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Structural Health Monitoring: Latest Applications and Data Analysis, 2nd Edition

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 December 2024 | Viewed by 6327

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Center for Electromagnetic Fields Engineering and High-Frequency Techniques, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-313 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: electromagnetic non-destructive testing and evaluation; magnetic sensors; electromagnetic field measurements; multi-sensor measuring systems; sensors network; multi-source data mining and fusion; data processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Electromagnetic Fields Engineering and High-Frequency Techniques, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-313 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: active infrared thermography; microwave heating; numerical modelling; optimisation; neural networks; signal and image processing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Following the positive reception of our previous Special Issue entitled "Structural Health Monitoring: Latest Applications and Data Analysis," we are delighted to present its continuation in the form of a second edition. Similar to the previous edition, this particular Special Issue is dedicated to the topic of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), with a specific focus on its latest applications and corresponding data analysis. The surveillance of engineering structures is undoubtedly a key matter; however, it encompasses a vast and multidisciplinary scope. In this context, both novel sensor systems and techniques for measurement, data collection, and processing are relevant. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) techniques comprise a range of technical diagnostic and nondestructive testing methods that are widely utilized. These methods include electromagnetic, high frequency, thermovision, radiography, ultrasound, and various others. Each of the aforementioned techniques poses distinctive challenges, not only in relation to the methodology of measurement but also with regard to data processing. Consequently, the processing of signals or images for the purpose of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the structures being examined is of particular interest in this context.

Researchers in the broad domain of technical diagnostics and nondestructive testing are cordially invited to present their innovative contributions pertaining to the above-mentioned topics. All types of research are welcome, including theoretical and experimental studies, as well as comprehensive reviews and surveys.

Prof. Dr. Grzegorz Psuj
Dr. Barbara Grochowalska (Szymanik)
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • structural health monitoring
  • electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation
  • technical diagnostics
  • magnetic methods
  • thermovision
  • high-frequency electromagnetic methods
  • ultrasound methods
  • radiography
  • multi-sensor measuring systems
  • sensors network
  • multi-source data mining and fusion
  • data processing
  • image processing
  • numerical modelling
  • optimisation
  • neural networks
  • machine vision
  • machine learning

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 7147 KiB  
Article
Non-Destructive Testing of Joints Used in Refrigerated Vehicle Bodies
by Jakub Kowalczyk and Przemysław Tyczewski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209364 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 509
Abstract
This paper focuses on the non-destructive evaluation of adhesive joints used in vehicles designed for transporting food products. The research and analysis were limited to the joints used in connecting elements of the cargo space. Two non-destructive methods were employed in the study: [...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the non-destructive evaluation of adhesive joints used in vehicles designed for transporting food products. The research and analysis were limited to the joints used in connecting elements of the cargo space. Two non-destructive methods were employed in the study: ultrasonic and thermographic techniques. Both methods confirmed the feasibility of evaluating adhesive joints in the construction of food transport vehicles, with the thermographic method proving to be much faster in identifying large areas of deadhesion in the plating. The ultrasonic method, on the other hand, allows for the inspection of sheathing and aluminum profiles. The predefined decibel drop in the height of the first two pulses on the ultrasonic defectoscope screen for areas with high-quality joints was less than 3.5 dB. In contrast, for areas with adhesion-related damage, the decibel drop in the first two pulses exceeded 4.5 dB. Full article
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16 pages, 8548 KiB  
Article
Strength and Ultrasonic Testing of Acrylic Foam Adhesive Tape
by Jakub Kowalczyk and Marian Jósko
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6877; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166877 - 6 Aug 2024
Viewed by 741
Abstract
Adhesive joints are some of the oldest inseparable connections, and were used much earlier than other non-separable connections (e.g., welded, soldered). Adhesives are widely used in the manufacture of vehicles, household appliances, aircraft, and medicine. One disadvantage of adhesive joints is their long [...] Read more.
Adhesive joints are some of the oldest inseparable connections, and were used much earlier than other non-separable connections (e.g., welded, soldered). Adhesives are widely used in the manufacture of vehicles, household appliances, aircraft, and medicine. One disadvantage of adhesive joints is their long bonding time (amounting, for example, to 72 h for polyurethane adhesives used in bus roof bonding), and another is their production of harmful waste. Tapes that are adhesive coated on both sides are increasingly being used to join parts during production. Such tapes have lower strength than traditional adhesives, but their bonding time is much shorter. In addition, the amount of waste remaining after production is minimized. Tapes, like adhesives, dampen vibrations well and seal the materials being joined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of selected factors on the quality of tape–steel sheet joints and to assess the possibility of testing acrylic tape–steel sheet joints using ultrasonic methods. It was found that the preparation of a surface for bonding has a significant effect on the quality of the joint, and it was confirmed that non-destructive evaluation of the quality of the tested joints by the ultrasonic method is possible. The decibel drop in the height of the first and fifth pulses obtained on the screen of the ultrasonic defectoscope was proposed as an ultrasonic measure. The highest-quality joints were characterized by a measure in the range of 12 dB, lower-quality areas of about 8 dB, and tape-free areas of about 5 dB. At the same time, it was noted that in the case of proper surface preparation, there was cohesive failure of the joint during breakage. Full article
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18 pages, 12799 KiB  
Article
The Bearing Surface Defect Detection Method Combining Magnetic Particle Testing and Deep Learning
by Long Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Hengyi Zhao, Lin Xue and Jianbo Wu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(5), 1747; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14051747 - 21 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1344
Abstract
As a critical foundational component, bearings find widespread application in various mechanical equipment. In order to achieve automated defect detection in the bearing-manufacturing process, a defect detection algorithm combining magnetic particle inspection with deep learning is proposed. Dynamic thresholding and generative adversarial network [...] Read more.
As a critical foundational component, bearings find widespread application in various mechanical equipment. In order to achieve automated defect detection in the bearing-manufacturing process, a defect detection algorithm combining magnetic particle inspection with deep learning is proposed. Dynamic thresholding and generative adversarial network (GAN) methods are employed to extract defect samples from bearing images and augment the dataset, thereby enhancing data diversity. To mitigate the impact of irrelevant displays in bearing images, a coordinated attention (CA) mechanism is introduced into the backbone network of the deep learning model to focus on key information. Additionally, an adaptive spatial feature fusion module (ASFF) is incorporated during the multiscale fusion stage to maintain consistency in features across different hierarchical levels. The weighted intersection over union (WIoU) bounding box loss function is utilized to replace the original generalized intersection over union (GIoU) in the network, directing the model’s attention towards common-quality anchor boxes to reduce the adverse effects of inconsistent annotations. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved network achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 98.4% on the bearing dataset, representing a 4.2% improvement over the original network. Full article
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14 pages, 7922 KiB  
Article
Study of the Kinetics of Adhesive Bond Formation Using the Ultrasonic Method
by Jakub Kowalczyk, Marian Jósko, Daniel Wieczorek, Kamil Sędłak and Michał Nowak
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14010163 - 24 Dec 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 914
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is widely used in modern industry. It has many advantages—the main one being the reduction in production costs. It also has certain limitations. One of the limitations of adhesive bonds is the relatively long bonding time of the joints. The main [...] Read more.
Adhesive bonding is widely used in modern industry. It has many advantages—the main one being the reduction in production costs. It also has certain limitations. One of the limitations of adhesive bonds is the relatively long bonding time of the joints. The main objective of this research was to determine the possibility of studying the kinetics of adhesive bond formation using a non-destructive ultrasonic method. A research experiment was planned and carried out. Adhesive specimens were prepared, and their quality changes over time were evaluated. In addition, the change in ultrasonic measures during the testing of these bonds was evaluated, as well as the hardness of the adhesive. In this study, the choice of test apparatus was made, in particular ultrasonic probes for the adhesive used and the materials to be bonded. The choice of adhesive was also made, for one in which bonding phenomena occur uniformly throughout the volume. This work examined the changes in the mechanical strength and hardness with time. The tests showed that the greatest changes in mechanical strength occur within the first 24 h after the bond was made. With the mechanical strength reaching 12.6 Mpa after 216 h, the strength in the first 24 h was 10.36 (for bonded steel sheets). For bonded steel discs, the maximum tensile strength was 26.99 Mpa (after 216 h), with a hardness of 22.93 Mpa during the first 24 h. Also, significant changes were observed in the adhesive hardness during the first 24 h. The hardness of the adhesive after 216 h was 70.4 Shore’a on the D scale, while after 24 h it was 69.4 Shore’a on the D scale. Changes in the ultrasonic parameters of the adhesive bond quality were found to occur along with changes in the bond quality. Full article
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17 pages, 9910 KiB  
Article
Defect Detection in CFRP Concrete Reinforcement Using the Microwave Infrared Thermography (MIRT) Method—A Numerical Modeling and Experimental Approach
by Sam Ang Keo, Barbara Szymanik, Claire Le Roy, Franck Brachelet and Didier Defer
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(14), 8393; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148393 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2070
Abstract
This research paper presents the application of the microwave infrared thermography (MIRT) technique for the purpose of detecting and characterizing defects in the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite reinforcement of concrete specimens. Initially, a numerical model was constructed, which consisted of a broadband pyramidal [...] Read more.
This research paper presents the application of the microwave infrared thermography (MIRT) technique for the purpose of detecting and characterizing defects in the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite reinforcement of concrete specimens. Initially, a numerical model was constructed, which consisted of a broadband pyramidal horn antenna and the specimen. The present study investigated the application of a 360 W power system that operated at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, specifically focusing on two different operational modes: continuous and modulated. The specimen being examined consisted of a solid concrete slab that was coated with an adhesive layer, which was then overlaid with a layer of CFRP. Within the adhesive layer, at the interface between the concrete and CFRP, there was a defect in the form of an air gap. The study examined three distinct scenarios: a sample without any defects, a sample with a defect positioned at the center, and a sample with a defect positioned outside the center. The subsequent stage of the investigation incorporated experimental verification of the numerical modeling results. The experiment involved the utilization of two concrete specimens reinforced using CFRP, one without any defects and the other with a defect. Numerical modeling was used in this study to analyze the phenomenon of microwave heating in complex structures. The objective was to evaluate the selected antenna geometry and determine the optimal experimental configuration. Subsequently, these findings were experimentally validated. The observations conducted during the heating phase were particularly noteworthy, as they differed from previous studies that only performed observation of the sample after the heating phase. The results show that MIRT has the potential to be utilized as a method for identifying defects in concrete structures that are reinforced with CFRP. Full article
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