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Agriculture
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Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions

A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Crop Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2021) | Viewed by 26927

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fumiaki Takakai

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Aza Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita 010-0195, Japan
Interests: crop productivity; greenhouse gas emission; nutrient budget; paddy-upland rotation
Dr. Yo Toma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
Interests: nutrient cycling; bioresource; plant production; carbon sequestration; organic matter decomposition; greenhouse gas emission; global warming; climate change; organic farming
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the world’s population grows, the increasing of food production becomes an urgent issue. In particular, since rice farming supports a large population, it is important to maintain and/or improve its productivity. On the other hand, promotion of crop production activities enhances environmental loads such as greenhouse gas emissions. Rice paddies, in particular, are a major source of atmospheric methane. In addition, rice farming is currently facing a wide variety of issues, including soil degradation, climate change, shortage of water resources, and adverse effects on the environment and ecosystems due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and agrochemicals. In order to establish sustainable rice farming technology, measures to address these issues need to be gathered and comprehensively evaluated. Cultivation management of rice varies greatly depending on the region and climate, and the technology of sustainable rice farming also differs. Therefore, we would like to invite papers on sustainable rice farming and greenhouse gas emissions from a wide range of regions and countries to this Special Issue. All types of articles, such as original research, opinions, and reviews are welcome.

Dr. Fumiaki Takakai
Dr. Yo Toma
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Agriculture is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rice productivity
  • product quality
  • environmental conservation
  • tillage
  • variety selection
  • fertilization
  • water management
  • pest and weed control
  • methane
  • nitrous oxide
  • carbon dioxide
  • soil carbon sequestration
  • soil characteristics
  • soil fertility
  • nutrient budget
  • organic farming
  • system of rice intensification (SRI)
  • paddy-upland rotation
  • organic matter management
  • soil amendment materials
  • biochar
  • climate change

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 1452 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Autumn Incorporation of Rice Straw and Application of Lime Nitrogen on Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Rice Growth of a High-Yielding Paddy Field in a Cool-Temperate Region in Japan
by Fumiaki Takakai, Mimori Goto, Haruki Watanabe, Keiko Hatakeyama, Kentaro Yasuda, Takashi Sato and Yoshihiro Kaneta
Agriculture 2021, 11(12), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121298 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3888
Abstract
The effects of autumn plowing and lime nitrogen application on rice straw decomposition, CH4 and N2O emission and rice growth in the following year in a high-yielding rice cultivated paddy field were evaluated for two years. The experimental plots were [...] Read more.
The effects of autumn plowing and lime nitrogen application on rice straw decomposition, CH4 and N2O emission and rice growth in the following year in a high-yielding rice cultivated paddy field were evaluated for two years. The experimental plots were set up, combining different times of rice straw (750 g m−2) incorporation into the soil by plowing (autumn or the following spring), with and without lime nitrogen application in autumn (5 g-N m−2). Autumn plowing promoted the decomposition of rice straw, but the application of lime nitrogen did not show a consistent trend. The soil pH was high (7.3) at the studied site, and the alkaline effect of lime nitrogen may not have been significant. As with straw decomposition, CH4 emissions were suppressed by autumn plowing, and no effect from the lime nitrogen application was observed. It was also suggested that the straw decomposition period may be shorter and the CH4 emissions may be higher in high-yielding cultivars that require a longer ripening period than in normal cultivars. The effect of both treatments on N2O emission was not clear. Both the autumn plowing of rice straw and lime nitrogen application were effective in promoting rice growth and increasing rice yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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14 pages, 2974 KiB  
Article
The Study of Chicken Manure and Steel Slag Amelioration to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emission in Rice Cultivation
by Muhammad Iqbal Fauzan, Syaiful Anwar, Budi Nugroho, Hideto Ueno and Yo Toma
Agriculture 2021, 11(7), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11070661 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3741
Abstract
Organic matter, fertilizers, and soil amendments are essential for sustainable agricultural practices to guarantee soil productivity. However, these materials can increase the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CH4 and N2O. Thus, technologies for reducing GHG emissions in concert [...] Read more.
Organic matter, fertilizers, and soil amendments are essential for sustainable agricultural practices to guarantee soil productivity. However, these materials can increase the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as CH4 and N2O. Thus, technologies for reducing GHG emissions in concert with the increase in rice production from rice fields are needed. The objectives of this study were to determine the best chicken manure (CM) and steel slag (SS) combination to mitigate CH4, N2O, and CO2 emissions in an incubation experiment, to identify the best CM:SS ameliorant mixture to mitigate CH4 and N2O, and to evaluate dry biomass and grain yield in a pot experiment. A randomized block design was established with four treatments, namely conventional (chemical fertilizer only) and three combinations of different ratios of CM and SS (1:1, 1:1.5, and 1:2.5), with five replications in a pot experiment. CM:SS (1:2.5) was identified as the best treatment for mitigating CH4, N2O, and CO2 in the incubation experiment. However, CM:SS (1:1.5) was the best CM and SS ameliorant for mitigating CH4 and N2O in the pot experiment. The global warming potential of CH4 and N2O revealed that CM:SS (1:1.5) had the lowest value. None of the combinations of CM and SS significantly increased dry biomass and grain yield. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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16 pages, 1246 KiB  
Article
Effect of Paddy-Upland Rotation System on the Net Greenhouse Gas Balance as the Sum of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Soil Carbon Storage: A Case in Western Japan
by Hiroyuki Hasukawa, Yumi Inoda, Satoshi Toritsuka, Shigeto Sudo, Noriko Oura, Tomohito Sano, Yasuhito Shirato and Junta Yanai
Agriculture 2021, 11(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010052 - 10 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4204
Abstract
To investigate the effect of paddy-upland (PU) rotation system on greenhouse gas emissions, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were monitored for three years for a PU rotation field (four cultivations (wheat-soybean-rice-rice) over three years) and continuous paddy [...] Read more.
To investigate the effect of paddy-upland (PU) rotation system on greenhouse gas emissions, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were monitored for three years for a PU rotation field (four cultivations (wheat-soybean-rice-rice) over three years) and continuous paddy (CP) field on alluvial soil in western Japan. Soil carbon storage was also calculated using an improved Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model. The net greenhouse gas balance was finally evaluated as the sum of CO2eq of the CH4, N2O and changes in soil carbon storage. The average CH4 emissions were significantly lower and the average N2O emissions were significantly higher in the PU field than those in the CP field (p < 0.01). On CO2 equivalent basis, CH4 emissions were much higher than N2O emission. In total, the average CO2eq emissions of CH4 plus N2O in the PU field (1.81 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) were significantly lower than those in the CP field (7.42 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1) (p < 0.01). The RothC model revealed that the changes in soil carbon storage corresponded to CO2eq emissions of 0.57 and 0.09 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 in the both fields, respectively. Consequently, the net greenhouse gas balance in the PU and CP fields were estimated to be 2.38 and 7.51 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1, respectively, suggesting a 68% reduction in the PU system. In conclusion, PU rotation system can be regarded as one type of the climate-smart soil management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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16 pages, 2668 KiB  
Article
Field Validation of the DNDC-Rice Model for Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Double-Cropping Paddy Rice under Different Irrigation Practices in Tamil Nadu, India
by Aung Zaw Oo, Shigeto Sudo, Tamon Fumoto, Kazuyuki Inubushi, Keisuke Ono, Akinori Yamamoto, Sonoko D. Bellingrath-Kimura, Khin Thuzar Win, Chellappan Umamageswari, Kaliappan Sathiya Bama, Marimuthj Raju, Koothan Vanitha, Palanisamy Elayakumar, Venkatachalam Ravi and Vellaisamy Ambethgar
Agriculture 2020, 10(8), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080355 - 13 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5943
Abstract
Two-year field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate the effect of continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation strategies on rice grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions from double-cropping paddy rice. [...] Read more.
Two-year field experiments were conducted at Tamil Nadu Rice Research Institute, Aduthurai, Tamil Nadu, India, to evaluate the effect of continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation strategies on rice grain yield and greenhouse gas emissions from double-cropping paddy rice. Field observation results showed that AWD irrigation was found to reduce the total seasonal methane (CH4) emission by 22.3% to 56.2% compared with CF while maintaining rice yield. By using the observed two-year field data, validation of the DNDC-Rice model was conducted for CF and AWD practices. The model overestimated rice grain yield by 24% and 29% in CF and AWD, respectively, averaged over the rice-growing seasons compared to observed values. The simulated seasonal CH4 emissions for CF were 6.4% lower and 4.2% higher than observed values and for AWD were 9.3% and 12.7% lower in the summer and monsoon season, respectively. The relative deviation of simulated seasonal nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from observed emissions in CF were 27% and −35% and in AWD were 267% and 234% in the summer and monsoon season, respectively. Although the DNDC-Rice model reasonably estimated the total CH4 emission in CF and reproduced the mitigation effect of AWD treatment on CH4 emissions well, the model did not adequately predict the total N2O emission under water-saving irrigation. In terms of global warming potential (GWP), nevertheless there was a good agreement between the simulated and observed values for both CF and AWD irrigations due to smaller contributions of N2O to the GWP compared with that of CH4. This study showed that the DNDC-Rice model could be used for the estimation of CH4 emissions, the primary source of GWP from double-cropping paddy rice under different water management conditions in the tropical regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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19 pages, 2378 KiB  
Article
Potential of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Practices for the Mitigation of GHG Emissions from Rice Fields: Two Cases in Central Luzon (Philippines)
by Björn Ole Sander, Pia Schneider, Ryan Romasanta, Kristine Samoy-Pascual, Evangeline B. Sibayan, Constancio A. Asis and Reiner Wassmann
Agriculture 2020, 10(8), 350; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10080350 - 12 Aug 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7807
Abstract
Reducing methane (CH4) emission from paddy rice production is an important target for many Asian countries in order to comply with their climate policy commitments. National greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory approaches like the Tier-2 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate [...] Read more.
Reducing methane (CH4) emission from paddy rice production is an important target for many Asian countries in order to comply with their climate policy commitments. National greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory approaches like the Tier-2 approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are useful to assess country-scale emissions from the agricultural sector. In paddy rice, alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a promising and well-studied water management technique which, as shown in experimental studies, can effectively reduce CH4 emissions. However, so far little is known about GHG emission rates under AWD when the technique is fully controlled by farmers. This study assesses CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes under continuous flooded (CF) and AWD treatments for seven subsequent seasons on farmers’ fields in a pumped irrigation system in Central Luzon, Philippines. Under AWD management, CH4 emissions were substantially reduced (73% in dry season (DS), 21% in wet season (WS)). In all treatments, CH4 is the major contributor to the total GHG emission and is, thus, identified as the driving force to the global warming potential (GWP). The contribution of N2O emissions to the GWP was higher in CF than in AWD, however, these only offset 15% of the decrease in CH4 emission and, therefore, did not jeopardize the strong reduction in the GWP. The study proves the feasibility of AWD under farmers’ management as well as the intended mitigation effect. Resulting from this study, it is recommended to incentivize dissemination strategies in order to improve the effectiveness of mitigation initiatives. A comparison of single CH4 emissions to calculated emissions with the IPCC Tier-2 inventory approach identified that, although averaged values showed a sufficient degree of accuracy, fluctuations for single measurement points have high variation which limit the use of the method for field-level assessments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Rice Farming and Greenhouse Gas Emissions)
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