Reproduction of Small Animals: Physiology, Pathology and Performance

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Companion Animals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 5106

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
2. Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
Interests: small animal; equine; exotic; wildlife; breeding management; performance of large-scale working dog colonies; male and female infertility; ultrasonography; semen biology; canine semen cryopreservation; contraception in small animals; isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles; 3D cell culture models of oviductal and endometrial organoids to study disease; canine and feline reproduction and artificial reproductive technologies
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College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
Interests: breeding; small animals; transcervical insemination; reproduction
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
Interests: animal reproduction; canine pyometra; small animals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the late 1970’s fundamental research of the unique reproductive physiology of the bitch brought about a greater understanding of the LH surge and ovulation which has led to the accurate timing of insemination and breeding today. Additional unique features of the reproductive physiology of the bitch such as the absence of a luteolytic mechanism has enabled greater understanding of the pregnant and non-pregnant state in the bitch as well as a greater understanding of reproductive pathologies such as pyometra.

Developments in novel pharmacological drugs and devices for both treatment and prevention of many reproductive diseases and management of clinical presentations in our small animal species have evolved from these fundamental early studies in female reproductive physiology. A greater understanding of both feline and canine reproductive physiology has also paved the way for many non- surgical, contraceptive solutions but effective management of endemic stray small animal populations on a worldwide scale is yet to be achieved.

Many factors can potentially influence reproductive performance in small animals after breeding or artificial insemination. Advances in semen evaluation, handling, chilled shipment and cryopreservation  along with technological developments in AI with the development of non- invasive endoscopes for transcervical insemination in both queens and bitches has allowed greater reproductive performance as measured by pregnancy rate and litter size as well as enhanced genetic gain through increased use of frozen semen.

Despite advancements that have been made in AI and breeding in canids and unlike in the felid species, progression of artificial reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization, blastocyst production, genetic manipulation of embryos and production of both normal and genetically modified offspring is still with limitations. It is hoped that with the development of novel technology such as gene editing, isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles and development of 3D organoid culture systems these limitations in the canine species will be overcome in the near future. A greater understanding of both feline and canine reproductive physiology has paved the way for many non- surgical, genetic modifying, pharmacological contraceptive options but management of large shelter/stray small animal populations all over the world is still not solved.

The aim of this Special Edition is to present recent research and reviews on the unique reproductive physiology features of our small animal species. It will highlight the implications these features have on the development of management, treatment and prevention of reproductive pathology and how they can be utilized to further enhance or prevent reproductive performance. The aim of this special edition is to gain knowledge in small animal anatomical and endocrinological reproductive physiology and stimulate interest in the evolving technologies that will further enhance this exciting field of research.

Dr. Fiona K. Hollinshead
Dr. Greg Burns
Dr. Natali Krekeler
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Artificial insemination
  • Contraception
  • Litter size
  • Pregnancy
  • Transcervical insemination
  • In vitro fertilization
  • Ovulation
  • LH surge

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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10 pages, 8933 KiB  
Case Report
Clinical and Histological Findings of Male Uterus (Uterus Masculinus) in Three Dogs (2014–2018)
by Giorgia Tura, Giulia Ballotta, Marco Cunto, Massimo Orioles, Giuseppe Sarli and Daniele Zambelli
Animals 2023, 13(4), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040710 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4000
Abstract
Data from three cases of uterus masculinus were retrieved from 2014 to 2018. Two out of three cases presented clinical signs compatible with systemic infection, as observed in bitches with pyometra. Ultrasound examination revealed a tubular fluid-filled structure with a thin irregular wall [...] Read more.
Data from three cases of uterus masculinus were retrieved from 2014 to 2018. Two out of three cases presented clinical signs compatible with systemic infection, as observed in bitches with pyometra. Ultrasound examination revealed a tubular fluid-filled structure with a thin irregular wall located cranially to the prostate and in continuity with the cranial part of the gland. In two cases, two other tubular fluid-filled structures were visualized in the caudal part of the abdominal cavity, ventrally to the prostate gland and urinary bladder. After surgical removal of these, histological examination revealed the presence of a uterine structure morphologically similar to the female counterpart. Various types of epithelial cell lining were found, including simple columnar, simple stratified and squamous epithelium associated with glands in the underlying stroma. Immunohistochemistry to anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) produced a positive result on glands, while multifocal expression was found in the lining epithelium. AMH seems involved in the pathogenesis of uterus masculinus, but its role is not fully understood. Thorough clinical and ultrasonographical examinations, followed by a histological confirmation, are necessary to properly diagnose uterus masculinus in dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproduction of Small Animals: Physiology, Pathology and Performance)
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