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Agronomy
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Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario
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Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario

A special issue of Agronomy (ISSN 2073-4395). This special issue belongs to the section "Horticultural and Floricultural Crops".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 23165

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Stefano Poni

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, I-20122 Piacenza, Italy
Interests: applied grapevine ecophysiology; vineyard and canopy management; precision viticulture; IoT and DSS applications in viticulture
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Models of climate change consistently suggest a reduction of precipitation in temperate and sub-tropical land areas—where most of the wine grape viticulture is located—and, conversely, an increase in precipitation in more northerly latitudes and the equator. In addition, a rising temperature will lead to an increased evaporative demand by the atmosphere, whereas increased soil erosion rates and faster organic matter degradation will likely reduce the soil’s water holding capacity. All in all, these interacting factors will endanger the competitiveness and even survival of viticulture in several areas around the world, unless new techniques are designed and implemented in order to improve vineyard resilience to drought, or, more in general, to multiple summer stresses. Please share your success stories from research in dry farm and irrigated viticulture regions around the world in this Special Issue. Submissions on, but not limited to, the following topics are invited: (1) the innovative and novel application of conventional approaches for grapevine irrigation management; (2) agronomic practices aimed at yield and quality maintenance under semi-dry environments with limited or no availability of green water; (3) advanced techniques, such as remote and proximal sensing, for farm-scale and intra-vineyard irrigation scheduling; (4) optimum regulated deficit irrigation strategies; (5) decision support tools and modeling for predicting “if” an irrigation event is truly needed; (6) techniques targeted at increasing soil water storage capacity; (7) genetic tolerance to drought in grapevines (what is new and available?); (8) Internet of Things and vineyard irrigation (what is low cost, efficient, and user-friendly monitoring truly possible?); and (9) solutions to compromise between cover crop adoption and reduced competition for water in vineyards.

Prof. Stefano Poni
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Vitis vinifera L.
  • irrigation scheduling
  • deficit irrigation
  • irrigation systems
  • vine water use
  • soil water holding capacity
  • cover crops
  • precision viticulture
  • vineyard resilience
  • modelling
  • decision support systems

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2251 KiB  
Article
Differences in Metabolic and Physiological Responses between Local and Widespread Grapevine Cultivars under Water Deficit Stress
by Igor Florez-Sarasa, María José Clemente-Moreno, Josep Cifre, Miquel Capó, Miquel Llompart, Alisdair R. Fernie and Josefina Bota
Agronomy 2020, 10(7), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071052 - 21 Jul 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3828
Abstract
Climate change forecasts suggest temperature increases and lower rainfall rates, both of which challenge viticulture, particularly in semi-arid areas where water availability is critical. In this scenario, the use of the genetic variability in grapevine varieties reported around the world represents an important [...] Read more.
Climate change forecasts suggest temperature increases and lower rainfall rates, both of which challenge viticulture, particularly in semi-arid areas where water availability is critical. In this scenario, the use of the genetic variability in grapevine varieties reported around the world represents an important strategy for the selection of climate-resilient cultivars. In this work, physiological and metabolomics analyses were conducted to compare the water deficit stress (WDS) responses of red and white, local and widespread grapevines cultivars. Leaf gas exchange, water use efficiency (WUE) and water relation parameters were determined in plants under well-watered and WDS conditions alongside assessment of the levels of foliar primary metabolites using gas-chromatography coupled to mass-spectrometry. Results denote that red and white local cultivars displayed more adapted physiological performance under WDS as compared to the widely-distributed ones. Multivariate analyses and specific changes in leaf primary metabolites indicate genotype-specific responses of local cultivars as compared to widespread ones. Differences in ascorbate-related and shikimate/phenylpropanoid metabolism could explain the better physiological performance under WDS in red local as compared to widespread cultivars. On the other hand, coordinated changes in respiratory- and stress-related sugars and amino acids could underlie the better WUE under WDS in the white local cultivar. All these results suggest several metabolic targets that could be useful as metabolic markers or for metabolic engineering in grapevine breeding programs to improve drought tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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14 pages, 2259 KiB  
Article
Grafting cv. Grechetto Gentile Vines to New M4 Rootstock Improves Leaf Gas Exchange and Water Status as Compared to Commercial 1103P Rootstock
by Tommaso Frioni, Arianna Biagioni, Cecilia Squeri, Sergio Tombesi, Matteo Gatti and Stefano Poni
Agronomy 2020, 10(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050708 - 15 May 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3266
Abstract
M4 is a relatively new rootstock that was selected for increased resilience of vineyards across hot regions where meteorological drought is often coupled to water scarcity. However, M4 has thus far been tested only against water-stress sensitive rootstocks. Against this backdrop, the aim [...] Read more.
M4 is a relatively new rootstock that was selected for increased resilience of vineyards across hot regions where meteorological drought is often coupled to water scarcity. However, M4 has thus far been tested only against water-stress sensitive rootstocks. Against this backdrop, the aim of the present work is to examine the water status and gas exchange performances of vines grafted to M4 in comparison to those of vines grafted to a commercial stock that is drought-tolerant, 1103 Paulsen (1103P), under a progressive water deficit followed by re-watering. This study was undertaken on Grechetto Gentile, a cultivar that is renowned for its rather conservative water use (near-isohydric behavior). While fifty percent of both grafts were fully irrigated (WW), the remaining underwent progressive water stress by means of suspending irrigation (WS). Soil and leaf water status, as well as leaf gas exchanges, along with chlorophyll fluorescence, were followed daily from 1 day pre-stress (DOY 176) until re-watering (DOY 184). Final leaf area per vine, divided in main and lateral contribution, was also assessed. While 1103P grafted vines manifested higher water use under WW conditions, progressive stress evidenced a faster water depletion by 1103P, which also maintained slightly more negative midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf) as compared to M4 grafted plants. Daily gas exchange readings, as well as diurnal assessment performed at the peak of stress (DOY 183), also showed increased leaf assimilation rates (A) and water use efficiency (WUE) in vines grafted on M4, which were also less susceptible to photosynthetic downregulation. Dynamic of stomatal closure targeted at 90% reduction of leaf stomatal conductance showed a similar behavior among rootstocks since the above threshold was reached by both at Ψleaf of about −1.11 MPa. The same fractional reduction in leaf A was reached by vines grafted on M4 at a Ψleaf of −1.28 MPa vs. −1.10 MPa measured in 1103P, meaning that using M4 as a rootstock will postpone full stomatal closure. While mechanisms involved in improved CO2 uptake in M4-grafted vines under moderate-to-severe stress are still unclear, our data support the hypothesis that M4 might outscore the performance of a commercial drought-tolerant genotype (1103P) and can be profitably used as a tool to improve the resilience of vines to summer drought. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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25 pages, 2519 KiB  
Article
Berry Quality of Grapevine under Water Stress as Affected by Rootstock–Scion Interactions through Gene Expression Regulation
by Alessandra Zombardo, Erica Mica, Sergio Puccioni, Rita Perria, Paolo Valentini, Giovan Battista Mattii, Luigi Cattivelli and Paolo Storchi
Agronomy 2020, 10(5), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050680 - 12 May 2020
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4161
Abstract
Despite phenotypic plasticity that allows the adaptation to harsh environments, when vines experience severe abiotic stresses, they can suffer from metabolic damages affecting grape production and quality. Grafting is an affordable strategy to mitigate these negative consequences since the rootstock can increase the [...] Read more.
Despite phenotypic plasticity that allows the adaptation to harsh environments, when vines experience severe abiotic stresses, they can suffer from metabolic damages affecting grape production and quality. Grafting is an affordable strategy to mitigate these negative consequences since the rootstock can increase the drought tolerance in the scion. This work explored the effects of pre-veraison water deficit on vines grafted on different rootstocks (Mgt 101-14 and 1103 Paulsen) to obtain physiological, biochemical, and molecular information about the influence on grape quality. Repeated measurements were carried out to assess vine physiology, production, technological maturity, and berry phenolic composition. qRT-PCRs were executed on berry skins at maturity to assess the expression levels of ten genes and five miRNAs involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Water stress caused significant alterations in grape technological maturity. The rootstock effect was not detected in primary metabolism while it was well defined in the accumulation of phenolic compounds in berries (such as anthocyanins). Finally, significant differences were identified in gene and miRNA expression between water-stressed and well-watered vines. In conclusion, the response to water stress can be modulated by rootstocks, which mainly act by regulating secondary metabolism, especially in grapes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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20 pages, 3149 KiB  
Article
Infrared Thermography to Estimate Vine Water Status: Optimizing Canopy Measurements and Thermal Indices for the Varieties Merlot and Moscato in Northern Italy
by Nicola Belfiore, Rosanna Vinti, Lorenzo Lovat, Walter Chitarra, Diego Tomasi, Roberta de Bei, Franco Meggio and Federica Gaiotti
Agronomy 2019, 9(12), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120821 - 29 Nov 2019
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4172
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of infrared thermography to estimate water status in Merlot and Moscato grown in northeast Italy by comparing the crop water stress index (CWSI) and the stomatal conductance index (IG). The influence of the portion of the canopy in [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effectiveness of infrared thermography to estimate water status in Merlot and Moscato grown in northeast Italy by comparing the crop water stress index (CWSI) and the stomatal conductance index (IG). The influence of the portion of the canopy in which the thermal images were captured (sunlit or shaded) was also investigated. During the 2018 growing season, potted vines were subjected to three irrigation treatments: T0 = 100% of daily water usage restored; T1 = 50% of daily water usage restored; and T2 = 30% of daily water usage restored. Measurements included stomatal conductance (gs), stem water potential (SWP), and thermal imagery. Results showed that both the CWSI and IG indices were effective in discriminating the irrigation treatments in Moscato and Merlot. CWSI showed higher correlations with gs and SWP compared to IG, especially in Moscato. CWSI was less influenced by the portion of the canopy the image was taken on. In general, Moscato showed greater differences in gs, SWP, and the thermal indices between the three irrigation treatments. This study suggests that the efficacy of thermography in estimating vine water status depends on the variety and its stomatal control physiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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11 pages, 796 KiB  
Article
Variability in Water Use Efficiency of Grapevine Tempranillo Clones and Stability over Years at Field Conditions
by Ignacio Tortosa, Cyril Douthe, Alicia Pou, Pedro Balda, Esther Hernandez-Montes, Guillermo Toro, José M. Escalona and Hipólito Medrano
Agronomy 2019, 9(11), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110701 - 31 Oct 2019
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3377
Abstract
One way to face the consequences of climate change and the expected increase in water availability in agriculture is to find genotypes that can sustain production at a lower water cost. This theoretically can be achieved by using genetic material with an increased [...] Read more.
One way to face the consequences of climate change and the expected increase in water availability in agriculture is to find genotypes that can sustain production at a lower water cost. This theoretically can be achieved by using genetic material with an increased water use efficiency. We compared the leaf Water Use Efficiency (WUEi) under realistic field conditions in 14 vine genotypes of the Tempranillo cultivar (clones), in two sites of Northern Spain for three and five years each to evaluate (1) if a clonal diversity exists for this traits among those selected clones and (2) the stability of those differences over several years. The ranking of the different clones showed significant differences in WUEi that were maintained over years in most of the cases. Different statistical analyses gave coincident information and allowed the identification of some clones systematically that had a higher WUEi or a lower WUEi. These methods also allowed the identification of the underlying physiological process that caused those differences and showed that clones with a higher WUEi are likely to have an increased photosynthetic capacity (rather than a different stomatal control). Those differences could be useful to orientate the decision for vines selection programs in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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19 pages, 1748 KiB  
Article
Post-Harvest Regulated Deficit Irrigation in Chardonnay Did Not Reduce Yield but at Long-Term, It Could Affect Berry Composition
by Maria Teresa Prats-Llinàs, Joaquim Bellvert, Mercè Mata, Jordi Marsal and Joan Girona
Agronomy 2019, 9(6), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060328 - 20 Jun 2019
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3507
Abstract
Future increases in temperatures are expected to advance grapevine phenology and shift ripening to warmer months, leaving a longer post-harvest period with warmer temperatures. Accumulation of carbohydrates occurs during post-harvest, and has an influence on vegetative growth and yield in the following growing [...] Read more.
Future increases in temperatures are expected to advance grapevine phenology and shift ripening to warmer months, leaving a longer post-harvest period with warmer temperatures. Accumulation of carbohydrates occurs during post-harvest, and has an influence on vegetative growth and yield in the following growing season. This study addressed the possibility of adopting regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) during post-harvest in Chardonnay. Four irrigation treatments during post-harvest were applied over three consecutive seasons: (i) control (C), with full irrigation; (ii) low regulated deficit irrigation for sparkling base wine production (RDIL SP), from harvest date of sparkling base wine, irrigation when stem water potential (Ψstem) was less than −0.9 MPa; (iii) mild regulated deficit irrigation for sparkling base wine production (RDIM SP), from harvest date of sparkling base wine, irrigation when Ψstem was less than −1.25 MPa; (iv) mild regulated deficit irrigation for wine production (RDIM W), from harvest data of wine, irrigation when Ψstem was less than −1.25 MPa. Root starch concentration in full irrigation was higher than under RDI. Yield parameters did not differ between treatments, but differences in berry composition were detected. Considering that the desirable berry composition attributes of white varieties are high in titratable acidity, it would seem inappropriate to adopt RDI strategy during post-harvest. However, in a scenario of water restriction, it may be considered because there was less impact on yield and berry composition than if RDI had been adopted during pre-harvest. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tackling Grapevine Water Relations in a Global Warming Scenario)
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