batteries

17 pages, 5754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Performance Layered Oxides for Sodium-Ion Batteries Achieved through Combined Aluminum Substitution and Surface Treatment

by Mariya Kalapsazova, Rositsa Kukeva, Sonya Harizanova, Pavel Markov, Diana Nihtianova, Ekaterina Zhecheva and Radostina Stoyanova

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020144 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2564

Abstract

Layered sodium transition metal oxides belong to electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries that combine, in a better way, high performance with environmental requirements. However, their cycling stability is still far from desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a rational approach to control the cycling stability [...] Read more.

Layered sodium transition metal oxides belong to electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries that combine, in a better way, high performance with environmental requirements. However, their cycling stability is still far from desirable. Herein, we demonstrate a rational approach to control the cycling stability of sodium-deficient nickel manganese oxides, Na_2/3Ni_1/2Mn_1/2O₂, with two- and three-layer stacking through Al substitution and Al₂O₃ treatment. Layered Na_2/3Ni_1/2Mn_1/2O₂ oxide displays a limited ability to accommodate aluminum in its structure (i.e., up to 8 at. %). The substitution of Ni ions with electrochemically inactive Al³⁺ ions and keeping the amount of Mn ions in Na_2/3Ni_1/2−xAl_xMn_1/2O₂ leads to the stabilization of the two-layer stacking and favors the participation of lattice oxygen in the electrochemical reaction in addition to Ni ions. This results in an increase in the specific capacity of the Al-substituted oxides. Furthermore, the kinetics of the cationic migration between layers occurring during oxide cycling was manipulated by oxide morphology. The best cycling stability is observed for Na_2/3Ni_0.42Al_0.08Mn_1/2O₂ having a column-like morphology of stacked plate-like particles along the common faces. The treatment of the layered oxides with Al₂O₃ mitigates the Mn dissolution reaction during electrode cycling in the NaPF₆-based electrolyte, thus contributing to a high cycling stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Electrode Materials for Metal Batteries)

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21 pages, 5681 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Ammonium and Tetraalkylammonium Salts as Additives for Li Metal Electrodes

by Dario Di Cillo, Luca Bargnesi, Giampaolo Lacarbonara and Catia Arbizzani

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020142 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2675

Abstract

Lithium metal batteries are considered a promising technology to implement high energy density rechargeable systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of dendritic morphology is the basis of safety and performance issues and represents the main limiting factor for using lithium anodes in [...] Read more.

Lithium metal batteries are considered a promising technology to implement high energy density rechargeable systems beyond lithium-ion batteries. However, the development of dendritic morphology is the basis of safety and performance issues and represents the main limiting factor for using lithium anodes in commercial rechargeable batteries. In this study, the electrochemical behaviour of Li metal has been investigated in organic carbonate-based electrolytes by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements and deposition/stripping galvanostatic cycling. Low amounts of tetraalkylammonium hexafluorophosphate salts have been added to the electrolytes with the aim of regulating the lithium deposition/stripping process through the electrostatic shielding effect that improves the lithium deposition. The use of NH₄PF₆ also determined good lithium deposition/stripping performance due to the chemical modification of the native solid electrolyte interphase via direct reaction with lithium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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13 pages, 4613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Vanadium Permeability Membranes Based on Flexible Hydrophilic Side Chain Grafted Polybenzimidazole/Polymeric Ionic Liquid for VRFBs

by Xiaorui Wang, Shuang Wang, Dan Liang, Yinghe Cui, Xiaodong Wang, Zhipeng Yong, Fengxiang Liu and Zhe Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020141 - 20 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2254

Abstract

Based on amino polybenzimidazoles with flexible hydrophilic side chains (AmPBI-MOE) and polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), a series of composite membranes (AmPBI-MOE-PIL-X) were fabricated for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Here, 1-Bromo-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane was grafted onto amino polybenzimidazole (AmPBI) by the method of halogenated hydrocarbons, [...] Read more.

Based on amino polybenzimidazoles with flexible hydrophilic side chains (AmPBI-MOE) and polymeric ionic liquid (PIL), a series of composite membranes (AmPBI-MOE-PIL-X) were fabricated for vanadium redox flow battery applications. Here, 1-Bromo-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethane was grafted onto amino polybenzimidazole (AmPBI) by the method of halogenated hydrocarbons, and PIL was synthesized from ionic liquids by in situ radical polymerization to build a hydrogen-bonded cross-linked network within the film. The hydrophilic side chain improves the proton conductivity. With the increase in ionic liquids, the vanadium transmittance and the proton conductivity increase. The AmPBI-MOE-PIL-5 membrane not only exhibits a vanadium ions permeability of 0.88 × 10⁻⁹ cm² min⁻¹, which is much lower than Nafion117 (6.07 × 10⁻⁸ cm² min⁻¹), but also shows a very excellent blocking ability for vanadium ion. The AmPBI-MOE-PIL-5 membrane shows excellent performances at 60 mA cm⁻², with VE of 87.93% and EE of 82.87%, both higher than that of Nafion117 membrane in VRFB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promising Redox Flow Batteries)

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16 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Utilization of Charging Resources of Fast Charging Station with Opportunistic Electric Vehicle Users

by Konara Mudiyanselage Sandun Y. Konara, Mohan Lal Kolhe, Nils Ulltveit-Moe and Indika A. M. Balapuwaduge

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020140 - 19 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3229

Abstract

The key challenge with the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) is to optimally manage the available energy charging resources at EV fast-charging stations (FCSs). Furthermore, the rapid deployment of fast-charging stations provides a viable solution to the potential driving range anxiety and [...] Read more.

The key challenge with the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) is to optimally manage the available energy charging resources at EV fast-charging stations (FCSs). Furthermore, the rapid deployment of fast-charging stations provides a viable solution to the potential driving range anxiety and charging autonomy. Costly grid reinforcements due to extra load caused by fast charging can be omitted using a dedicated energy storage and/or renewable energy system at the FCS. The energy supply and fixed number of EV supply equipment (EVSE) are considered as the limited charging resources of FCS. Amidst various uncertainties associated with the EV charging process, how to optimally utilize limited charging resources with opportunistic ultra-fast charging EV users (UEVs) is studied in this work. This work proposes resource allocation and charging coordination strategies that facilitate UEVs to dynamically exploit these limited charging resources with defined liabilities when pre-scheduled users (SEVs) do not occupy them to utilize limited charging resources maximally. Moreover, the proposed dynamic charging coordination strategies are analyzed with a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The presented numerical results reveal that the major drawbacks of under-utilization of limited charging resources by SEVs can be significantly improved through dynamic charging resource allocation and coordination along with UEVs. With the proposed charging coordination strategies in this study, the maximum charging resource utilization of considered FCS with 10 EVSE has been improved to 90%, which bounds to 78% only with SEVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Transportation Electrification Key Applications: Battery Storage System, DC/DC Converter, Wireless Charging, Sensors)

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20 pages, 7869 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Switching on the Aging of High Energy Lithium-Ion Cells

by Xenia Straßer, Guy Williams Ngaleu, Christian Hanzl, Mohamed Azzam, Christian Endisch and Meinert Lewerenz

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020139 - 17 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2393

Abstract

An AC-battery or multilevel inverter used to increase safety and flexibility is realizable by switching the cells and modules on and off in a defined way and thus can replace the bidirectional converter. Assessing possible additional aging due to switching, the results of [...] Read more.

An AC-battery or multilevel inverter used to increase safety and flexibility is realizable by switching the cells and modules on and off in a defined way and thus can replace the bidirectional converter. Assessing possible additional aging due to switching, the results of a previous study for a high-power optimized cell showed no influence on the current rates or the switching. In this paper, a highly energy-optimized LG 18650-cell is investigated to discuss the influence of switching during the charge and discharge process, respectively, as well as combining both processes together with clear performance differences when applying higher charge and discharge currents. Moreover, the influence of switching is discussed for the two frequencies (50 Hz and 10 kHz) and different duty cycles. The aging is analyzed by capacity loss and resistance increase, by dV/dQ analysis, and by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We found no clear negative influence of switching but a positive effect if the cells are switched during charge. The best performance is found for switching during charge as well as during discharge. The cell aging during switching is clearly determined by the average and not the maximum current applied. This work shows no negative effects of multilevel inverter applications on the tested cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)

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12 pages, 3397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Si Content on Extreme Fast Charging Behavior in Silicon–Graphite Composite Anodes

by Zhenzhen Yang, Stephen E. Trask, Xianyang Wu and Brian J. Ingram

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020138 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6743

Abstract

Commercial Li-ion batteries typically incorporate a small amount of high-capacity silicon (Si)-based materials in the composite graphite-based anode to increase the energy density of the battery. However, very little is known about the effects of Si on the fast-charging behavior of composite anodes. [...] Read more.

Commercial Li-ion batteries typically incorporate a small amount of high-capacity silicon (Si)-based materials in the composite graphite-based anode to increase the energy density of the battery. However, very little is known about the effects of Si on the fast-charging behavior of composite anodes. Herein, we examine the effects of the Si/graphite ratio in the composite anode on the fast-charging behavior of full cells. We show that addition of Si increases the rate capability from 1C to 8C and improves the capacity retention in early cycles at 6C due to reduced overpotential in constant current charging cycles. The impacts of Si content on fast-charging aging were identified by Post-Test characterization. Despite realizing benefits of available capacity and reduced Li plating at 6C, silicon–electrolyte interactions lead the time-dependent cell performance to fade quickly in the long term. The Post-Test analysis also revealed the thickening of the electrode and nonuniform distribution of electrolyte decomposition products on the Si-containing anodes, as well as the organic-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), which are the factors behind cell degradation. Our study sheds insight on the advantages and disadvantages of Si/graphite composite anodes when they are used in fast-charging applications and guides further research in the area by designing an optimized composition of Si incorporated in a mature graphite matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond: Outlook on Present and Future)

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12 pages, 3663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Zr⁴⁺ on Lithium-Ion Conductivity of Garnet-Type Li_5+xLa₃(Nb_2−xZr_x)O₁₂ Solid Electrolytes

by Shirley Reis, Robson Grosso, Juliane Kosctiuk, Marianne Franchetti, Francisca Oliveira, Adler Souza, Cyrille Gonin, Heverson Freitas, Robson Monteiro, Luanna Parreira and Marcos Berton

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020137 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2468

Abstract

Garnet-type structured electrolytes are considered a key technology for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries such as all-solid-state batteries. Cubic Garnet-type solid oxides with composition Li_5+xLa₃(Nb_2−xZr_x)O₁₂ (x between 0 and 1.5) were synthesized [...] Read more.

Garnet-type structured electrolytes are considered a key technology for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries such as all-solid-state batteries. Cubic Garnet-type solid oxides with composition Li_5+xLa₃(Nb_2−xZr_x)O₁₂ (x between 0 and 1.5) were synthesized by solid-state reaction and sintered by spark plasma sintering. Powder characterization indicates the formation of solid solution with high chemical homogeneity and spherical particles. High relative densities (>96%) were obtained by spark plasma sintering at 950 °C for 10 min and pressure application of 50 MPa. Although the formation of secondary phase La₂Zr₂O₇ was identified by the X-ray diffraction patterns of Zr-doped pellets, it has been eliminated for x = 0.75 and 1 by conventional heat treatment at 850 °C for 1 h. High ionic conductivity values were attained for x ≥ 0.75, reaching a maximum value in the order of 10⁻⁴ S.cm⁻¹ at 25 °C with activation energy of 0.38 eV. The results indicated that Zr⁴⁺ promoted significant increasing of the lithium-ion conductivity by lowering the activation energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)

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16 pages, 3191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Charge Storage Mechanism of Li_xWO₃ Hexagonal Tungsten Bronze in Aqueous Electrolytes

by Julio César Espinosa-Angeles, Eric Quarez, Louis-Béni Mvele Eyé’a, Camille Douard, Antonella Iadecola, Hui Shao, Pierre-Louis Taberna, Patrice Simon, Olivier Crosnier and Thierry Brousse

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020136 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2352

Abstract

The electrochemical behavior of the lithium hexagonal tungsten bronze, Li_xWO₃, is investigated herein. The material was synthesized at a low temperature under hydrothermal conditions, yielding nanorod-like particles with growth along the c-axis. Upon cycling in a 5 M LiNO [...] Read more.

The electrochemical behavior of the lithium hexagonal tungsten bronze, Li_xWO₃, is investigated herein. The material was synthesized at a low temperature under hydrothermal conditions, yielding nanorod-like particles with growth along the c-axis. Upon cycling in a 5 M LiNO₃ aqueous electrolyte, a specific capacity of 71 C.g⁻¹ was obtained at 2 mV.s⁻¹, corresponding to a charge/discharge cycle of 10 min. The charge storage mechanism was elucidated using various complementary techniques, such as electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and synchrotron operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). A desolvation process upon Li⁺ intercalation into the lattice of the material was evidenced, accompanied by a reversible reduction/oxidation of tungsten cations in the crystal structure upon charge/discharge cycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Battery Materials)

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25 pages, 3249 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Renewable Electricity for Decarbonisation of Road Transport: Batteries or E-Fuels?

by Gianluca Pasini, Giovanni Lutzemberger and Lorenzo Ferrari

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020135 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5977

Abstract

Road transport is one of the most energy-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting sectors. Progressive decarbonisation of electricity generation could support the ambitious target of road vehicle climate neutrality in two different ways: direct electrification with onboard electrochemical storage or a change of [...] Read more.

Road transport is one of the most energy-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitting sectors. Progressive decarbonisation of electricity generation could support the ambitious target of road vehicle climate neutrality in two different ways: direct electrification with onboard electrochemical storage or a change of energy vector with e-fuels. The most promising, state-of-the-art electrochemical storages for road transport have been analysed considering current and future technologies (the most promising ones) whose use is assumed to occur within the next 10–15 years. Different e-fuels (e-hydrogen, e-methanol, e-diesel, e-ammonia, E-DME, and e-methane) and their production pathways have been reviewed and compared in terms of energy density, synthesis efficiency, and technology readiness level. A final energetic comparison between electrochemical storages and e-fuels has been carried out considering different powertrain architectures, highlighting the huge difference in efficiency for these competing solutions. E-fuels require 3–5 times more input energy and cause 3–5 times higher equivalent vehicle CO₂ emissions if the electricity is not entirely decarbonised. Full article

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18 pages, 7958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Bionic Fish Scale Channel for Optimizing Thermal Performance of Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management System

by Yutao Mu, Kai Gao, Pan Luo, Deng Ma, Haoran Chang and Ronghua Du

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020134 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2654

Abstract

Liquid cooling battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are prevalently used in electric vehicles (EVs). With the use of fast charging and high-power cells, there is an increasing demand on thermal performance. In this context, a bionic fish scale (BFS) channel structure optimization design [...] Read more.

Liquid cooling battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are prevalently used in electric vehicles (EVs). With the use of fast charging and high-power cells, there is an increasing demand on thermal performance. In this context, a bionic fish scale (BFS) channel structure optimization design method is proposed to optimize the thermal performance. The effects of different structural parameters of the liquid cooling plate in BTMS on its cooling performance, including BFS notch diameter (D), BFS notch depth (H), and BFS notch spacing (S), are investigated. To minimize the maximum temperature (

T_{m a x}

) and the maximum temperature difference (Δ

T_{m a x}

) as optimization indicators, experimental tests and numerical calculations are performed for a battery pack consisting of 36 square cells. Sixteen sets of thermal performance are discussed for different structural parameters in the transient thermal fluid simulation by using orthogonal tests. Under the optimal structural parameters,

T_{m a x}

decreases by 1.61 °C (10.8%) and Δ

T_{m a x}

decreases by 0.43 °C (16.7%). In addition, the maximum increase in outlet flow velocity is 2.72% and the pressure is reduced by 4.98%. Therefore, the proposed BTMS will have effective cooling performance in high-power dissipation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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14 pages, 3618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pom-Pom Flower-like Morphology of δ-MnO₂ with Superior Electrochemical Performances for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries

by Priya Yadav, Dimas Putro, Jaekook Kim and Alok Kumar Rai

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020133 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2771

Abstract

A rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery is an encouraging alternative for grid-scale energy storage applications, owing to its advantages of high safety, low cost, and environmental benignity. Since MnO₂ is found to be one of the most efficient intercalation cathode materials for ZIBs, [...] Read more.

A rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion battery is an encouraging alternative for grid-scale energy storage applications, owing to its advantages of high safety, low cost, and environmental benignity. Since MnO₂ is found to be one of the most efficient intercalation cathode materials for ZIBs, the layered type δ-MnO₂ polymorph exhibits reversible intercalation/de-intercalation of Zn²⁺ ions with a high capacity. Unfortunately, the δ-MnO₂ cathode suffers from poor cyclability, low-rate capability, and structural degradation during charge–discharge cycles. Therefore, δ-MnO₂ with Pom-Pom Flower-like morphology have been synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. The unique morphology of δ-MnO₂ provides a high surface area with numerous reaction sites, leading to excellent electrochemical performance. The obtained results revealed that the δ-MnO₂ electrode retained ~99% of its initial capacity even after 250 cycles, which can be ascribed to the reversible Zn²⁺ insertion/de-insertion from the current unique morphology of the layered δ-MnO₂ nanostructure. In addition, the electrochemical and structural investigation also indicates a two-step co-insertion of H⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions into the interlayer of δ-MnO₂ during the discharge process. Thus, the superior electrochemical performances of the δ-MnO₂ cathode paves a way for the high capacity and a long lifespan of zinc-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for Emerging Post-lithium Metal-Ion Batteries)

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21 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Introducing the Loewner Method as a Data-Driven and Regularization-Free Approach for the Distribution of Relaxation Times Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Tom Rüther, Ion Victor Gosea, Leonard Jahn, Athanasios C. Antoulas and Michael A. Danzer

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020132 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3475

Abstract

For the identification of processes in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, frequency data is often transferred into the time domain using the method of distribution of relaxation times (DRT). As this requires regularization due to the ill-conditioned optimization problem, the investigation [...] Read more.

For the identification of processes in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, frequency data is often transferred into the time domain using the method of distribution of relaxation times (DRT). As this requires regularization due to the ill-conditioned optimization problem, the investigation of data-driven methods becomes of interest. One promising approach is the Loewner method (LM), which has already had a number of applications in different fields of science but has not been applied to batteries yet. In this work, it is first deployed on synthetic data with predefined time constants and gains. The results are analyzed concerning the choice of model order, the type of processes , i.e., distributed and discrete, and the signal-to-noise ratio. Afterwards, the LM is used to identify and analyze the processes of a cylindrical LIB. To verify the results of this assessment a comparison is made with the generalized DRT at two different states of health of the LIB. It is shown that both methods lead to the same qualitative results. For the assignment of processes as well as for the interpretation of minor gains, the LM shows advantageous behavior, whereas the generalized DRT shows better results for the determination of lumped elements and resistive–inductive processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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23 pages, 3941 KiB

Open AccessReview

State Estimation Models of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Battery Management System: Status, Challenges, and Future Trends

by Long Zhou, Xin Lai, Bin Li, Yi Yao, Ming Yuan, Jiahui Weng and Yuejiu Zheng

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020131 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 13150

Abstract

The state estimation technology of lithium-ion batteries is one of the core functions elements of the battery management system (BMS), and it is an academic hotspot related to the functionality and safety of the battery for electric vehicles. This paper comprehensively reviews the [...] Read more.

The state estimation technology of lithium-ion batteries is one of the core functions elements of the battery management system (BMS), and it is an academic hotspot related to the functionality and safety of the battery for electric vehicles. This paper comprehensively reviews the research status, technical challenges, and development trends of state estimation of lithium-ion batteries. First, the key issues and technical challenges of battery state estimation are summarized from three aspects of characteristics, models, and algorithms, and the technical challenges in state estimation are deeply analyzed. Second, four typical battery states (state of health, state of charge, state of energy, and state of power) and their joint estimation methods are reviewed, and feasible estimation frameworks are proposed, respectively. Finally, the development trends of state estimation are prospected. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud networking have further reshaped battery state estimation, bringing new methods to estimate the state of the battery under complex and extreme operating conditions. The research results provide a valuable reference for battery state estimation in the next-generation battery management system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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12 pages, 2275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CO₂ Pressure-Dependent Microstructure and Morphology of Carbon for Energy Storage: Unraveling the Role of CO₂ in Green Synthesis of Carbon Materials

by Peng Li, Yun Chen, Chu Liang, Chengfu Zeng, Xiaoyu (Baohua) Zhang, Haichang Zhong, Wenxian Zhang, Xiaohua Zheng and Mingxia Gao

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020130 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

Advanced carbon materials have played an important function in the field of energy conversion and storage. The green and low-carbon synthesis of elemental carbon with controllable morphology and microstructure is the main problem for carbon materials. Herein, we develop a green and low-carbon [...] Read more.

Advanced carbon materials have played an important function in the field of energy conversion and storage. The green and low-carbon synthesis of elemental carbon with controllable morphology and microstructure is the main problem for carbon materials. Herein, we develop a green and low-carbon method to synthesize porous carbon by reacting CO₂ with LiAlH₄ at low temperatures. The starting reaction temperatures are as low as 142, 121, and 104 °C for LiAlH₄ reacting with 1, 30, and 60 bar CO₂, respectively. For the elemental carbon, the porosity of elemental carbon gradually decreased, whereas its graphitization degree increased as the CO₂ pressure increased from 1 bar to 60 bar. CO₂ serves as one of the two reactants and the CO₂ pressure can adjust the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the formation reaction for synthesizing elemental carbon. The mechanism for CO₂ pressure-dependent microstructure and morphology of carbon is discussed on the basis of the formation reaction of elemental carbon and gas blowing effect of H₂ and CO₂. The elemental carbon with different morphology and microstructure exhibits distinct electrochemical lithium storage performance including reversible capacity, rate capability, cycling stability, and Coulombic efficiency, owing to their different lithium storage mechanism. The elemental carbon synthesized at 30 bar CO₂ delivers the highest reversible capacity of 506 mAh g⁻¹ after 1000 cycles even at 1.0 A g⁻¹. Advanced energy storage technology based on the green and low-carbon synthesis of carbon materials is a requisite for providing a stable and sustainable energy supply to meet the ever-growing demand for energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon-Based Materials for Batteries)

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27 pages, 25177 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Data-Driven Battery Aging Mechanism Analysis and Degradation Pathway Prediction

by Ruilong Xu, Yujie Wang and Zonghai Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020129 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3810

Abstract

Capacity decline is the focus of traditional battery health estimation as it is a significant external manifestation of battery aging. However, it is difficult to depict the internal aging information in depth. To achieve the goal of deeper online diagnosis and accurate prediction [...] Read more.

Capacity decline is the focus of traditional battery health estimation as it is a significant external manifestation of battery aging. However, it is difficult to depict the internal aging information in depth. To achieve the goal of deeper online diagnosis and accurate prediction of battery aging, this paper proposes a data-driven battery aging mechanism analysis and degradation pathway prediction approach. Firstly, a non-destructive aging mechanism analysis method based on the open-circuit voltage model is proposed, where the internal aging modes are quantified through the marine predator algorithm. Secondly, through the design of multi-factor and multi-level orthogonal aging experiments, the dominant aging modes and critical aging factors affecting the battery capacity decay at different life phases are determined using statistical analysis methods. Thirdly, a data-driven multi-factor coupled battery aging mechanism prediction model is developed. Specifically, the Transformer network is designed to establish nonlinear relationships between factors and aging modes, and the regression-based data enhancement is performed to enhance the model generalization capability. To enhance the adaptability to variations in aging conditions, the model outputs are set to the increments of the aging modes. Finally, the experimental results verify that the proposed approach can achieve satisfactory performances under different aging conditions. Full article

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40 pages, 9047 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Thermal Behaviors and Thermal Management Systems for Supercapacitors

by Wei Zhou, Zhien Liu, Wan Chen, Xianzhong Sun, Maji Luo, Xiaohu Zhang, Chen Li, Yabin An, Shuang Song, Kai Wang and Xiong Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020128 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5385

Abstract

As a representative electrochemical energy storage device, supercapacitors (SCs) feature higher energy density than traditional capacitors and better power density and cycle life compared to lithium-ion batteries, which explains why they are extensively applied in the field of energy storage. While the available [...] Read more.

As a representative electrochemical energy storage device, supercapacitors (SCs) feature higher energy density than traditional capacitors and better power density and cycle life compared to lithium-ion batteries, which explains why they are extensively applied in the field of energy storage. While the available reviews are mainly concerned with component materials, state estimation, and industrial applications, there is a shortage of understanding of thermal behaviors and thermal management systems of SCs, which makes this review a timely aide for fulfilling this gap. This review introduces the energy storage mechanisms of SCs, followed by descriptions of current investigations of thermal behaviors. This covers the aspects of heat generation rates for electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs), together with reviewing existing experimental methods to measure and estimate heat generation rates, as well as comparative assessments of multiple heat generation rate models and research on thermal runaway. In addition, there are also overviews of current efforts by researchers in air cooling systems, liquid cooling systems, phase change material cooling systems, and heat pipe cooling systems. Finally, an in-depth discussion is provided regarding the challenges and future work directions for SCs in thermal behaviors and thermal management systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Supercapacitor)

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13 pages, 6106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Lithiophilic Three-Dimension Framework of Vertical CuO Nanorod Arrays Decorated Carbon Cloth for Dendrite-Free Li Metal Anode

by Kang Wang, Derong Liu, Ping Yu, Hongyu Gong, Xiaoping Jiang, Meng Gao and Dongwei Li

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020127 - 10 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2001

Abstract

An Li metal anode has been proposed as a promising candidate for high energy density electrode material. However, the direct use of Li metal can lead to uncontrollable dendrite growth and massive volume expansion, which generates severe safety hazards and hinders practical application. [...] Read more.

An Li metal anode has been proposed as a promising candidate for high energy density electrode material. However, the direct use of Li metal can lead to uncontrollable dendrite growth and massive volume expansion, which generates severe safety hazards and hinders practical application. Herein, we developed a novel Li anode by thermal infusion into three-dimensional (3D) carbon cloth (CC) modified with lithiophilic CuO nanorod arrays (denoted as Li@CuO−CC). The 3D CC offers sufficient space for Li storage and adequate electrolyte/electrode contact for fast charge transfer. The uniformly distributed CuO nanorod arrays can improve the lithiophilicity of CC and redistribute the Li-ion flux on the substrate, leading to uniform Li stripping/plating behavior. As a result, the Li@CuO−CC electrode exhibits a dendrite-free feature and superior cycling performance over 1000 h with low overpotential (12 mV) at a current density of 1 mA cm⁻² in the symmetrical cell without significant fluctuations. When coupled with an LiFePO₄ cathode, the full cell displays high specific capacity (133.8 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C), outstanding rate performance, and cycle stability (78.7% capacity retention after 600 cycles at 1 C). This work opens a new approach for the development of construction of an advanced anode for Li metal batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lithium Metal Batteries and Beyond)

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22 pages, 4151 KiB

Open AccessReview

Challenges and Future Prospects of the MXene-Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications

by Svitlana Nahirniak, Apurba Ray and Bilge Saruhan

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020126 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 8924

Abstract

In the past decade, MXenes, a new class of advanced functional 2D nanomaterials, have emerged among numerous types of electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. MXene and their composites have opened up an interesting new opportunity in the field of functional materials, [...] Read more.

In the past decade, MXenes, a new class of advanced functional 2D nanomaterials, have emerged among numerous types of electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices. MXene and their composites have opened up an interesting new opportunity in the field of functional materials, owing to their transition metal nitrides/carbides/carbonitride-based unique layered structures, higher electrical and thermal conductivity, higher charge carrier mobility, high negative zeta-potential, high mechanical properties, tunable bandgap, superior hydrophilicity, metallic nature and rich surface chemistry, which enhance the number of metal active redox sites on the surface and short ion diffusion path. However, in the case of electrochemical energy storage applications, the unavoidable problem of aggregation and nanosheet restacking significantly reduces the accessibility of the active surface sites of MXene materials for electrolyte ions. Currently, there is a number of research efforts devoted to solutions in order to avoid these deficits. This Review complies extensively with the recent advances in the application of MXene-based materials in the energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors. Particular attention is paid to the understanding of the relation of MXenes chemical composition, and morphology with their electrochemical performances. Moreover, the challenges of MXenes and MXene-based composited for the commercial application are considered and the ways to overcome their drawbacks are provided. Finally, opportunities given with MXenes for future research on novel energy storage materials are highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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20 pages, 5926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery Discharge Capacity by Integrating Optimized Explainable-AI and Stacked LSTM Model

by Vinay Vakharia, Milind Shah, Pranav Nair, Himanshu Borade, Pankaj Sahlot and Vishal Wankhede

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020125 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5254

Abstract

Accurate lithium-ion battery state of health evaluation is crucial for correctly operating and managing battery-based energy storage systems. Experimental determination is problematic in these applications since standard functioning is necessary. Machine learning techniques enable accurate and effective data-driven predictions in such situations. In [...] Read more.

Accurate lithium-ion battery state of health evaluation is crucial for correctly operating and managing battery-based energy storage systems. Experimental determination is problematic in these applications since standard functioning is necessary. Machine learning techniques enable accurate and effective data-driven predictions in such situations. In the present paper, an optimized explainable artificial intelligence (Ex-AI) model is proposed to predict the discharge capacity of the battery. In the initial stage, three deep learning (DL) models, stacked long short-term memory networks (stacked LSTMs), gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks, and stacked recurrent neural networks (SRNNs) were developed based on the training of six input features. Ex-AI was applied to identify the relevant features and further optimize Ex-AI operating parameters, and the jellyfish metaheuristic optimization technique was considered. The results reveal that discharge capacity was better predicted when the jellyfish-Ex-AI model was applied. A very low RMSE of 0.04, MAE of 0.60, and MAPE of 0.03 were observed with the Stacked-LSTM model, demonstrating our proposed methodology’s utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries Aging Mechanisms, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 7500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enabling Online Search and Fault Inference for Batteries Based on Knowledge Graph

by Zhengjie Zhang, Yefan Sun, Lisheng Zhang, Hanchao Cheng, Rui Cao, Xinhua Liu and Shichun Yang

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020124 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2355

Abstract

The safety of batteries has become a major obstacle to the promotion and application of electric vehicles, and the use of cloud-based vehicle practical big data to summarize the fault knowledge of batteries to improve product quality and reduce maintenance costs has attracted [...] Read more.

The safety of batteries has become a major obstacle to the promotion and application of electric vehicles, and the use of cloud-based vehicle practical big data to summarize the fault knowledge of batteries to improve product quality and reduce maintenance costs has attracted widespread attention from academia and industrial communities. In this paper, a method is proposed to construct the battery fault knowledge graph which supports online knowledge query and fault inference. Reliability models for battery undervoltage, inconsistency, and capacity loss are built based on cloud data, and are deployed and continuously updated in the cloud platform to accommodate the migration of the models to different battery products. A bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) neural network was established for knowledge extraction of fault logs, and the results were imported into Neo4j to form a battery fault knowledge graph. Finally, a fault knowledge online query front-end interface was built to conduct inference tests on battery faults of a manufacturer, which proves the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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14 pages, 3316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Ultrathin Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ Shell for Enhancing the Stability of Cobalt-Free Lithium-Rich Manganese Cathode Materials

by Yuhong Qiu, Xuefeng Peng, Lichun Zhou, Jie Yan, Yaochen Song, Linnan Bi, Xin Long, Liang He, Qingyu Xie, Sizhe Wang and Jiaxuan Liao

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020123 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2034

Abstract

Spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ was successfully prepared by the wet chemical method to modify the surface of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂. The results showed that an ultrathin spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ surface-modified [...] Read more.

Spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ was successfully prepared by the wet chemical method to modify the surface of Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂. The results showed that an ultrathin spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ surface-modified layer with a thickness of approximately 10 nm was successfully constructed on the raw material surface, and that the cationic order was improved. In addition, the lithium ion diffusion coefficients (D_Li⁺) of the raw materials and the modified materials were calculated using the EIS test and impedance fitting. The results indicated that the ultrathin Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ surface modification shell can increase the lithium ion diffusion rate of the material and improve the rate capability of the material. So, the surface modification layer of spinel Li₄Mn₅O₁₂ can reduce the oxygen loss of the first cycle and improve the cationic order of the material. Therefore, the first coulombic efficiency of Li₄Mn₅O₁₂/Li_1.2Ni_0.2Mn_0.6O₂ material at the current density of 12.5 mA·g⁻¹ reaches 80.46%, and the capacity retention rate reaches 91.74% after 50 cycles, which are 3.36% and 21.23% higher than those of the raw materials, respectively. It showed better electrochemical reversibility and cyclic stability. This study provides a straightforward and convenient modification method for improving the stability of cobalt-free lithium-rich manganese cathode materials and has a favorable application prospect. Full article

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21 pages, 1566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Experimental Design and Input Data Variation of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Model

by Robert Weber, Christina Schubert, Barbara Poisl and Karl-Heinz Pettinger

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020122 - 9 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are a fertile energy storage technology especially for customized storage applications with special energy and power requirements. The dimensioning and control of these storages is mostly calculated beforehand using battery models in embedded simulation structures. To cover various [...] Read more.

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are a fertile energy storage technology especially for customized storage applications with special energy and power requirements. The dimensioning and control of these storages is mostly calculated beforehand using battery models in embedded simulation structures. To cover various stack designs, chemistries, application strategies and system architectures, battery simulation models should be validated with different experimental input data and thus show universal functionality. In this study the functionality of a grey box VRFB model using current, voltage and state of charge (SOC) of a 10 kW/100 kWh VRFB as input data are validated for an adapted input data set using of a 5 kW/10 kWh VRFB. This model is designed for stationary applications of VRFB only. The contribution of this study is (i) to apply a suitable SOC conversion method to the raw data from the used 5 kW VRFB system, (ii) to adapt the modeling code for broader use and integration of the SOC conversion, (iii) to validate the functionality and (iv) to investigate the influence of constant current and constant voltage phases in the raw data on the accuracy of the model. A comparison of experimental data between different redox flow batteries shows that most VRFB measure the open circuit voltage (OCV) to calculate the SOC of the battery. Using the calculated SOC as an input data the proposed simulation model need to be adapted and a method is applied to use OCV input data for model validation. Although simulation models in general often assume linearity between SOC and OCV, the study showed sufficient accuracy using polynomic fitting of second order. Applying a parametrization process the results of the simulation model are compared to the raw data and the scope of application of the grey box VRFB model is defined. While using the dominant constant current phase for the charging and discharging cycle, the grey box simulation model has been sufficiently parametrized and validated for adapted input data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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36 pages, 4388 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of DC Fast Chargers with BESS for Electric Vehicles: Topology, Battery, Reliability Oriented Control and Cooling Perspectives

by Hakan Polat, Farzad Hosseinabadi, Md. Mahamudul Hasan, Sajib Chakraborty, Thomas Geury, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Steven Wilkins and Omar Hegazy

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020121 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 12352

Abstract

The global promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) through various incentives has led to a significant increase in their sales. However, the prolonged charging duration remains a significant hindrance to the widespread adoption of these vehicles and the broader electrification of transportation. While DC-fast [...] Read more.

The global promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) through various incentives has led to a significant increase in their sales. However, the prolonged charging duration remains a significant hindrance to the widespread adoption of these vehicles and the broader electrification of transportation. While DC-fast chargers have the potential to significantly reduce charging time, they also result in high power demands on the grid, which can lead to power quality issues and congestion. One solution to this problem is the integration of a battery energy storage system (BESS) to decrease peak power demand on the grid. This paper presents a review of the state-of-the-art use of DC-fast chargers coupled with a BESS. The focus of the paper is on industrial charger architectures and topologies. Additionally, this paper presents various reliability-oriented design methods, prognostic health monitoring techniques, and low-level/system-level control methods. Special emphasis is placed on strategies that can increase the lifetime of these systems. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing various cooling methods for power electronics and stationary/EV batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Charging Systems and Charging Management Strategies for Battery Electric Vehicles)

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21 pages, 5145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithium-Ion Battery State of Health Estimation with Multi-Feature Collaborative Analysis and Deep Learning Method

by Xianbin Yang, Bin Ma, Haicheng Xie, Wentao Wang, Bosong Zou, Fengwei Liang, Xiao Hua, Xinhua Liu and Siyan Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020120 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5404

Abstract

The accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) is crucial for the dependability and safety of battery management systems (BMS). The generality of existing SOH estimation methods is limited as they tend to primarily consider information from single-source features. Therefore, a [...] Read more.

The accurate estimation of the battery state of health (SOH) is crucial for the dependability and safety of battery management systems (BMS). The generality of existing SOH estimation methods is limited as they tend to primarily consider information from single-source features. Therefore, a novel method for integrating multi-feature collaborative analysis with deep learning-based approaches is proposed in this research. First, several battery degradation features are obtained through differential thermal voltammetry (DTV) analysis, singular value decomposition (SVD), incremental capacity analysis (ICA), and terminal voltage characteristic (TVC) analysis. The features highly related to SOH are selected as inputs for the deep learning model based on the results of a Pearson correlation analysis. The SOH estimation is achieved by developing a deep learning framework cored by long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network (NN), which integrates multi-source features as an input. A suggested method is validated using NASA and Oxford Battery Degradation datasets. The results demonstrate that the presented model provides great SOH estimation accuracy and generality, where the maximum root mean square error (RMSE) is less than 1%. Based on a cloud computing platform, the proposed method can be applied to provide a real-time prediction of battery health, with the potential to enhance battery full lifespan management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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19 pages, 2303 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Biofuel Cells and Biobatteries: Misconceptions, Opportunities, and Challenges

by Seokheun Choi

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020119 - 8 Feb 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7480

Abstract

Biofuel cells have been in the spotlight for the past century because of their potential and promise as a unique platform for sustainable energy harvesting from the human body and the environment. Because biofuel cells are typically developed in a small platform serving [...] Read more.

Biofuel cells have been in the spotlight for the past century because of their potential and promise as a unique platform for sustainable energy harvesting from the human body and the environment. Because biofuel cells are typically developed in a small platform serving as a primary battery with limited fuel or as a rechargeable battery with repeated refueling, they have been interchangeably named biobatteries. Despite continuous advancements and creative proof-of-concept, however, the technique has been mired in its infancy for the past 100 years, which has provoked increasing doubts about its commercial viability. Low performance, instability, difficulties in operation, and unreliable and inconsistent power generation question the sustainable development of biofuel cells. However, the advancement in bioelectrocatalysis revolutionizes the electricity-producing capability of biofuel cells, promising an attractive, practical technique for specific applications. This perspective article will identify the misconceptions about biofuel cells that have led us in the wrong development direction and revisit their potential applications that can be realizable soon. Then, it will discuss the critical challenges that need to be immediately addressed for the commercialization of the selected applications. Finally, potential solutions will be provided. The article is intended to inspire the community so that fruitful commercial products can be developed soon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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13 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Carbon-Coated Si Nanoparticles Anchored on Three-Dimensional Carbon Nanotube Matrix for High-Energy Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Hua Fang, Qingsong Liu, Xiaohua Feng, Ji Yan, Lixia Wang, Linghao He, Linsen Zhang and Guoqing Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020118 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2874

Abstract

An easy and scalable synthetic route was proposed for synthesis of a high-energy stable anode material composed of carbon-coated Si nanoparticles (NPs, 80 nm) confined in a three-dimensional (3D) network-structured conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix (Si/CNT@C). The Si/CNT@C composite was fabricated via in [...] Read more.

An easy and scalable synthetic route was proposed for synthesis of a high-energy stable anode material composed of carbon-coated Si nanoparticles (NPs, 80 nm) confined in a three-dimensional (3D) network-structured conductive carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix (Si/CNT@C). The Si/CNT@C composite was fabricated via in situ polymerization of resorcinol formaldehyde (RF) resin in the co-existence of Si NPs and CNTs, followed by carbonization at 700 °C. The RF resin-derived carbon shell (~10 nm) was wrapped on the Si NPs and CNTs surface, welding the Si NPs to the sidewall of the interconnected CNTs matrix to avoid Si NP agglomeration. The unique 3D architecture provides a highway for Li⁺ ion diffusion and electron transportation to allow the fast lithiation/delithiation of the Si NPs; buffers the volume fluctuation of Si NPs; and stabilizes solid–electrolyte interphase film. As expected, the obtained Si/CNT@C hybrid exhibited excellent lithium storage performances. An initial discharge capacity of 1925 mAh g⁻¹ was achieved at 0.1 A g⁻¹ and retained as 1106 mAh g⁻¹ after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g⁻¹. The reversible capacity was retained at 827 mAh g⁻¹ when the current density was increased to 1 A g⁻¹. The Si/CNT@C possessed a high Si content of 62.8 wt%, facilitating its commercial application. Accordingly, this work provides a promising exploration of Si-based anode materials for high-energy stable lithium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries)

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20 pages, 4590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Frequency Regulation Characteristics and Control Strategy of Wind Power Generation with Energy Storage Synergy

by Jianlin Li, Dixi Xin, Chang’an Liu, Xiaohui Hou and Donghui Li

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020117 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

With the high penetration of wind power, the power system has put forward technical requirements for the frequency regulation capability of wind farms. Due to the energy storage system’s fast response and flexible control characteristics, the synergistic participation of wind power and energy [...] Read more.

With the high penetration of wind power, the power system has put forward technical requirements for the frequency regulation capability of wind farms. Due to the energy storage system’s fast response and flexible control characteristics, the synergistic participation of wind power and energy storage in frequency regulation is valuable for research. This paper established a frequency characteristic model of a power system, including wind power and energy storage, and analyzed the influence of different frequency regulation methods on system stability. Based on the established model, a fuzzy PID-based energy management strategy was designed for different disturbance scenarios, which offered the advantages of simple parameter design and easy online operation of the project. This paper used a case based on the actual parameters for verification. The energy storage, rated at 10% of the wind farm’s rated power, provided 56% frequency drop suppression and 89% frequency fluctuation rate suppression, according to the proposed model in this paper. The proposed fuzzy PID control strategy achieved adaptive control of the controller parameters under strong disturbances and was able to provide an additional frequency rejection capability of 10–25%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Management in Renewable Energy Systems)

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19 pages, 4960 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress in Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials for Li-Ion and Na-Ion Batteries—A Review

by Palanivel Molaiyan, Glaydson Simões Dos Reis, Diwakar Karuppiah, Chandrasekar M. Subramaniyam, Flaviano García-Alvarado and Ulla Lassi

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020116 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 8177

Abstract

Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such [...] Read more.

Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil deposits. Biomass-derived carbon materials are extensively researched as efficient and sustainable anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs. The main purpose of this perspective is to brief the use of biomass residues for the preparation of carbon anodes for LIBs and NIBs annexed to the biomass-derived carbon physicochemical structures and their aligned electrochemical properties. In addition, an outlook and some challenges faced in this promising area of research is presented. This review enlightens the readers with valuable insights and a reasonable understanding of issues and challenges faced in the preparation, physicochemical properties, and application of biomass-derived carbon materials as anode candidates for LIBs and NIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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12 pages, 1555 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Initial Structure on Performance of High-Entropy Oxide Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

by Otavio J. B. J. Marques, Michael D. Walter, Elena V. Timofeeva and Carlo U. Segre

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020115 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2783

Abstract

Two different high-entropy oxide materials were synthesized and studied as Li-ion battery anodes. The two materials have the same active metal constituents but different inactive elements which result in different initial crystalline structures: rock salt for (MgFeCoNiZn)O and spinel for (TiFeCoNiZn)

_{3}

O [...] Read more.

Two different high-entropy oxide materials were synthesized and studied as Li-ion battery anodes. The two materials have the same active metal constituents but different inactive elements which result in different initial crystalline structures: rock salt for (MgFeCoNiZn)O and spinel for (TiFeCoNiZn)

_{3}

O

_{4}

. Local structural studies of the metal elements in these two materials over extended electrochemical cycling reveal that the redox processes responsible for the electrode capacity are independent of the initial crystallographic structure and that the capacity is solely dependent on the initial random distribution of the metal atoms and the amount of active metals in the starting material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries)

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20 pages, 5068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

End-Cloud Collaboration Approach for State-of-Charge Estimation in Lithium Batteries Using CNN-LSTM and UKF

by Wentao Wang, Bin Ma, Xiao Hua, Bosong Zou, Lisheng Zhang, Hanqing Yu, Kaiyi Yang, Shichun Yang and Xinhua Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020114 - 6 Feb 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3024

Abstract

The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) plays a crucial role in ensuring the range of electric vehicles (EVs) and the reliability of the EVs battery. However, due to the dynamic working conditions in the implementation of EVs and the limitation [...] Read more.

The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) plays a crucial role in ensuring the range of electric vehicles (EVs) and the reliability of the EVs battery. However, due to the dynamic working conditions in the implementation of EVs and the limitation of the onboard BMS computational force, it is challenging to achieve a reliable, high-accuracy and real-time online battery SOC estimation under diverse working scenarios. Therefore, this study proposes an end-cloud collaboration approach of lithium-ion batteries online estimate SOC. On the cloud-side, a deep learning model constructed based on CNN-LSTM is deployed, and on the end-side, the coulomb counting method and Kalman’s filter are deployed. The estimation results at both sides are fused through the Kalman filtering algorithm, realizing high-accuracy and real-time online estimation of SOC. The proposed approach is evaluated with three dynamic driving profiles and the results demonstrate the proposed approach has high accuracy under different temperatures and initial errors, where the root means square error (RMSE) is lower than 1.5% and the maximum error is lower than 5%. Furthermore, this method could achieve high-accuracy and real-time SOC online estimation under the cyber hierarchy and interactional network (CHAIN) framework and can be extended to multi-state collaborative online estimation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)

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