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Animals
Volume 14
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Animals, Volume 14, Issue 23 (December-1 2024) – 26 articles

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14 pages, 508 KiB  
Article
Explicit and Implicit Measures of Black Cat Bias in Cat and Dog People
by Greg C Elvers, Brianna Gavin and Robert J. Crutcher
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3372; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233372 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Two studies looked at the prevalence and predictors of black cat bias—negative behaviors and attitudes toward black cats—using explicit and implicit measures. The first study looked at an internet sample of 114 people to see if people who self-identified as liking cats (cat [...] Read more.
Two studies looked at the prevalence and predictors of black cat bias—negative behaviors and attitudes toward black cats—using explicit and implicit measures. The first study looked at an internet sample of 114 people to see if people who self-identified as liking cats (cat people) showed less bias against black cats than those who self-identified as dog people or those who liked both dogs and cats (dog-and-cat people). Participants completed a questionnaire that measured superstitious beliefs, belief in witchcraft, and religiosity before rating pictures and, for about half of the participants, descriptions of black and non-black cats. They rated each cat for how good they thought it was and whether they wanted to live with the cat. Participants also completed a brief implicit association task in which they categorized pictures of black and non-black cats and good and bad words. Results suggest that bias against black cats exists when measured implicitly for dog people and dog-and-cat people but not for cat people. These results suggest that liking cats does not protect one from black cat bias and that liking dogs may lead to black cat bias. Belief in witchcraft was positively correlated with the explicit measure of black cat bias for dog people (medium effect size). In study two, a sample of 37 college students, mostly self-identified as dog people, completed this study twice—once at least six weeks before and once no more than three weeks before Halloween. The implicit measure of black cat bias was about 40% larger when measured closer to Halloween. These results suggest that black cat bias might be modified by environmental factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human-Animal Interactions, Animal Behaviour and Emotion)
15 pages, 1716 KiB  
Article
Angiogenesis as a Survival Mechanism in Heartworm Disease: The Role of Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolase and Actin from Dirofilaria immitis in an In Vitro Endothelial Model
by Manuel Collado-Cuadrado, Claudia Alarcón-Torrecillas, Alfonso Balmori-de la Puente, Iván Rodríguez-Escolar, Elena Infante González-Mohino, Miguel Pericacho and Rodrigo Morchón
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3371; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233371 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is a vector-borne zoonotic disease, (mainly affecting canids and felids) causing chronic vascular and pulmonary pathology in its early stages, which worsens with parasite load and/or death of adult worms in the pulmonary artery or right heart [...] Read more.
Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, is a vector-borne zoonotic disease, (mainly affecting canids and felids) causing chronic vascular and pulmonary pathology in its early stages, which worsens with parasite load and/or death of adult worms in the pulmonary artery or right heart cavity, and can be fatal to the host. Angiogenesis is a mechanism by which new blood vessels are formed from existing ones. The aim of this work was to study the effect of two molecules of the D. immitis excretory/secretory antigen (DiES) on the angiogenic process, taking into account that this antigen is able to interact with this process and use it as a survival mechanism. For this purpose, an in vitro model of endothelial cells was used and treated with two recombinant proteins, i.e., actin (Act) and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBAL) proteins belonging to DiES, and both pro- and antiangiogenic molecules were analyzed, as well as the cellular processes of cell proliferation, migration, and pseudocapillary formation. Act and FBAL proteins, together with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), as an angiogenic precursor, are able to stimulate the production of proangiogenic factors as well as cellular processes of proliferation, migration, and pseudocapillary formation. This implies that these molecules could be produced by D. immitis to facilitate its survival, and the relationship between parasite and canine host would be further elaborated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
24 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
The Hunt for Kinder Practices: Minimising Harm to Wild Boar Welfare, Insights from a Qualitative Study in Wallonia (Belgium)
by Pauline Emond and Dorothée Denayer
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3370; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233370 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
As in the rest of Europe, the Belgian boar population has been tending to increase, posing new challenges to management by hunting. Moreover, in autumn 2018, the African Swine Fever (ASF) virus penetrated Belgian territory. In response to this so-called overpopulation and to [...] Read more.
As in the rest of Europe, the Belgian boar population has been tending to increase, posing new challenges to management by hunting. Moreover, in autumn 2018, the African Swine Fever (ASF) virus penetrated Belgian territory. In response to this so-called overpopulation and to this health crisis, wild boars were massively culled by hunters and other nature managers. The wild boar was then debated by some stakeholders as a sensitive animal and that its welfare mattered even if it must still be killed. In this article, we explore the management of wild boar through a qualitative sociological survey focusing on damage to the welfare of wild animals and ways of limiting it. This survey is part of an innovative process launched by the Walloon Region and the Walloon Council for Animal Welfare (CWBEA). It was conducted in order to qualitatively describe current hunting practices and their impact on animal welfare; it then integrated knowledge from the human sciences into the CWBEA’s work; and, finally, those from the hunting world were invited to debate with the usual animal welfare advocates and managers. By identifying, based on the knowledge of hunting stakeholders and wildlife specialists, a multitude of issues and avenues for action to limit the harm to the welfare of wild boars, this paper highlights the relevance of an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approach to the welfare issues of wild animals. It supports the hypothesis that animal welfare advocates can work toward establishing new norms in human/nonhuman relationships in collaboration with hunters but also to include wild animals—wild boars in this case—as sentient beings whose welfare must be considered and debated in discussions on global health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Wild Boar Populations—Achievements and Problems)
16 pages, 708 KiB  
Article
Mate Choice in Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in Response to Virtual Mates: A Method for the Investigation of Fish Mate Choice Using Maya 3D Simulation Technology
by Bowen Feng, Liming Chen, Liangmin Huang, Jun Li and Kai Liu
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3369; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233369 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Visual signals are crucial for animals to obtain information about their environment, and they play a significant role in mate choice. However, individual variability and factors such as movement patterns can hinder research flexibility. A key challenge in this field is the accurate [...] Read more.
Visual signals are crucial for animals to obtain information about their environment, and they play a significant role in mate choice. However, individual variability and factors such as movement patterns can hinder research flexibility. A key challenge in this field is the accurate simulation of specific movements and behaviors. In this study, we investigated the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) by creating 3D simulation animations using the Maya 2018 software. Meanwhile, we validated the effectiveness of this animation through dichotomous association preference tests. The results showed that our subjects could successfully identify 3D simulated mates, and both males and females demonstrated pronounced preferences for larger simulated animations. Moreover, our findings revealed that this species exhibited a notably stronger preference for 3D simulations compared to 2D animations. These findings suggest that 3D simulation technology holds significant potential for the investigation of fish mate choice, offering an efficient, precise, standardized, and easily manageable non-invasive method for future research in fish behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic The Importance of Fish Phenotype in Aquaculture, Fisheries and Conservation)
11 pages, 573 KiB  
Article
Study on Adult Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Preferences for Cages of Different Sizes
by Zsolt Szendrő, Stanisław Łapiński, Zsolt Matics and Zsolt Gerencsér
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3368; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233368 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate adult chinchillas’ preferences when choosing between cages with different floor areas, heights, or both. The size of the cages with a larger floor area was double that of the standard-sized cages in the farms (0.25 and 0.50 m2), [...] Read more.
The study aimed to investigate adult chinchillas’ preferences when choosing between cages with different floor areas, heights, or both. The size of the cages with a larger floor area was double that of the standard-sized cages in the farms (0.25 and 0.50 m2), while their height was 2.4 times that of the standard-sized cages (0.4 and 1 m). The chinchillas (10–14 in each cohort) were housed in blocks of cages where they could move freely between the smaller and larger cages. The chinchillas’ location preferences were monitored continuously over five days using infrared video recording. The chinchillas were observed in the cages with smaller floor areas 1.9 and 2.7 times more frequently than in the larger ones (p < 0.001) during the dark (active) and light (resting) periods of the day, respectively. When the cage height was 0.4 m, they chose it 3.4 and 6.7 times more frequently, respectively, than the cage that was 1 m high (p < 0.001). When both the floor size and the height were increased, the chinchillas still favored the smaller and lower cages (p < 0.001). The study findings suggest that adult chinchillas show a preference for smaller and shorter cages when the small and large cages are not environment enrichment barren, especially during the rest period of the day, even when the floor area, height, or both are increased. In the future, it would be important to investigate different forms of cage enrichment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
15 pages, 943 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Analysis of LPS-Induced miRNA Differences in Bovine Endometrial Cells and Study of Related Pathways
by Xinmiao Li, Zhihao Zhang, Xiangnan Wang, Ligang Lu, Zijing Zhang, Geyang Zhang, Jia Min, Qiaoting Shi, Shijie Lyu, Qiuxia Chu, Xingshan Qi, Huimin Li, Yongzhen Huang and Eryao Wang
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233367 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the main factors inducing endometritis in dairy cows. However, the specific pathogenesis of LPS-induced endometritis in dairy cows is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to establish an in vitro endometritis model using LPS-induced bovine [...] Read more.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the main factors inducing endometritis in dairy cows. However, the specific pathogenesis of LPS-induced endometritis in dairy cows is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to establish an in vitro endometritis model using LPS-induced bovine endometrial epithelial (BEND) cells. BEND cells were treated with LPS of different concentrations and times. The cell-counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the cell survival rate after LPS treatment, and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of control group and LPS-treated group of inflammatory factors interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The results showed that the survival rate of endometrial epithelial cells stimulated by 5 μg/mL LPS for 6 h was 75.13%, and the expression of inflammatory factors was significantly increased. Therefore, 5 μg/mL LPS for 6 h could be selected as a suitable model for the study of inflammation. In addition, miRNA sequencing and target gene prediction was performed on normal and LPS-treated BEND cells. Among twenty-one differentially expressed miRNAs, six miRNAs were selected and their expression levels were detected by RT-qPCR, which were consistent with the sequencing results. Twenty-one differentially expressed miRNAs collectively predicted 17,050 target genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigation of the pathogenesis of endometritis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
19 pages, 2203 KiB  
Article
Use of Different Synbiotic Strategies to Improve Gut Health in Dogs
by Miquel Montserrat-Malagarriga, Lorena Castillejos, Anna Salas-Mani, Celina Torre and Susana María Martín-Orúe
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233366 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of two synbiotic strategies on the intestinal microbiota and immune response in Beagle dogs. Twelve dogs were subjected to a crossover design with three diets: a control diet (CON), a diet supplemented with fiber and B. velezensis DSM [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the effects of two synbiotic strategies on the intestinal microbiota and immune response in Beagle dogs. Twelve dogs were subjected to a crossover design with three diets: a control diet (CON), a diet supplemented with fiber and B. velezensis DSM 15544 (SYN), and the SYN diet with added porcine plasma (SYN+). Over three periods of seven weeks, fecal samples were analyzed for digestibility, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), fecal markers, and microbiome composition, while blood samples were assessed for biochemical parameters, leucocytic counts including CD4/CD8 lymphocyte populations, and phagocytic activity. Both SYN and SYN+ diets increased the fecal volume without affecting the consistency and slightly reduced the organic matter and energy digestibility, while increasing SCFA concentrations and reducing branched-chain fatty acids. A microbiome analysis revealed no changes in the alpha diversity, but significant shifts in the beta diversity, with increases in beneficial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and reductions in potentially harmful bacteria like Prevotella copri. Immune response indicators showed increased fecal IgA and higher blood leukocyte counts, particularly lymphocytes and neutrophils, in the SYN diet group. Overall, both synbiotic strategies positively modulated the microbiota and immune response, though the addition of porcine plasma did not confer additional benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Canine Nutritional Management: Effects on Disease Prevention and Wellbeing)
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9 pages, 2076 KiB  
Article
Milking Reactivity in Primiparous Saanen Goats During Early Lactation: Effects on Milk Yield, Milk Quality and Plasma Cortisol Concentration
by Mayara Andrioli, Joseph K. Grajales-Cedeño, Aline C. Sant’Anna, João A. Negrão and Mateus J. R. Paranhos da Costa
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3365; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233365 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The reactivity of primiparous goats during milking can significantly affect animal welfare and performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of milking reactivity during lactation and its effects at early lactation on milk yield, milk quality, and plasma cortisol [...] Read more.
The reactivity of primiparous goats during milking can significantly affect animal welfare and performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of milking reactivity during lactation and its effects at early lactation on milk yield, milk quality, and plasma cortisol concentration in primiparous Saanen goats. The milking reactivity of 31 primiparous Saanen goats was evaluated on days 10, 30, and 60 of the lactation period by scoring step-kick behavior (SK) and head, ear, and tail movements (MOV). Milk yield, milk protein and fat percentages, somatic cell count (SCC), and plasma cortisol concentration were measured on day 10 of lactation. Goats’ milking reactivity was classified as low or high (according to the SK and MOV scores measured on day 10 of lactation). SK and MOV scores decreased over the lactation period, indicating that the goats habituated to the milking procedures. Milking reactivity only affected milk fat percentage, with the less reactive goats having more milk fat than the highly reactive ones. There was no evidence of stress when goats were subjected to milking procedures during early lactation. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationships of milking reactivity with stress response and their effects on milk yield and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)
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14 pages, 5241 KiB  
Article
Effects of Prolactin Inhibition on Lipid Metabolism in Goats
by Xiaona Liu, Chunhui Duan, Xuejiao Yin, Xianglong Li, Meijing Chen, Jiaxin Chen, Wen Zhao, Lechao Zhang, Yueqin Liu and Yingjie Zhang
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233364 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) has recently been found to play a role in lipid metabolism in addition to its traditional roles in lactation and reproduction. However, the effects of PRL on lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissues are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to study [...] Read more.
Prolactin (PRL) has recently been found to play a role in lipid metabolism in addition to its traditional roles in lactation and reproduction. However, the effects of PRL on lipid metabolism in liver and adipose tissues are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of PRL on lipid metabolism in goats. Twenty healthy eleven-month-old Yanshan cashmere goats with similar body weights (BWs) were selected and randomly divided into a control (CON) group and a bromocriptine (BCR, a PRL inhibitor, 0.06 mg/kg, BW) group. The experiment lasted for 30 days. Blood was collected on the day before BCR treatment (day 0) and on the 15th and 30th days after BCR treatment (days 15 and 30). On day 30 of treatment, all goats were slaughtered to collect their liver, subcutaneous adipose, and perirenal adipose tissues. A portion of all collected tissues was stored in 4% paraformaldehyde for histological observation, and another portion was immediately stored in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction. The PRL inhibition had inconclusive effects found on BW and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in goats (p > 0.05). PRL inhibition decreased the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) levels on day 30 (p < 0.05), but the effects were inconclusive on days 0 and 15. PRL inhibition had inconclusive effects found on total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fatty acid synthase (FAS), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) on days 0, 15, and 30 (p > 0.05). Furthermore, hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining of the liver, subcutaneous adipose, and perirenal adipose sections showed that PRL inhibition had inconclusive effects on the pathological changes in their histomorphology (p > 0.05), but measuring adipocytes showed that the area of perirenal adipocytes decreased in the BCR group (p < 0.05). The qPCR results showed that PRL inhibition increased the expression of PRL, long-form PRL receptor (LPRLR), and short-form PRL receptor (SPRLR) genes, as well as the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, including sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1); sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 2 (SREBF2); acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA); fatty acid synthase (FASN); 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7); peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG); and lipase E, hormone-sensitive type (LIPE) in the liver (p < 0.05). In the subcutaneous adipose tissue, PRL inhibition increased SPRLR gene expression (p < 0.05) and decreased the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, including SREBF1, SREBF2, ACACA, PPARG, and LIPE (p < 0.05). In the perirenal adipose tissue, the inhibition of PRL decreased the expression of the PRL, SREBF2, and HMGCR genes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the inhibition of PRL decreases the serum HSL levels in cashmere goats; the effects of PRL on lipid metabolism are different in different tissues; and PRL affects lipid metabolic activity by regulating different PRLRs in liver and subcutaneous adipose tissues, as well as by decreasing the expression of the PRL, SREBF2, and HMGCR genes in perirenal adipose tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic and Endocrine Regulation in Ruminants: Second Edition)
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12 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Dietary Protein Affects the Growth Response and Tissue Composition of Juvenile Slipper Lobster (Thenus australiensis)
by Andrea Williamson, Chris G. Carter, M. Basseer Codabaccus, Quinn P. Fitzgibbon and Gregory G. Smith
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233363 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The effect of different dietary protein levels on apparent feed intake, apparent digestibility, body composition, nutrient retention, and growth efficiency of juvenile slipper lobster (Thenus australiensis) were evaluated for 74 days. Three isoenergetic and isolipidic feeds were formulated with crude protein [...] Read more.
The effect of different dietary protein levels on apparent feed intake, apparent digestibility, body composition, nutrient retention, and growth efficiency of juvenile slipper lobster (Thenus australiensis) were evaluated for 74 days. Three isoenergetic and isolipidic feeds were formulated with crude protein levels of 445, 490, and 551 g kg−1 DM, designated as P45, P50, and P55, respectively. Lobsters were fed one of these feeds in quadruplicate tanks, with eight lobsters (mean initial wet weight 6.1 ± 0.3 g) per tank in a recirculating seawater system at 27 °C. Increasing dietary protein levels significantly increased apparent feed intake, final dry weight, and daily weight gain. Dietary protein affected whole-body protein, lipid, and energy content. Lobsters fed P55 had significantly higher lipid and energy content than those fed P50 and P45. Protein content was significantly higher in lobsters fed P55 than P50, while P45 was not significantly different from either P50 or P55. Slipper lobsters grew best on a feed containing 550 g kg−1 crude protein (equivalent to 518 g kg−1 digestible protein), providing initial insights into their protein dietary requirement. This study established a foundation for developing standardized feeds, with further research needed to optimize growth performance and nutrient utilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Farm-Raised Fish Production: Nutritional Requirements, Precision Feed Formulations, Sustainable Feeding Strategies, and Health and Welfare)
11 pages, 3579 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Feline Basophils on the Sysmex XN-1000V and Evaluation of a New WDF Gating Profile
by Javier Martínez-Caro and Josep Pastor
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3362; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233362 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
The Sysmex XN-1000V provides a percentage and concentration of basophils from the WNR scattergram, as for human samples, but this method has been shown to be irrelevant in cats. This study aimed to characterize the feline basophil distribution on the WDF channel and [...] Read more.
The Sysmex XN-1000V provides a percentage and concentration of basophils from the WNR scattergram, as for human samples, but this method has been shown to be irrelevant in cats. This study aimed to characterize the feline basophil distribution on the WDF channel and to preliminarily evaluate the performance of a new basophil gate on the WDF channel. Cases of feline basophilia were retrospectively retrieved and the scattergram from the WDF and WNR channels were evaluated for any consistent pattern. A new gating setting for the WDF channel was created to include the suspected basophil region. This new gating was applied retrospectively to identified basophilia cases and prospectively to randomly selected feline cases. Manual, WNR, and new WDF methods for basophil identification were compared. Nine cases of feline basophilia were identified. A characteristic WDF scattergram was identified in seven of the nine cases. A new gate was created on the WDF channel and applied to these and 34 additional cases. The comparison study showed that the new method of basophil quantification using the WDF scattergram correlated better with the manual method than the Sysmex XN-1000V method using the WNR scattergram. Basophil concentration in feline peripheral blood can be determined using a new gate on the WDF channel of the Sysmex XN-1000V, which provides better performance than the WNR channel and is comparable to the manual method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Clinical Pathology)
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24 pages, 1855 KiB  
Article
Most Random-Encounter-Model Density Estimates in Camera-Based Predator–Prey Studies Are Unreliable
by Sean M. Murphy, Benjamin S. Nolan, Felicia C. Chen, Kathleen M. Longshore, Matthew T. Simes, Gabrielle A. Berry and Todd C. Esque
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3361; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233361 - 22 Nov 2024
Abstract
Identifying population-level relationships between predators and their prey is often predicated on having reliable population estimates. Camera-trapping is effective for surveying terrestrial wildlife, but many species lack individually unique natural markings that are required for most abundance and density estimation methods. Analytical approaches [...] Read more.
Identifying population-level relationships between predators and their prey is often predicated on having reliable population estimates. Camera-trapping is effective for surveying terrestrial wildlife, but many species lack individually unique natural markings that are required for most abundance and density estimation methods. Analytical approaches have been developed for producing population estimates from camera-trap surveys of unmarked wildlife; however, most unmarked approaches have strict assumptions that can be cryptically violated by survey design characteristics, practitioner choice of input values, or species behavior and ecology. Using multi-year datasets from populations of an unmarked predator and its co-occurring unmarked prey, we evaluated the consequences of violating two requirements of the random encounter model (REM), one of the first developed unmarked methods. We also performed a systematic review of published REM studies, with an emphasis on predator–prey ecology studies. Empirical data analysis confirmed findings of recent research that using detections from non-randomly placed cameras (e.g., on trails) and/or borrowing movement velocity (day range) values caused volatility in density estimates. Notably, placing cameras strategically to detect the predator, as is often required to obtain sufficient sample sizes, resulted in substantial density estimate inflation for both the predator and prey species. Systematic review revealed that 91% of REM density estimates in published predator–prey ecology studies were obtained using camera-trap data or velocity values that did not meet REM requirements. We suggest considerable caution making conservation or management decisions using REM density estimates from predator–prey ecology studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Innovation in Wildlife Population Estimation)
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15 pages, 1767 KiB  
Article
Using Social Network Analysis to Assess ‘Groupness’ in a Mixed-Species Zoo Exhibit of Tufted Capuchins (Sapajus apella) and Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
by Sophia Daoudi-Simison, Phyllis Lee and Hannah M. Buchanan-Smith
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3360; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233360 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 136
Abstract
Mixed-species groups have been recorded in various primates, including tufted capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Measures of their ‘groupness’ are typically based on factors such as group stability, social interactions, proximity, or behavioural coordination. Social network analysis has become a useful tool for quantifying [...] Read more.
Mixed-species groups have been recorded in various primates, including tufted capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Measures of their ‘groupness’ are typically based on factors such as group stability, social interactions, proximity, or behavioural coordination. Social network analysis has become a useful tool for quantifying relationships among group-living individuals. Here, we apply social network analysis to two captive mixed-species groups of tufted capuchins and squirrel monkeys housed at the Living Links to Human Evolution Research Centre, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh Zoo, UK. We conducted 183 h of focal observations (three hours per individual, excluding co-observations) and calculated association rates using a simple index ratio. Permutation t-tests were used to assess differences in the overall mixed-species network and network metrics according to species. While the two species exhibited some level of association, they formed separate clusters in the mixed-species networks; however, the East group had more balanced group sizes and showed some signs of closer inter-specific social ties compared to the West group. Our data indicate that, in captivity at least, while these groups co-exist in a small, shared space, they do not form cohesive mixed-species groups. We suggest caution in the assumption of mixed-species groups based on shared space only. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Zoo Animals)
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13 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Fecal Carriage and Risk Factors Associated with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-/AmpC-/Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli in Dogs from Italy
by Alessia Facchin, Gabriele Ratti, Joel Filipe, Martina Penati, Alessia L. Gazzonis, Greta Masiero, Paola Dall’Ara, Giovanni L. Alborali and Stefania Lauzi
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3359; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233359 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 244
Abstract
MDR bacteria are an emerging global threat to public health, and the role of dogs in the rise of antimicrobial resistance is under investigation. This study investigated the fecal shedding of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, AmpC- and carbapenemase (CP)-producing Escherichia coli and associated risk [...] Read more.
MDR bacteria are an emerging global threat to public health, and the role of dogs in the rise of antimicrobial resistance is under investigation. This study investigated the fecal shedding of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-, AmpC- and carbapenemase (CP)-producing Escherichia coli and associated risk factors in dogs admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Lodi, University of Milan, or other veterinary clinics and kennels in Northen Italy. Feces collected in 2020–2022 were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed. ESBL-/AmpC-/CP-producing E. coli was detected in 14/100 (14%) dogs. Eleven (11%), five (5%) and one (1%) dogs carried ESBL-, AmpC- and CP-producing E. coli phenotypes, respectively, supported by the PCR detection of blaCTX-M and/or blaTEM in ESBL-producing E. coli; blaCMY-2 and the presence of putative low-level AmpC production in AmpC-producing E. coli; and blaOXA-48 in CP-producing E. coli. Different combinations of resistance genes and genetic features were observed. Multidrug resistance was observed in 13/14 (92.9%) E. coli isolates. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that ESBL-/AmpC-/CP-producing E. coli fecal shedding tended to be associated with antibiotic treatment (p = 0.058; OR = 3.87). The detection of ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli, along with the presence of a carbapenemase-resistant E. coli isolate from domestic dogs, although still limited, emphasizes the need for antimicrobial stewardship and specific surveillance programs, particularly for CP-producing bacteria in companion animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
12 pages, 506 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Poultry Nutrition Using Citric Acid By-Products from Rice to Boost Growth and Carcass Yield in Thai KKU 1 Broiler Chickens
by Mutyarsih Oryza.S, Padsakorn Pootthachaya, Nisakon Pintaphrom, Sirisak Tanpong, Narirat Unnawong, Anusorn Cherdthong, Bundit Tengjaroenkul and Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3358; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233358 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 239
Abstract
This research aimed to enhance the diet of Thai broiler chickens (KKU 1) by assessing the impact of CABR on growth performance, carcass yield, and meat composition. A total of 320 one-day-old mixed-sex (1:1) Thai KKU 1 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to [...] Read more.
This research aimed to enhance the diet of Thai broiler chickens (KKU 1) by assessing the impact of CABR on growth performance, carcass yield, and meat composition. A total of 320 one-day-old mixed-sex (1:1) Thai KKU 1 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments incorporating CABR at levels of 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%. The chicks were fed for a period of 56 days, divided into three phases: 1–21, 22–49, and 50–56 days. In the grower phase, birds receiving 3% and 6% CABR displayed the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to other groups, while their body weight (BW) and BW gain (BWG) were significantly higher than those of other treatments (p < 0.05). In the finisher phase, performance differences were minimal, except for birds on the 3% CABR diet, which had greater BW than those on 9% or 12% CABR diets. Overall, throughout all phases, the inclusion of 3% CABR resulted in improved BWG and FCR compared to other groups across the study period (p < 0.05). Additionally, the 12% CABR treatment reduced dressing percentage compared to other groups, but it did not negatively impact the relative organ weights of the carcass or the quality of breast meat. Incorporating 3% and 12% CABR resulted in the highest values recorded for gross energy and ether extract in breast meat (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the gross energy of thigh meat increased with 3% to 12% CABR inclusion, peaking at the 6% CABR treatment (p < 0.05). This study found that adding 3% or 6% CABR to the diet of Thai broiler chickens improves their growth without negatively impacting meat or carcass quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)
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26 pages, 5062 KiB  
Article
Expression Profiles of Housekeeping Genes and Tissue-Specific Genes in Different Tissues of Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)
by Yanping Li, Yunyun Lv, Peilin Cheng, Ying Jiang, Cao Deng, Yongming Wang, Zhengyong Wen, Jiang Xie, Jieming Chen, Qiong Shi and Hao Du
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3357; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233357 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 178
Abstract
The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an ancient, complex autooctoploid fish species that is currently facing conservation challenges throughout its distribution. To comprehensively characterize the expression profiles of genes and their associated biological functions across different tissues, we performed a transcriptome-scale [...] Read more.
The Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) is an ancient, complex autooctoploid fish species that is currently facing conservation challenges throughout its distribution. To comprehensively characterize the expression profiles of genes and their associated biological functions across different tissues, we performed a transcriptome-scale gene expression analysis, focusing on housekeeping genes (HKGs), tissue-specific genes (TSGs), and co-expressed gene modules in various tissues. We collected eleven tissues to establish a transcriptomic repository, including data from Pacific Biosciences isoform sequencing (PacBio Iso-seq) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and then obtained 25,434 full-length transcripts, with lengths from 307 to 9515 bp and an N50 of 3195 bp. Additionally, 20,887 transcripts were effectively identified and classified as known homologous genes. We also identified 787 HKGs, and the number of TSGs varied from 25 in the liver to 2073 in the brain. TSG functions were mainly enriched in certain signaling pathways involved in specific physiological processes, such as voltage-gated potassium channel activity, nervous system development, glial cell differentiation in the brain, and leukocyte transendothelial migration in the spleen and pronephros. Meanwhile, HKGs were highly enriched in some pathways involved in ribosome biogenesis, proteasome core complex, spliceosome activation, elongation factor activity, and translation initiation factor activity, which have been strongly implicated in fundamental biological tissue functions. We also predicted five modules, with eight hub genes in the brown module, most of which (such as rps3a, rps7, rps23, rpl11, rpl17, rpl27, and rpl28) were linked to ribosome biogenesis. Our results offer insights into ribosomal proteins that are indispensable in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, which are crucial in various cell developmental processes and neural development of Chinese sturgeon. Overall, these findings will not only advance the understanding of fundamental biological functions in Chinese sturgeon but also supply a valuable genetic resource for characterizing this extremely important species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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13 pages, 2144 KiB  
Article
Effects of Yucca Extract on Nutrient Digestibility, Antioxidant Status, Estrus and Faecal Microorganism in Gilts
by Junjie Gao, Wenyan Wei, Chao Ji, Xujing Pan, Junlei Chang, Qianhou Zhang, Xilun Zhao, Xuemei Jiang, Ruinan Zhang, Lianqiang Che, Yan Lin, Zhengfeng Fang, Yong Zhuo, Bin Feng, Jian Li, Lun Hua, De Wu and Shengyu Xu
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233356 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 188
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of yucca extract (YE) supplementation on estrus, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity and fecal microorganisms of gilts. Twenty gilts were randomly divided into two groups: basal diet (CONT) and basal diet + 0.25 g/kg [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of yucca extract (YE) supplementation on estrus, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity and fecal microorganisms of gilts. Twenty gilts were randomly divided into two groups: basal diet (CONT) and basal diet + 0.25 g/kg YE (YETG). The results showed that supplementing 0.25 g/kg YE in the diet of gilts significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dietary energy, crude fat and crude protein (p < 0.05). In addition, YE could also improve the antioxidant capacity of gilts, significantly increase the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of gilts (p < 0.05). In terms of fecal microorganisms, YE significantly increased the Shannon index and Simpson index of fecal microorganisms of gilts (p < 0.05), decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Streptococcus sp., and increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae and Prevotalla sp. in the feces of gilts (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary YE increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients, improved the antioxidant status of gilts and increased the α diversity of fecal microorganisms. These results provide a reference for the application of YE in gilts production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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13 pages, 256 KiB  
Article
Effects of Extrusion on the Available Energy and Nutrient Digestibility of Soybean Meal and Its Application in Weaned Piglets
by Ge Zhang, Zhiqiang Sun, Tenghao Wang, Ling Liu, Jinbiao Zhao and Zeyu Zhang
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3355; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233355 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 210
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of extrusion devices on the available energy and nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM), and further to investigate the impact of different levels of extruded SBM on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets. [...] Read more.
Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of extrusion devices on the available energy and nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM), and further to investigate the impact of different levels of extruded SBM on the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned piglets. In Exp. 1, eighteen crossbreed growing pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 32.6 ± 2.7 kg were randomly assigned to three treatments, including a corn basal diet, SBM, and extruded SBM diets. In addition, six cannulated pigs (initial BW, 22.3 ± 1.8 kg) were allocated across an 6 × 3 Youden square design. The experimental treatments included a N-free diet and three diets containing 40% of different SBM sources. The results indicated that extrusion reduced the anti-nutritional factors in soybean meal without affecting the digestibility of available energy and nutrients. In Exp. 2, 192 pigs (initial BW, 6.60 ± 0.54 kg) were allocated across four diets supplemented with 0%, 3%, 6%, and 9% extruded SBM. The four treatments were randomized and each comprised six replicate pens containing four boars and four gilts. The results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased linearly with the increase in extruded SBM levels from d 0–14 (p < 0.05), and average daily gain (ADG) increased; ATTD was higher in the GE, DM, OM, and CP of piglets in the 9% extruded SBM group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the extrusion treatment reduced ANFs in SBM, and adding 9% extruded SBM to the diet improved the growth performance of weaned piglets by increasing the digestibility of nutrients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploration of Sustainable Feed Resources and Pig Dietary Strategies)
26 pages, 3022 KiB  
Review
Unveiling the Colors of Mustelids: A Historical Review on the Emergence of Chromatic Disorders and Their Ecological Effects in Mustelids Worldwide with Report of the First Case of Erythrism in Eira barbara (Carnivora, Mustelidae)
by Leonardo Cotts, Giovanna Costa, Sofia Isabel Gabriel, Oscar Rocha Barbosa and Caryne Braga
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3354; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233354 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 412
Abstract
Mustelidae is the largest and most diverse family within the order Carnivora, encompasses 65 species and 22 genera, and is widely distributed around the world. Mustelids exhibit a multiplicity of coloration patterns, ranging from darker tones, such as black and brown, to lighter [...] Read more.
Mustelidae is the largest and most diverse family within the order Carnivora, encompasses 65 species and 22 genera, and is widely distributed around the world. Mustelids exhibit a multiplicity of coloration patterns, ranging from darker tones, such as black and brown, to lighter tones, such as pale yellow and white. Anomalous colorations in wild mustelids are occasionally reported, but these records are still poorly discussed in the scientific literature and are often subject to misidentification and/or incorrect terminology. Among mustelids, the Tayra, Eira barbara, is suggested to have the highest frequency of chromatic disorders reported in the formal scientific literature, although most cases involve hypopigmentation. Here, we report and describe the first case of a reddish-colored tayra, a rare chromatic disorder known as erythrism, and compare their coloration to that observed in the subspecies currently suggested for E. barbara. We also conducted a survey and a review of chromatic variants in mustelids based on the formal scientific literature, reporting 119 anomalously colored individuals from 1890 to 2024, and proposed accurate terminology for misidentified cases. Additionally, we discuss the occurrence of these chromatic disorders on a global scale and their potential ecological effect on wild mustelids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)
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21 pages, 10113 KiB  
Article
An Improved Bird Detection Method Using Surveillance Videos from Poyang Lake Based on YOLOv8
by Jianchao Ma, Jiayuan Guo, Xiaolong Zheng and Chaoyang Fang
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3353; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233353 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 212
Abstract
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and plays a significant ecological role. Deep-learning-based video surveillance can effectively monitor bird species on the lake, contributing to the local biodiversity preservation. To address the challenges of multi-scale object detection against complex backgrounds, [...] Read more.
Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and plays a significant ecological role. Deep-learning-based video surveillance can effectively monitor bird species on the lake, contributing to the local biodiversity preservation. To address the challenges of multi-scale object detection against complex backgrounds, such as a high density and severe occlusion, we propose a new model known as the YOLOv8-bird model. First, we use Receptive-Field Attention convolution, which improves the model’s ability to capture and utilize image information. Second, we redesign a feature fusion network, termed the DyASF-P2, which enhances the network’s ability to capture small object features and reduces the target information loss. Third, a lightweight detection head is designed to effectively reduce the model’s size without sacrificing the precision. Last, the Inner-ShapeIoU loss function is proposed to address the multi-scale bird localization challenge. Experimental results on the PYL-5-2023 dataset demonstrate that the YOLOv8-bird model achieves precision, recall, [email protected], and [email protected]:0.95 scores of 94.6%, 89.4%, 94.8%, and 70.4%, respectively. Additionally, the model outperforms other mainstream object detection models in terms of accuracy. These results indicate that the proposed YOLOv8-bird model is well-suited for bird detection and counting tasks, which enable it to support biodiversity monitoring in the complex environment of Poyang Lake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Birds)
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16 pages, 9215 KiB  
Article
Spatial Distribution and Growth Patterns of a Common Bivalve Mollusk (Macoma calcarea) in Svalbard Fjords in Relation to Environmental Factors
by Alyona E. Noskovich and Alexander G. Dvoretsky
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3352; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233352 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 214
Abstract
Ongoing warming in the Arctic has led to significant sea-ice loss and alterations in primary production, affecting all components of the marine food web. The considerable spatial variability of near-bottom environments around the Svalbard Archipelago renders the local fjords promising sites for revealing [...] Read more.
Ongoing warming in the Arctic has led to significant sea-ice loss and alterations in primary production, affecting all components of the marine food web. The considerable spatial variability of near-bottom environments around the Svalbard Archipelago renders the local fjords promising sites for revealing responses of benthic organisms to different environmental conditions. We investigated spatial variations in abundance, biomass, and growth parameters of the common bivalve Macoma calcarea in waters off western Spitsbergen and identified two distinct groups of this species: one composed mainly of cold-water stations from Storfjorden (Group I) and the other comprising warmer-water stations from Grønfjorden and Coles Bay (Group II). Within these groups, the mean abundance, biomass, production, and mortality accounted for 0.2 and 429 ind. m−2, 20 and 179 g m−2, 18.5 and 314 g m−2 year−1, and 0.22 and 0.10 year−1 respectively. The size–frequency and age–frequency distributions were biased towards smaller and younger specimens in Group I, while Group II displayed more even distributions. The maximum ages were 11 and 21 years, respectively. The mollusks from cold water were significantly smaller than their same-aged counterparts from warmer water. Two groups of Macoma were identified: slow-growing individuals with a rate of 1.4 mm and fast-growing individuals with a growth rate of 1.8 mm. Most population parameters were higher than those observed in the Pechora, Kara, and Greenland Seas. Redundancy analysis indicated water temperature as the main driving factor of abundance and biomass, while the latter was also influenced by the presence of pebbles. Our findings provide new insights into the growth patterns and spatial distribution of Macoma at high latitudes and confirm that this species can serve as a reliable indicator of environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Population Characteristics of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and Their Environmental Driving Factors)
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13 pages, 3125 KiB  
Perspective
A Qualitative Model Demonstrating the Adaptation of Amphibians to Semi-Arid and Arid Habitats: Comparing the Green Toad Bufotes sitibundus (Pallas, 1771) and Pelophylax bedriagae (Camerano, 1882)
by Gad Degani
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233351 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 285
Abstract
In this brief article, the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus) and the Levant water frog (Pelophylax bedriagae) were compared to better understand the adaptations needed by amphibians, specifically the green toad, to survive in arid regions and to inhabit a [...] Read more.
In this brief article, the green toad (Bufotes sitibundus) and the Levant water frog (Pelophylax bedriagae) were compared to better understand the adaptations needed by amphibians, specifically the green toad, to survive in arid regions and to inhabit a wide range of habitats. The information mainly comes from data gathered in Israel, a nation experiencing a shift from Mediterranean to desert ecosystems where both amphibian species can be found. Using these data, a qualitative model is put forward that showcases the differences between these two amphibians and illustrates how the green toad has adapted to arid environments. For instance, green toads travel to breeding and spawning sites during the rainy season. During this journey, they often have to cross roads, which puts them at risk of being hit by vehicles. The main distinction between the green toad and the water frog is that the green toad moves from land environments to water, while the water frog stays in its aquatic habitat for its entire life cycle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)
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13 pages, 277 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grazing on the Welfare of Dairy Cows Raised Under Different Housing Conditions in Compost Barns
by Beatriz Danieli, Maksuel Gatto de Vitt, Ana Luiza Bachmann Schogor, Maria Luísa Appendino Nunes Zotti, Patrícia Ferreira Ponciano Ferraz and Aline Zampar
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233350 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 252
Abstract
There is currently no established information for assessing the general welfare conditions and behavior of dairy cows housed in compost-bedded pack barns (CBPs) that allow access to pasture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and classify the welfare and behavior [...] Read more.
There is currently no established information for assessing the general welfare conditions and behavior of dairy cows housed in compost-bedded pack barns (CBPs) that allow access to pasture. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate and classify the welfare and behavior of dairy cows in three different housing conditions within CBPs in southern Brazil. During both the cold and hot seasons, nine farms were divided into three groups: CONV (conventional, large, full-time barns), ADAP (conventionally adapted, full-time barns), and PART (part-time barns). The European Welfare Quality® (WQ®) protocol takes into account the characteristics of the animals, animal housing, and farm management to set an overall score to assess animal welfare, which is why WQ® was used in this study. Daytime behavior was monitored over a period of four consecutive hours on two days. The 29 WQ® measures were grouped into 11 criteria, then into four principles, and finally into the general welfare category. The experimental design employed was a randomized block design in a 2 × 3 factorial scheme (two climatic seasons and three groups), with the means of the measures, principles, and criteria for each group, season, and interaction (group × season) compared using the Tukey test. The diurnal behavior of the cows was described by the average absolute frequency of each observed behavioral measure. There were no differences among the groups in any of the measures assessed by the WQ® protocol. However, there was a significant increase in both the incidence of diarrhea and the duration of lying down during the cold season. Only the principle of appropriate behavior varied among the groups, with the PART group demonstrating superior scores. Regardless of the season, the welfare of dairy cows maintained in CBPs was classified as “improved”. No abnormalities in behavior were observed among cows housed in the different groups or seasons. Cows in the PART group laid down less frequently during the hot season. Overall, the CBP system provided favorable welfare and behavioral conditions for cows in Brazil, and access to grazing further enhanced the welfare of animals housed in the PART group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring of Cows: Management and Sustainability)
15 pages, 2791 KiB  
Review
Renal Disease in Cats and Dogs—Lessons Learned from Text-Mined Trends in Humans
by Christos Dadousis, Anthony D. Whetton, Kennedy Mwacalimba, Alexandre Merlo, Andrea Wright and Nophar Geifman
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3349; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233349 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by progressive kidney damage and encompasses a broad range of renal pathologies and aetiologies. In humans, CKD is an increasing global health problem, in particular in the western world, while in cats and dogs, CKD is one [...] Read more.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterised by progressive kidney damage and encompasses a broad range of renal pathologies and aetiologies. In humans, CKD is an increasing global health problem, in particular in the western world, while in cats and dogs, CKD is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Here, we aimed to develop an enhanced understanding of the knowledge base related to the pathophysiology of renal disease and CKD in cats and dogs. To achieve this, we leveraged a text-mining approach for reviewing trends in the literature and compared the findings to evidence collected from publications related to CKD in humans. Applying a quantitative text-mining technique, we examined data on clinical signs, diseases, clinical and lab methods, cell types, cytokine, and tissue associations (co-occurrences) captured in PubMed biomedical literature. Further, we examined different types of pain within human CKD-related publications, as publications on this topic are sparser in companion animals, but with the growing importance of animal welfare and quality of life, it is an area of interest. Our findings could serve as substance for future research studies. The systematic automated review of relevant literature, along with comparative analysis, has the potential to summarise scientific evidence and trends in a quick, easy, and cost-effective way. Using this approach, we identified targeted and novel areas of investigation for renal disease in cats and dogs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)
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23 pages, 4889 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Association Study and Phenotype Prediction of Reproductive Traits in Large White Pigs
by Hao Zhang, Shiqian Bao, Xiaona Zhao, Yangfan Bai, Yangcheng Lv, Pengfei Gao, Fuzhong Li and Wuping Zhang
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233348 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 272
Abstract
In a study involving 385 Large White pigs, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to investigate reproductive traits, specifically the number of healthy litters (NHs) and the number of weaned litters (NWs). Several SNP loci, including ALGA0098819, ALGA0037969, and H3GA0032302, were significantly [...] Read more.
In a study involving 385 Large White pigs, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to investigate reproductive traits, specifically the number of healthy litters (NHs) and the number of weaned litters (NWs). Several SNP loci, including ALGA0098819, ALGA0037969, and H3GA0032302, were significantly associated with these traits. In the combined-parity analysis, candidate genes, such as BLVRA, STK17A, PSMA2, and C7orf25, were identified. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that these genes are involved in key biological processes, including organic synthesis, the regulation of sperm activity, spermatogenesis, and meiosis. In the by-parity analysis, the PLCXD3 gene was significantly associated with the NW trait in the second and fourth parities, while RNASEH1, PYM1, and SEPTIN9 were linked to cell proliferation, DNA repair, and metabolism, suggesting their potential role in regulating reproductive traits. These findings provide new molecular markers for the genetic study of reproductive traits in Large White pigs. For the phenotypic prediction of NH and NW traits, several machine learning models (GBDT, RF, LightGBM, and Adaboost.R2), as well as traditional models (GBLUP, BRR, and BL), were evaluated using SNP data in varying proportions. After PCA processing, the GBDT model achieved the highest PCC for NH (0.141), while LightGBM reached the highest PCC for NW (0.146). The MAE, MSE, and RMSE results showed that the traditional models exhibited stable error rates, while the machine learning models performed comparatively better across the different SNP ratios. Overall, PCA processing provided some improvement in the predictive performance of all of the models, though the overall increase in accuracy was limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)
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9 pages, 214 KiB  
Communication
The Role of Viral Pathogens in Horse Respiratory Diseases: A Cytological and Molecular Approach Using Next-Generation Sequencing
by Maurizio Mazzei, Benedetta Sorvillo, Micaela Sgorbini, Francesca Bindi, Alice Perelli and Fulvio Laus
Animals 2024, 14(23), 3347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233347 - 21 Nov 2024
Viewed by 391
Abstract
(1) Background: Respiratory problems may be associated with pathogens among which viruses may play an important role in causing or promoting clinical signs. However, traditional diagnostic methods for equine infectious diseases, such as PCR, are limited to known pathogens and often miss rare [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Respiratory problems may be associated with pathogens among which viruses may play an important role in causing or promoting clinical signs. However, traditional diagnostic methods for equine infectious diseases, such as PCR, are limited to known pathogens and often miss rare or novel viruses. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a transformative method that allows the sequencing of all genomes present in a sample. Recent studies have used next-generation sequences to identify viral sequences in horses with unexplained respiratory symptoms, revealing potential links between viruses and respiratory problems. The aim of the study was to verify a relationship between respiratory diseases and the presence of viral agents through molecular analyses, applied to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses with history or presence of clinical signs of respiratory diseases. (2) Methods: A cohort of 14 horses was enrolled. All the subjects were submitted to a clinical assessment of the respiratory tract, thoracic ultrasound evaluation, respiratory tract endoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage. The latter one was used for cytological analysis, DNA and RNA extraction, and molecular biology analysis. (3) Results: No positive results were obtained in the molecular studies except for a sequence of 753 bp obtained by next-generation sequences, with complete homology to Equid gammaherpesvirus 2 strains. The samples were taken from a thoroughbred female horse aged 2 years old and referred for poor performance and sporadic cough at the beginning of the training session. (4) Conclusions: viral involvement may be not common in horses with respiratory diseases. We cannot exclude that the lack of virus detection may be due to the small sample size of the population included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Equids)
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