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13 pages, 1564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Variability for Root Traits in Andean Common Beans Grown with and without Aluminum Stress Conditions

by Daniel Ambachew, Asrat Asfaw and Matthew W. Blair

Agronomy 2023, 13(3), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030619 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Genetic variation in wild relatives, GenBank accessions, landraces, and cultivars can unlock key alleles for the traits of interest for breeding programs. Breeding programs often utilize different strategies to quantify the source of heritable variation for target traits. One neglected area of study [...] Read more.

Genetic variation in wild relatives, GenBank accessions, landraces, and cultivars can unlock key alleles for the traits of interest for breeding programs. Breeding programs often utilize different strategies to quantify the source of heritable variation for target traits. One neglected area of study is the root traits of diverse genotypes, and this is especially the case for aluminum toxicity effects on legumes such as the common bean, which is the most used pulse for direct human consumption. This study evaluated 267 genotypes of common bean that were part of the global Andean Diversity Panel (ADP), consisting mainly of genotypes assembled from public and private breeding programs in Africa and North America, as well as elite lines and land races from the USDA. The ADP was evaluated for root traits at the seedling stage in the Tennessee State University (TSU) greenhouse using a hydroponic system with a standard nutrient solution with and without aluminum (Al). The recorded data on the roots per trial were fit to a linear mixed model for the analysis of variance in order to test for the genotype differences. Adjusted means considered replication and blocks within replication as random effects and genotypes as fixed effects. These were then used for Pearson correlation tests and for principal component analysis (PCA), where the first two vectors accounted for 94.5% and 93% of the explained variation under the control and Al-treatment conditions, respectively. Genotypes were clustered based on the morphology of roots in response to Al-toxicity treatment using the Euclidean distance and Ward’s hierarchical agglomerative clustering method, identifying four distinctive groups significant at p < 0.01. The intra-cluster distance was lower than the inter-cluster distances, which indicated a heterogeneous and homogeneous nature between and within clusters, respectively. The results suggest that crossing between accessions from two of the clusters would result in the maximum genetic segregation. One cluster was found to have a higher Al-toxicity tolerance than the others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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10 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of 41 Cowpea Lines Sown on Different Dates in Southern China

by Dan Gong, Long Jia, Gaoling Luo, Yanhua Chen, Suhua Wang and Lixia Wang

Agronomy 2023, 13(2), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020551 - 14 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

Cowpea is an important leguminous crop in arid and semi-arid tropical regions. However, it is sensitive to the temperature and photoperiod. In this study, 41 new lines of cowpea were evaluated in sowing seasons of spring (SpS), summer (SuS), and autumn (AuS) at [...] Read more.

Cowpea is an important leguminous crop in arid and semi-arid tropical regions. However, it is sensitive to the temperature and photoperiod. In this study, 41 new lines of cowpea were evaluated in sowing seasons of spring (SpS), summer (SuS), and autumn (AuS) at Wuming, Guangxi province, China. Nine agronomic and yield-related traits were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that the pod width (0.8 cm) was similar among sowing seasons. For all other traits, the values were lowest at SuS, except the number of branches per plant, which was lowest (2.5) at AuS. Strong correlations were detected for the growth period, plant height, pod length, pod width, and 100-seed weight (p < 0.01) across the sowing seasons. A principal component analysis revealed that the first three components could explain 72.47% of the total variations. On the basis of the possible yield, growth period, and growth habit, we identified nine new lines suitable for different sowing seasons in Guangxi. The results of this study suggest these new cowpea lines may be useful for increasing crop production and for breeding new varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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12 pages, 848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Assessment of Food Legumes Breeding in China: Evidence Using a Provincial Level Dataset

by Jiliang Ma, Huijie Zhang, Nawab Khan, Jing Tian, Lixia Wang, Jing Wu, Xuzhen Cheng, Xin Chen, Yujiao Liu, Yuhua He, Guixing Ren, Changyan Liu, Xianfei Xia, Yanping Guo, Xiaoyan Zhang, Bin Zhou, Zhenxing Liu and Rongfang Lian

Agronomy 2022, 12(10), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102297 - 24 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Advances in crop breeding techniques and economic evaluation are critical to ensuring and improving crop yields and sustainable development. Based on the provincial data on food legumes breeding (FLB) in China from 2001 to 2020, the research and development (R&D) expenditure distribution, FLB [...] Read more.

Advances in crop breeding techniques and economic evaluation are critical to ensuring and improving crop yields and sustainable development. Based on the provincial data on food legumes breeding (FLB) in China from 2001 to 2020, the research and development (R&D) expenditure distribution, FLB contribution rate, and R&D expenditure on FLB were estimated. The economic benefits of output per unit area and R&D expenses were evaluated, and relevant policy suggestions were put forward. The study found that: (i) the R&D expenditure on FLB’s showed a significant upward trend, and the development can be divided into a starting, stable, and rapid growth period. There were significant differences in R&D expenditures across eight provinces of China with relatively high R&D expenditures for FLB; (ii) the R&D expenditure on FLB had a significant lag in the improvement of per mu yield (1 mu = 0.067 hectares). For every 10,000 yuan increase in R&D funding for FLB, the yield per mu will increase by 0.145 kg/mu in the next five years, and the regional spillover effect of breeding costs is significant; and (iii) the marginal revenue of R&D expenditures FLB from 2008 to 2020 is 34.91 yuan, that is, every 1 yuan invested in breeding R&D can bring a short-term marginal revenue of 34.91 yuan and a long-term marginal revenue of 337.23 yuan. Based on the above analysis, some recommendations were proposed and discussed, including further increasing the R&D investment of FLB, strengthening industry–university–research cooperation in breeding, improving the breeding research system, and promoting the multi-dimensional development of FLB industry–university–research services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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13 pages, 1337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Longwan 5: A Semi-Leafless Sugar Snap Pea Cultivar Resistant to Powdery Mildew

by Xiaoming Yang, Jingyi Yang, Gengmei Min, Zhendong Zhu, Rongfang Lian, Lijuan Zhang and Xin Chen

Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092160 - 11 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2676

Abstract

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop, which is widely planted in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin of southwest China. It has developed rapidly in spring planting agroecological zone in Northwest China in recent years. The major constraints to [...] Read more.

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important legume crop, which is widely planted in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and Sichuan Basin of southwest China. It has developed rapidly in spring planting agroecological zone in Northwest China in recent years. The major constraints to its cultivation are lodging and infection of powdery mildew. Breeding of high yielding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew is of great significance for the sustainability of pea production, because few local garden pea cultivars are resistant to the disease. Varietal diversification is needed to develop pea cultivars with resistance to lodging and powdery mildew. Breeding work was initiated to develop a high-yielding garden pea cultivar with medium maturity, double podding and resistance to powdery mildew. Longwan 5 (X9002) is high yielding, superior quality, multiple resistance, and climate resilient garden pea cultivar developed by hybridization between Shuanghua 101 and Baofeng 3. It is a semi-leafless pea variety with superiority over existing approved varieties Qizhen 76 and Xucai 1 in terms of green pod yield, medium maturity, and double podding. Longwan 5 gave a significantly higher average green pod yield (12,376 kg/ha) than check varieties Qizhen 76 (11,132 kg/ha) and Xucai 1 (11,649 kg/ha) across five locations and three years, which was 11.2% and 6.3% higher than control varieties, respectively. This variety is tolerant to lodging, powdery mildew disease, and wide climate resilient for spring cultivation as well as for autumn cultivation in irrigated conditions or rain-fed agricultural areas with annual precipitation of 450–650 mm in China. Cultivation of this variety on large scale will surely increase the production of peas in China and will also prove beneficial for farmers increasing their income. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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14 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breeding and Agronomic Evaluation of Jilv 20, a New Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivar

by Jing Tian, Baojie Fan, Zhendong Zhu, Changyou Liu, Shen Wang, Lixia Wang, Yan Wang, Huiying Shi, Zhixiao Zhang, Qiuzhu Su, Yingchao Shen and Zhimin Cao

Agronomy 2022, 12(9), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092065 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2855

Abstract

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), one of the most widely grown edible legumes in Asia, plays important roles in the improvement of agricultural cultivation systems as well as human diets. As an understudied crop, however, most mungbean varieties are characterized by unstable yields, [...] Read more.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), one of the most widely grown edible legumes in Asia, plays important roles in the improvement of agricultural cultivation systems as well as human diets. As an understudied crop, however, most mungbean varieties are characterized by unstable yields, poor disease resistance, and unsuitability for mechanical harvesting, thereby leading to a low production income. We, therefore, developed Jilv 20, a new mungbean cultivar with a dull seed coat, by crossing Bao 942-34 with Weilv 9002-341. After 11 years of selection and evaluation, Jilv 20 has shown wide adaptability, early maturity, high yield, halo blight resistance, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The growth period of Jilv 20 is 79.5 and 66.7 days in the spring and summer sowing seasons, respectively, and the average plant height is approximately 56.4 cm. In this study, average yields were 1737.9, 1532.3, and 2045.1 kg/hm² in northern spring-sowing, northern summer-sowing, and southern sites, respectively; these values were respectively 27.83%, 28.48%, and 6.96% higher than those of control cultivar Zhonglv 5, which has been popular in past decades because of its wide adaptability. The average protein and starch contents of Jilv 20 seeds were 25.0% and 49.56%, respectively. Further application and extension of Jilv 20 in China should contribute to mungbean production, breeding, and industrial development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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13 pages, 710 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

From an Introduced Pulse Variety to the Principal Local Agricultural Industry: A Case Study of Red Kidney Beans in Kelan, China

by Jiliang Ma, Nawab Khan, Jin Gong, Xiaopeng Hao, Xuzhen Cheng, Xin Chen, Jianwu Chang and Huijie Zhang

Agronomy 2022, 12(7), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071717 - 21 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3788

Abstract

The development of introduced pulse varieties has made valuable contributions to the development of the global agricultural industry, and China is one of the largest pulse producers in the international market. A special type of pulse, the red kidney bean, has made a [...] Read more.

The development of introduced pulse varieties has made valuable contributions to the development of the global agricultural industry, and China is one of the largest pulse producers in the international market. A special type of pulse, the red kidney bean, has made a major contribution to improving the rural economy. Taking Kelan County, Shanxi Province, as an example, this paper expounds on the formation of the kidney bean industry and its impact on local development. The existing research used a qualitative case study (QCS) method to examine the driver and impact of kidney beans in the agricultural industry. This study found that (1) the development of the kidney bean industry has benefited from its adherence to a market demand-oriented strategy, focusing on breeding and retaining excellent varieties, and vigorously supporting the construction of technical systems and the cultivation of the main body of the industrial chain. Developing new varieties, creating brands, and industrial integration are the key driving forces for development. (2) The kidney bean industry promotes local development by increasing farmers’ income, forming a more complete kidney bean supply chain, highlighting the brand effect, and promoting sustainable rural development. This study suggests that disease-resistant and mechanized-adapted varieties need to be developed in the future. Market and demand trends should be constantly monitored when determining reproductive paths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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12 pages, 38975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Different Varieties of Spring Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under Irrigated and Rainfed Environments in North China

by Xiaoming Yang, Jingyi Yang, Yuhua He, Xuxiao Zong, Gengmei Min, Rongfang Lian, Zhenxing Liu, Chao Xiang, Ling Li, Baolong Xing, Lijuan Zhang and Zhiwen Gou

Agronomy 2022, 12(7), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071498 - 23 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3226

Abstract

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, and is widely grown in North China. To exploit potential pea varieties suitable for growing in spring planting areas, a set National Regional Trials of Spring Pea Genotype was [...] Read more.

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops, and is widely grown in North China. To exploit potential pea varieties suitable for growing in spring planting areas, a set National Regional Trials of Spring Pea Genotype was carried out under irrigated and rainfed environments across seven locations. Grain yield and agronomic traits of fourteen pea cultivars were evaluated. Analysis of variance indicated that the effect of genotype, environments and genotypes × environments interaction was significant (p < 0.01). Results of GGE biplot analysis showed that the first and second principal components accounted for 77.5% and 14.5%, respectively. Genotypes accounted for just 14.7% of the variation in seed yield, while environments accounted for 39.9%, and genotypes × environments interaction accounted for 45.5% of the variation. Investigating the polygon view led to the identification of five superior genotypes and five productivity environments. Superior genotypes and key environments for grain yield were determined using a general linear model. The significant genotypes × environments interaction effects indicated the inconsistent performance of genotypes across the tested environments. Among the tested genotypes, significant differences were observed for grain yield and yield-related traits. The semi-leafless pea variety Longwan 10 was observed the highest yield (3308 kg/ha) over seven locations. Dingwan 12, Dingwan 13, Tongwan 5, Kewan 7 showed higher, stable grain yield than the overall mean of genotypes and check variety Zhongwan 6. The most representative and productivity regions for grain yield of field pea were Yondeng, Qitai, Liaoyang, Dingxi and Tangshan. These findings represent a comprehensive analysis of yield and stability of spring pea varieties and growing locations, which may be useful for national and international pea improvement programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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15 pages, 1372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening for Pea Germplasms Resistant to Fusarium Wilt Race 5

by Dong Deng, Suli Sun, Wenqi Wu, Xuxiao Zong, Xiaoming Yang, Xiaoyan Zhang, Yuhua He, Canxing Duan and Zhendong Zhu

Agronomy 2022, 12(6), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061354 - 1 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2835

Abstract

Fusarium wilt (FW), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop), has always been an important disease affecting pea production and causing severe yield losses in most pea-growing areas worldwide. Growing resistant pea cultivars is the most economical and effective method [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt (FW), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi (Fop), has always been an important disease affecting pea production and causing severe yield losses in most pea-growing areas worldwide. Growing resistant pea cultivars is the most economical and effective method for controlling the disease. In this study, firstly, 21 Fusarium oxysporum isolates were identified as races 1 and 5 of Fop based on morphological and molecular characteristics, and the disease reactions of seven pea differential cultivars. Then, a detailed resistance evaluation strategy was established and validated by a death rate score, disease index, and percentage of leaves showing symptoms for each individual plant. Finally, a 1311 pea germplasm collection including 740 accessions from China and 571 accessions aboard or unknown sources was evaluated for resistance to a representative isolate PF22b of Fop race 5, and the results showed that 28 accessions and 164 accessions were highly resistant (HR) and resistant (R), respectively. Among these resistance accessions, 13 HR and 44 R accessions were collected from 19 provinces in China, most of which came from Sichuan, Tibet, and Gansu Provinces. The 15 HR and 120 R accessions were collected in 10 countries outside China or unknown sources, the majority of which came from the United States, Australia, and Russia. The findings would provide important information for using resistance pea cultivars to control Fusarium wilt. Incorporating these resistance accessions into breeding programs will contribute to improving the Fop resistance of pea cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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10 pages, 3501 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Marker-Assisted Backcross Breeding for Improving Bruchid (Callosobruchus spp.) Resistance in Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.)

by Ranran Wu, Qinxue Zhang, Yun Lin, Jingbin Chen, Prakit Somta, Qiang Yan, Chenchen Xue, Jinyang Liu, Xin Chen and Xingxing Yuan

Agronomy 2022, 12(6), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061271 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3075

Abstract

Mung bean is vulnerable to bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.), resulting in low quality and losses worldwide. Developing resistant cultivars is the most effective, economical, and eco-friendly way to protect mung bean seeds from the damage of bruchids. Previously, we identified two gene loci [...] Read more.

Mung bean is vulnerable to bruchids (Callosobruchus spp.), resulting in low quality and losses worldwide. Developing resistant cultivars is the most effective, economical, and eco-friendly way to protect mung bean seeds from the damage of bruchids. Previously, we identified two gene loci that are tightly linked with bruchid resistance, which makes new cultivar development possible using molecular assisted selection (MAS). In the present study, marker-assisted backcross (MABC) breeding was employed to introgress the bruchid resistance gene VrPGIP2 locus from the donor parent V2802 into a popular cultivar, Kamphaeng Saen 1. Markers VrBR-SSR013 and DMB-SSR158 were used for foreground selection, and phenotypic selection was used for background selection. Three advanced inbred lines (R67-11, R67-22, and R92-15) carrying the resistance gene VrPGIP2 were developed from the BC₃F₆ population. Further analysis showed that the line R67-22 performed best; it was highly resistant to bruchids and showed excellent agronomic traits in the field. Therefore, R67-22 could be further evaluated in large-scale trials for release as a variety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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11 pages, 4716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breeding and Evaluation of a New-Bred Semi-Leafless Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Cultivar Longwan No. 6

by Xiaoming Yang, Zhiwen Gou, Zhendong Zhu, Chang Wang, Lijuan Zhang and Gengmei Min

Agronomy 2022, 12(4), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040850 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2710

Abstract

The pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an excellent protein source for livestock and human nutrition. However, its growth is hampered by several factors including powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi DC) and lodging in irrigation areas. These limitations may be solved through combining [...] Read more.

The pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an excellent protein source for livestock and human nutrition. However, its growth is hampered by several factors including powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi DC) and lodging in irrigation areas. These limitations may be solved through combining a Canada powdery mildew-resistant pea (Mp1807) with green cotyledon cultivar (Graf) by means of sexual hybridization. A bred semi-leafless pea, cultivar Longwan No. 6, was selected and evaluated in multiple ecological zones to investigate and evaluate high-yield, adaptability, and resistance to root rot (Aphanomyces euteiches Drechs. f. sp. pisi) and powdery mildew from 2012 to 2014. The results revealed that Longwan No. 6 was characterized by lodging resistance and moderate powdery mildew resistance. The average grain yield of Longwan No. 6 is 2855.3 kg/hm² in spring sowing and is increased by 18.4% compared to the control cultivar (Longwan No. 1). The average grain yield of Longwan No. 6 is 2349.9 kg/hm² in winter sowing and is increased by 12.8% when compared to the control cultivar. The results indicated that Longwan No. 6 has a greater potential to increase yield and wide adaptability. Adopting the Longwan No. 6 pea cultivar contributes to improvements in pea production in irrigation areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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7 pages, 1552 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Evaluation of the Production Potential of Mung Bean Cultivar “Zhonglv 5”

by Lixia Wang, Suhua Wang, Gaoling Luo, Jintao Zhang, Yanhua Chen, Honglin Chen and Xuzhen Cheng

Agronomy 2022, 12(3), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030707 - 15 Mar 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4569

Abstract

High yields, high stress resistance, and wide adaptability are important cultivar traits, especially for crops sensitive to the photoperiod and temperature. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a typical short-day plant, traditionally cultivated in Asian countries, and consumed all over the world. [...] Read more.

High yields, high stress resistance, and wide adaptability are important cultivar traits, especially for crops sensitive to the photoperiod and temperature. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a typical short-day plant, traditionally cultivated in Asian countries, and consumed all over the world. However, there has long been relatively little research regarding its genetic improvement until in recent decades. Zhonglv 5 is a mung bean cultivar that was developed via crossbreeding in China in the early part of this century. It has since played an important role in improving mung bean production in the country because of its high yields, high stress tolerance, and wide adaptability. We herein describe the development of Zhonglv 5, summarize its yield performance and adaptability in diverse eco-regions within China, and predict its potential future uses to provide information relevant for mung bean breeding, production, trade, and related industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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Review

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25 pages, 2025 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genetic and Genomics Resources of Cross-Species Vigna Gene Pools for Improving Biotic Stress Resistance in Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

by Poornima Singh, Brijesh Pandey, Aditya Pratap, Upagya Gyaneshwari, Ramakrishnan M. Nair, Awdhesh Kumar Mishra and Chandra Mohan Singh

Agronomy 2022, 12(12), 3000; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123000 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3135

Abstract

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is an important short-duration grain legume of the genus Vigna that has wider adaptability across agro-climatic regions and soil types. Significant strides have been made towards the development of superior, high-yielding, and climate resilient cultivars in mungbean. [...] Read more.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) is an important short-duration grain legume of the genus Vigna that has wider adaptability across agro-climatic regions and soil types. Significant strides have been made towards the development of superior, high-yielding, and climate resilient cultivars in mungbean. A number of donors for various traits to have been deployed in introgression breeding. However, the use of common sources of resistance to different biotic stresses may lead to boom and bust cycles due to the appearance of new races or biotypes. Therefore, broadening the genetic base using wild and exotic plant genetic resources may offer a better quality of durable resistance. Many crop wild relatives (CWRs) confer a high degree of resistance against multiple diseases. Recently, several agronomically important genes have been mapped using inter-specific populations, which are being deployed for the improvement of mungbean. In such a situation, tagging, mapping, and exploiting genes of interest from cross-species donors for stress tolerance will offer novel genetic variations. This will also provide increased opportunities for the selection of desirable types. Advances in genomics and transcriptomics have further made it easy to tag the cross-compatible resistance loci and study their expression for delineating the mechanism of resistance. The comparative analysis of omics technology also helps in understanding the evolution and offers a scope for using cross-specific target genes for mungbean improvement. This review focuses on the effective utilization of cross-species cultivated and wild relatives as well as their omics resources for breeding multiple disease-resistant mungbean cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cultivar Development of Pulses Crop)

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