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Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions

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A special issue of Agriculture (ISSN 2077-0472). This special issue belongs to the section "Farm Animal Production".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2025 | Viewed by 10111

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Prof. Dr. Daniel Simeanu

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Department of Food, Expertise and Services, Faculty of Food and Animal Sciences, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Sciences Iasi, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania
Interests: nutrition; animal productions; animal husbandry; feed and food quality; developing novel food
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Dear Colleagues,

Animal farming is presently facing a double challenge, consisting of, on the one hand, ensuring food safety and security to a continuously increasing population, and, on the other, keeping production sustainable and environmental friendly. Also, the circular economy presents an opportunity to develop conventional farming technologies step by step via the use of modern and alternative production systems, relying on biotechnologies or on re-inventing traditional farming practices. This Special Issue focuses on the innovation, development, and assessment of conventional animal farming technology towards improved production systems that must become more and more sustainable. Research articles will dwell on the influence of certain factors implemented at the farm level (nutrition, reproduction, genetics, housing, technological endorsement, management, hygiene, etc.) on the conventional and alternative farming system conditions of certain species, such as large and small ruminants, horses, poultry, swine, rabbit, and honey bees, particularly in terms of their yielding performance and on the quality and safety of animal products. Moreover, the adaptability of certain animal populations to new farming conditions can be approached under the circumstances of recent ethical challenges relating to animal welfare and non-conventional manners of producing animal-originated foods

Prof. Dr. Daniel Simeanu
Guest Editor

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Keywords

ruminants
monogastrics
nutrition
housing
genetics
reproduction
food quality and safety
yield increase
sustainability
circular agriculture
welfare
biotechnologies

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ecological Sea Buckthorn Powder Supplementation on Egg Production and Quality in Free-Range Moravia Black Hens

by Alexandru Usturoi, Marius-Gheorghe Doliș, Roxana-Nicoleta Rațu, Cristina Simeanu, Florin Baltag, Cătălin-Emilian Nistor, Claudia Pânzaru, Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu, Mădălina Alexandra Davidescu and Marius-Giorgi Usturoi

Agriculture 2025, 15(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010104 - 5 Jan 2025

Viewed by 574

Abstract

The growing demand for sustainable and healthier egg production systems, combined with the need to reduce the use of synthetic additives in poultry feed, has led to an increased interest in natural feed supplements. This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with ecological sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) powder on the performance and egg quality of 600 laying hens of the Moravia Black breed, raised in a free-range system. Three groups were included: one control group with standard feed and two experimental groups supplemented with 1% and 2% sea buckthorn powder. Over 11 weeks, parameters such as egg production, feed consumption, and egg quality, including egg weight, volume, shell thickness, and yolk color, were monitored. The 2% supplementation significantly improved egg production, egg weight, shell strength, and yolk carotenoid content, with stable feed consumption and negligible mortality, confirming the additive’s safety. These results highlight the potential of sea buckthorn powder as a natural feed additive to enhance poultry productivity and product quality, supporting sustainable and healthier egg production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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17 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mycotoxicological Assessment of Broiler Compound Feed: A Multi-Year Analysis of Five Mycotoxins in a Romanian Feed Mill

by Dragoș Mihai Lăpușneanu, Silvia-Ioana Petrescu, Cristina-Gabriela Radu-Rusu, Mădălina Matei and Ioan Mircea Pop

Agriculture 2025, 15(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15010084 - 2 Jan 2025

Viewed by 546

Abstract

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi that cause massive agricultural losses worldwide and constitute a significant health problem for humans and animals. The aim of this five-year study was to investigate the contamination of compound feed for broiler chickens at all stages (starter, grower and finisher) from a feed mill in Romania with mycotoxins such as total aflatoxins (AFT), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUMs), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN). AFT was detected in 49.3–72.2% of the samples with concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 5.2 µg/kg. DON was detected in 77.6–98.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations ranging from 330 to 1740 µg/kg. FUM contamination ranged from 42.7% to 87.2%, with maximum levels between 460 and 1400 µg/kg. OTA was present in 44.2–87.9% of the samples, with maximum concentrations reaching 21.4 µg/kg. ZEN was consistently elevated at all feeding stages, being detected in 86.5–97.4% of the samples, with maximum levels of 89.4 µg/kg. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was common in the samples, with the most common combination of four mycotoxins occurring in 38.51% of the samples. Samples were collected from storage bunkers, homogenised and analysed in certified laboratories, with sampling procedures varying according to batch size to ensure representativeness. Investigation of the transfer of mycotoxins into animal products and the combined effects of mycotoxins on animal health, including potential synergistic or antagonistic interactions, is particularly relevant. This study emphasises the essential role of comprehensive and continuous monitoring of mycotoxins in protecting animal health and food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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17 pages, 7326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Endangered Transylvanian Pinzgau Cattle: A Key Resource for Biodiversity Conservation and the Sustainability of Livestock Production

by Mădălina-Alexandra Davidescu, Claudia Pânzaru, Bianca-Maria Mădescu, Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu, Marius Gheorghe Doliș, Cristina Simeanu, Alexandru Usturoi, Andrei Ciobanu and Șteofil Creangă

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122234 - 6 Dec 2024

Viewed by 735

Abstract

Animal biodiversity is essential for maintaining the functionality of local food systems and ensuring sustainable livelihoods. Starting in 2000, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (F.A.O.) has drawn attention to the decline in cattle populations, including the Transylvanian Pinzgau breed from Romania. Renowned for its hardiness, adaptability, and enhanced resistance to diseases and climate change, the Transylvanian Pinzgau is regarded as an important genetic asset for advancing livestock production. As a result, tracking genetic diversity has become a key focus in breeding programs, particularly for small, endangered local populations that play a vital role in regional agro-ecological systems. This research paper sought to assess the genetic diversity of a group of 24 head of cattle from the Transylvania region by analyzing two mtDNA markers, cytochrome b and D-loop sequences, both widely recognized for their relevance and importance in the analysis of genetic diversity of cattle and phylogenetic studies. The findings, derived through statistical analysis of nucleotide sequences using specialized software, indicated that the analyzed cattle are part of the ancestral T haplogroup, with a direct lineage tracing back to Bos taurus. This information can aid in developing crossbreeding programs focused on conserving essential genetic resources, improving other cattle breeds, and protecting biodiversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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19 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Season and Age on Specific Semen Traits and Reproductive Behavior in Carpatina Breed Bucks

by Constantin Pascal, Claudia Pânzaru, Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu, Vasile Maciuc, Alexandru Marian Florea and Ionică Nechifor

Agriculture 2024, 14(11), 2092; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14112092 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 813

Abstract

This study explores how age and seasonal changes impact semen characteristics and reproductive behavior in Carpatina breed bucks. Males were divided into three age groups: young (14–23 months; L14), adult (3–4 years; L34), and older (5–6 years; L56). Scrotal biometry was determined using a measuring tape, and testicular volume was evaluated by fully submerging the testes in a water-filled container and measuring the displaced water. Semen analysis was conducted on samples collected each season, with volume, color, and acidity being assessed. The evaluation of specific semen characteristics (motility, sperm concentration, normal spermatozoa) was conducted using a Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) system, and testosterone levels were measured in blood samples collected at the start of each season. Behavior and sexual reflexes were evaluated based on mating desire and the bucks’ reaction to the presence of females. Key findings indicate that testicular volume varies significantly with both age and season, with the most pronounced differences between younger bucks and the older groups, especially during autumn. Semen quality parameters such as ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and motility also showed seasonal fluctuations, with younger bucks having lower sperm concentrations. Testosterone levels were observed to increase with age, peaking in autumn. Behavioral observations revealed that younger bucks exhibited less intense sexual activity, although this improved during autumn. Additionally, a significant correlation was identified between body weight and testicular volume in adult bucks (R = 0.942, p-value = 0.016 for L34; R = 0.797, p-value = 0.022 for L56), suggesting that age plays a crucial role in reproductive potential. Our findings highlight that, while bucks are capable of year-round reproduction, autumn provides optimal conditions for semen quality and reproductive performance. This research has valuable implications for optimizing breeding programs, contributing to genetic advancement, and improving management strategies in goat farming, especially within temperate continental climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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19 pages, 3900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Feed Management Technologies on Mineral Oil Hydrocarbons (MOH) Contamination: A Comparative Farm Level Approach

by Mădălina Matei, Silvia Ioana Petrescu, Bianca Maria Mădescu, Dragoș Mihai Lăpușneanu, Daniel Simeanu, Paul Corneliu Boișteanu and Ioan Mircea Pop

Agriculture 2024, 14(11), 2008; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14112008 - 8 Nov 2024

Viewed by 716

Abstract

Legislative frameworks about contamination are often limited to foods and underestimate the role of animal nutrition for safe production. This study aims to assess mineral oil hydrocarbon (MOH) contamination in feed and identify the technological factors that are contributing to this issue, particularly focused on mechanised harvesting and processing. Three dairy farms, classified by contamination risk (low, medium, and high), were selected, and fifteen feed samples were analysed using the coupled liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–flame ionisation detection (LC–GC–FID) method, with a microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) step to determine mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic (MOAH) hydrocarbon levels. Important contamination levels were observed depending on the technological development of each farm. MOSH levels ranged from 11.4 mg/kg to 81.40 mg/kg, while MOAH levels ranged from 0.5 mg/kg to 4.6 mg/kg. MOAH accounted for 4.74% of the total MOH content. The results showed a connection between feed production technologies and MOH contamination levels. Factors such as the mechanisation, the machinery used, and the storage conditions were potentially contributors to contamination, while chemical treatments had no direct impact but some potential risks. The contamination levels varied across farms, indicating certain contamination sources beyond technological factors. Advanced technological measures and proper equipment maintenance are suggested to mitigate MOH contamination risks in feed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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17 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Digestibility of Mulberry Leaf Fed to Bombyx mori Larvae

by Marius Gheorghe Doliș, Claudia Pânzaru, Marius Giorgi Usturoi, Alexandru Usturoi, Cristina-Gabriela Radu-Rusu and Mădălina Alexandra Davidescu

Agriculture 2024, 14(8), 1394; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081394 - 18 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Considering that sericulture is an important branch of animal husbandry, not only for the production of silk but also as a valuable source of protein, it is necessary to constantly study the possibilities for its improvement as a branch of this domain. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to assess the nutritional value and digestibility of mulberry leaves from the Kokuso 21 and Eforie varieties, as consumed by silkworms (Bombyx mori L., Bombicidae Family, Lepidoptera Order) during a summer study, in 2021. The Japanese variety (Kokuso 21) and the Romanian variety (Eforie) were used as food sources for the Triumf hybrid, developed in Romania; the larvae were divided in two batches of 300 larvae and each set was subdivided into six groups of 50 larvae, which were raised in paper trays based on their age and size. The research indicated that mulberry leaves have an average digestibility value of 54.46%; the aging process of the leaves altered their chemical composition, with most nutrients showing a decreasing trend in digestibility throughout the larval growth period, except for crude fiber, which remained unchanged in the early larval stages and increased to 26.78% towards the end of the experiment. Overall, the Kokuso 21 variety demonstrated superior nutrient digestibility compared to Eforie. An important finding from this study is the need for future research to determine the degree of nutrient metabolism and conversion into silk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

Review

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30 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessReview

Melatonin: An Overview on the Synthesis Processes and on Its Multiple Bioactive Roles Played in Animals and Humans

by Vasile-Cosmin Andronachi, Cristina Simeanu, Mădălina Matei, Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu and Daniel Simeanu

Agriculture 2025, 15(3), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030273 - 27 Jan 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

Melatonin is a natural hormone synthesized mainly by the pineal gland of vertebrates, and, secondarily, by other tissues and organs as well. It is deemed a bioactive molecule due to the multiple roles and functions it performs in animals and humans. Research conducted up to 2024 has reported the presence of melatonin in a wide variety of plants and bacteria, as well. This review aims to collect some of the scientific data to identify and describe the main sources of melatonin, and to document the functions and roles it plays in animal organisms. It also includes a description of the main technological and nutritional factors that can positively or negatively influence the synthesis and secretion process of melatonin, which is subsequently transported from the animal body into some food products, such as milk. This paper also includes information on the interaction between melatonin and other bioactive compounds present in animal and human bodies, with the aim of identifying what other functions and roles this hormone performs, and whether it interacts with other substances present in the vertebrate organism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

29 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unlocking the Power of Eggs: Nutritional Insights, Bioactive Compounds, and the Advantages of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Enriched Varieties

by Marius Giorgi Usturoi, Roxana Nicoleta Rațu, Ioana Cristina Crivei, Ionuț Dumitru Veleșcu, Alexandru Usturoi, Florina Stoica and Răzvan-Mihail Radu Rusu

Agriculture 2025, 15(3), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15030242 - 23 Jan 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

This study explores the nutritional benefits and health implications of omega-3- and omega-6-enriched eggs, positioning them within the context of functional foods aimed at improving public health outcomes. With rising consumer interest in nutritionally fortified foods, omega-enriched eggs have emerged as a viable source of essential fatty acids, offering potential benefits for cardiovascular health, inflammation reduction, and cognitive function. This research examines enrichment techniques, particularly dietary modifications for laying hens, such as the inclusion of flaxseed and algae, to enhance omega-3 content and balance the omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio in eggs. The findings indicate that enriched eggs provide significantly higher levels of essential fatty acids and bioactive compounds than conventional eggs, aligning with dietary needs in populations with limited access to traditional omega-3 sources like fish. This study further addresses consumer perception challenges, regulatory constraints, and environmental considerations related to sustainable production practices. The conclusions underscore the value of omega-enriched eggs as a functional food that aligns with health-conscious dietary trends and recommend ongoing research to refine enrichment methods and expand market accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

30 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessReview

Equine Milk and Meat: Nutritious and Sustainable Alternatives for Global Food Security and Environmental Sustainability—A Review

by Claudia Pânzaru, Marius Gheorghe Doliș, Răzvan-Mihail Radu-Rusu, Constantin Pascal, Vasile Maciuc and Mădălina-Alexandra Davidescu

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2290; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122290 - 13 Dec 2024

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Global hunger and malnutrition continue to pose significant challenges, entailing innovative and environmentally responsible practices to improve food security. Equine products offer a valuable opportunity to diversify diets and combat nutritional deficiencies. Equine milk, rich in bioavailable nutrients, essential fatty acids, and hypoallergenic properties, serves as an excellent dietary supplement; this aspect could be applied particularly in regions where conventional dairy is inaccessible or unsuitable due to allergies, lactose intolerance, or other health conditions. Similarly, equine meat, known for its high-quality protein content, low fat content, and essential micronutrients like iron and zinc, provides an affordable and sustainable protein source for food-insecure populations. The ability of equines to thrive on marginal lands, coupled with their lower environmental impact compared to traditional livestock (such as ruminants), underscores their potential within sustainable agricultural systems. This review examines the role of equine products in addressing global hunger, highlighting their nutritional benefits, environmental advantages, and the necessity for further research to tackle challenges related to versatility, cultural acceptance, and policy integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

32 pages, 3779 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Grape Polyphenols Additive in Pig Nutrition: Chemical Structure, Bioavailability and Their Effect on Intestinal Health of Pigs

by Andrei Claudiu Proca, Loredana Horodincu, Carmen Solcan and Gheorghe Solcan

Agriculture 2024, 14(7), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071142 - 14 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2568

Abstract

The recognition of the necessity for employing natural additives in animal feed has grown alongside the ban on antibiotics in the animal feed sector. Grapes, as well as by-products of the wine-making industry (grape marc and seed extracts), possess biologically active chemical constituents that can be used to improve animal production by incorporating them into animal feed. Grapes are a valuable resource of polyphenols, especially flavonoids, stilbenes and phenolic acids, most of them showing therapeutic or health-promoting properties. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the impact of polyphenols on animal gut health. The first section of the review discusses the chemical structure of the major polyphenols in grapes and the polyphenols’ bioavailability and metabolism in pigs. The second and major part of the review reviews the results of investigations into the antioxidant, antimicrobial and prebiotic effects of grape polyphenols in pig diets, as well as their regulation of intestinal barrier functions through signalling pathways and intestinal responses. All of this is supported by previous research, findings and conclusions. There are fewer recorded pig studies, but the inclusion of up to 9% grape by-products resulted in improved performance with an increased mean daily gain. Ultimately, this analysis concluded that supplementation of pigs with grape phenolic compounds as natural feed additives enhanced their antioxidant capacity, improved humoral and cellular immune responses, and promoted gut ecosystem biodiversity and the overall production performance in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farming Factors’ Influence on Animal Productions)

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