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11 pages, 2631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Characteristics of Carbonates and Indicative Significance of the Sedimentary Environment Based on Carbon–Oxygen Isotopes and Trace Elements: Case Study of the Lower Ordovician Qiulitage Formation in Keping Area, Tarim Basin (NW China)

by Li-Xin Wang, Tian-Jia Liu, Hong-Ji Xiao, Hong-Xian Chu, Kun Yan, Qing-Tong Wang and Wen-Qin Jiang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(17), 7885; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14177885 - 5 Sep 2024

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Abstract

The carbonate rock of the Qiulitage Formation is a significant stratum for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin. To elucidate its environmental characteristics, we conducted tests and analyses of trace elements, carbon, and oxygen isotopes of the carbonate rocks of the [...] Read more.

The carbonate rock of the Qiulitage Formation is a significant stratum for oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin. To elucidate its environmental characteristics, we conducted tests and analyses of trace elements, carbon, and oxygen isotopes of the carbonate rocks of the Qiulitage Formation in the Kekeqigankake section of the Keping area. The results reveal that δ¹³C values range between −1.7‰ and 4.3‰, with an average value of 1.645‰. δ¹⁸O values fluctuate from −11.4‰ to −6‰, with an average value of −8.2475‰. Z values (paleosalinity) vary from 120.33 to 131.67, significantly exceeding 120 with an average value of 126.52, indicating a marine sedimentary environment. Paleotemperature values (T) range from 12.75 to 29.09 °C, with an average value of 21.36 °C, suggesting warm climate conditions. The Sr/Ba (3.42~24.39) and Sr/Cu (57.5~560) ratios are elevated, while Th/U (<1.32) and V/Cr (0.989~1.70) ratios are reduced, suggesting that the Qiulitage Formation was deposited in an oxygen-rich, warm marine sedimentary environment with relatively high salinity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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23 pages, 4154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study of Built-In Porous Obstacles to Improve the Thermal Stratification Performance of Storage Tanks

by Jun Tan, Shiping He and Zhenglong Du

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6529; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156529 - 26 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Thermocline storage tanks are critical components in energy storage systems for solar renewable energy utilization. The use of thermal stratification of the working fluid within the storage tank for energy storage is a pivotal technology in these systems. Effective thermal stratification can significantly [...] Read more.

Thermocline storage tanks are critical components in energy storage systems for solar renewable energy utilization. The use of thermal stratification of the working fluid within the storage tank for energy storage is a pivotal technology in these systems. Effective thermal stratification can significantly enhance energy storage efficiency, meet a broader range of user demands, and improve the overall performance of the storage tank. Therefore, enhancing the energy storage efficiency of storage tanks is an essential objective. To promote internal temperature stratification within the tank, this study introduces a porous obstacle designed to improve the tank’s internal structure. A comparative analysis was conducted with tanks featuring different structural configurations. Using the commercial finite element software ANSYS, an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was formulated to simulate the energy discharge process of five different tank structures under various operating conditions. By analyzing the internal temperature distribution, thermocline thickness, dimensionless exergy efficiency, and flow field trajectories, the stratification characteristics were determined. The results indicate that the porous obstacle significantly enhances stratification compared to the perforated plate obstacle. At a flow rate of 0.3 m/s, the thermocline thickness in traditional tanks and tanks with perforated plate obstacles is 42% and 14.3% greater, respectively, than in tanks with porous obstacles. Additionally, the study demonstrates that temperature stratification is more pronounced when the porous obstacle is positioned closer to the tank’s bottom, with the optimal configuration being the placement of porous obstacles near both the top and bottom of the tank. At a flow rate of 0.3 m/s, the thermocline thickness in tanks with porous obstacles only at the bottom and middle is 17% and 133% greater, respectively, than in tanks with porous obstacles at both the top and bottom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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17 pages, 8056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Mechanism of Stick–Slip Vibration Based on Torque Characteristics of PDC Bit

by Lijun Li, Chunliang Zhang and Aixuan Wu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6419; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156419 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

Stick–slip vibration (SV) of drill string systems is the main cause of fatigue failure of PDC bits under complex drilling conditions. Exploring its mechanism is helpful for identifying the causes of bit failure and developing preventive measures to prolong bit service life. In [...] Read more.

Stick–slip vibration (SV) of drill string systems is the main cause of fatigue failure of PDC bits under complex drilling conditions. Exploring its mechanism is helpful for identifying the causes of bit failure and developing preventive measures to prolong bit service life. In this study, the influence of various factors on torque characteristics is tested by drilling rock breaking with various PDC bits and the variations in torsion variables and torsion speed of drill string systems under different torque loading conditions of drill bits are ascertained. Through a finite element simulation of the drill string–bit system, the influence of the PDC bit on the torsional deformation with variable torque is determined, and the influence mechanisms of bit size, tooth structure, invasion depth, rock strength, and other factors on the SV induced by a PDC bit are established. The results show that the change in the reaction resistance moment of the formation rock leads to variation in the driving speed of the drill string system, which is one of the main reasons for the SV. Even if the torque change in the bit is minor, SV will occur if the drill string is too long. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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23 pages, 10870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship between the Time Difference of Formation Water Infiltration Rate, Tectonic Movement, and the Formation Pressure Coefficient

by Xiaoping Mao, Shuxian Li, Xiurong Chen, Xuehui Li, Fan Yang, Yuexing Yang and Zhen Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5615; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135615 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 761

Abstract

The study of formation pressure holds great significance for both exploration and development. The formation pressure coefficient is a crucial parameter in geology, encompassing various aspects. Numerous models exist to explore its influencing factors, yet they remain highly controversial. Our research has gathered [...] Read more.

The study of formation pressure holds great significance for both exploration and development. The formation pressure coefficient is a crucial parameter in geology, encompassing various aspects. Numerous models exist to explore its influencing factors, yet they remain highly controversial. Our research has gathered data on formation pressure states and tectonic movement rates from dozens of large sedimentary basins worldwide. We delved into the patterns of formation pressure changes during basin deposition, subsidence, and tectonic uplift, taking into account the permeability of formation water. The findings reveal that during the Neogene and beyond, rapid deposition or tectonic uplift can cause the infiltration of formation water to lag behind tectonic movements, resulting in overpressure. Conversely, if recent tectonic movements are slow, formation water will complete its infiltration process ahead of tectonic changes, bringing the formation pressure to a hydrostatic state. Consequently, we have concluded that abnormal formation pressure primarily depends on the rate of tectonic movements during the Neogene and Quaternary periods. This study also proposes four formation pressure models, paving the way for a comprehensive understanding of formation pressure within a unified theoretical framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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15 pages, 4607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Failure Characteristics of Grouting Cemented Coal under Different Degrees of Early Damage

by Aibing Jin, Hailong Du, Yiqing Zhao, Zhongshu Wang and Hai Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(12), 5178; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125178 - 14 Jun 2024

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Pre-grouting is an effective method to reinforce fractured coal in front of working faces. The mining of adjacent working faces after grouting can cause early damage to the grouting cemented coal. To explore the mechanical properties of grouting cemented coal with different degrees [...] Read more.

Pre-grouting is an effective method to reinforce fractured coal in front of working faces. The mining of adjacent working faces after grouting can cause early damage to the grouting cemented coal. To explore the mechanical properties of grouting cemented coal with different degrees of early damage, we designed and built a grouting equipment that was used on fractured coal to produce grouting cemented coal. In total, 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% of the uniaxial compressive strength of complete coal were applied to the grouting cemented coal to produce early damage. The uniaxial compressive test, digital image correlation technology (DIC), acoustic emission (AE), and scan electron microscopy (SEM) were used to explore the changes in the mechanical properties of the grouting cemented coal with different early disturbance, and the surface and internal failure modes of the samples were investigated. The results show that with an increase in the early damage degree from 0% to 60%, the strength of the grouting cemented coal samples first increased and then decreased. Moreover, when the damage degree was 40%, the strength of the grouting cemented coal reached a maximum, which increased by 24.38% compared to that of the grouting cemented coal without damage. Under the low degree of damage, the samples exhibited tensile failure. As the damage degree increases, the samples’ failure mode changes to shear and mixed failure mode, and the breakdown speed increases. Internal crack propagation mostly occurred during the failure stage. As the damage degree increased, the failure stage increased, and the grouting cemented coal exhibited plastic characteristics. However, when the early damage degree increased to 60%, the samples exhibited typical brittle failure characteristics. The microstructure results show that the low degree of early damage for the samples is conducive to the infiltration of the slurry in coal, improving the grouting reinforcement effect. A large degree of early damage can lead to internal structural damage and strength degradation in grouting cemented coal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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18 pages, 7401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sedimentary Environment and Enrichment of Organic Matter in the Shahejie Formation, Huanghekou Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

by Zhenjie Jia, Dujie Hou and Jiahao He

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 4547; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114547 - 25 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 700

Abstract

As a hydrocarbon-rich depression within the Bohai Bay Basin, the Huanghekou Depression is a focal region for exploring hydrocarbons in the eastern China Sea. Previous studies have insufficiently examined the correlation between the enrichment of organic matter and the environments in which it [...] Read more.

As a hydrocarbon-rich depression within the Bohai Bay Basin, the Huanghekou Depression is a focal region for exploring hydrocarbons in the eastern China Sea. Previous studies have insufficiently examined the correlation between the enrichment of organic matter and the environments in which it is deposited. Herein, the hydrocarbon potential, palaeoclimate, sedimentary environment, organic matter sources, and organic matter enrichment of the source rocks of the Shahejie Formation in the Huanghekou Depression were investigated using organic and inorganic geochemical indicators. The organic matter type of the source rock in Huanghekou Depression’s Shahejie Formation was predominantly Type II, with a minor presence of Type III. Furthermore, the source rock had a poor-to-good comprehensive evaluation grade in E₃s_1–2, whereas E₂s₃ and E₂s₄ had medium-to-good comprehensive evaluations in their source rocks. In terms of maturity, E₃s₁ was in an intermediate position between the immature and mature stages and E₃s₂ and E₂s₃ were between the low-maturity and mature stages, whereas E₂s₄ transitioned into full maturity. Biomarkers and sensitive element indicators indicated that the organic matter in E₃s_1–2 was primarily derived from lower aquatic organisms and algae. This palaeoclimate was characterised by aridity, a water body containing saline and semi-saline water, and a strongly reducing environment resulting from water body stratification, leading to oxygen deficiency. The organic matter in E₂s₃ was primarily derived from aquatic organisms and algal inputs; these deposits were formed in a reduced environment characterised by relatively low salinity, ranging between semi-saline and freshwater conditions. The organic matter enrichment model of the Shahejie Formation was established based on sedimentary environment, palaeoclimatic, and organic matter source analyses, utilising E₃s_1–2 as preservation models and E₂s₃ as the productivity model. This study provides a basis for in-depth exploration and advancement of oil and gas reserves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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18 pages, 4707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Spatial-Resolution Helium Detection and Its Implications for Helium Accumulation Mechanisms

by Chao Lu, Bang Wang, Di Zhu, Quanyou Liu, Xuhang Zhang and Huaiyu He

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(8), 3453; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083453 - 19 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1282

Abstract

Helium is a scarce strategic resource. Currently, all economically valuable helium resources are found in natural gas reservoirs. Owing to helium’s different formation and migration processes compared to natural gas’s, the traditional method of collecting wellhead gas to detect helium concentration may miss [...] Read more.

Helium is a scarce strategic resource. Currently, all economically valuable helium resources are found in natural gas reservoirs. Owing to helium’s different formation and migration processes compared to natural gas’s, the traditional method of collecting wellhead gas to detect helium concentration may miss helium-rich layers in the vertical direction, which will not only cause the waste of helium resources, but also restrict the study of helium migration and accumulation mechanisms. To solve this problem, we designed a helium detector based on a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Through the combination of different inlet valves, we avoided gas mixing between different vertical layers during the inlet process and realized high-spatial-resolution helium concentration detection. We applied the helium detector to the Dongsheng gas field in the northern Ordos Basin, and the instrumental detection results were consistent with the laboratory analysis results of the wellhead gas, which demonstrated the stability of the helium detector in the field environment and the reliability of the data. Meanwhile, the results showed that the distribution of helium in the plane is highly heterogeneous, and the natural gas dessert layers and the helium dessert layers do not coincide in the vertical direction. In addition, we found a good correlation between helium and hydrogen concentrations. Combining our results with previous data, we propose a hydrogen–helium migration and accumulation model, which enriches the understanding of helium accumulation mechanisms and provides a basis for future helium resource exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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19 pages, 10787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution Laws of Water-Flowing Fracture Zone and Mine Pressure in Mining Shallow-Buried, Hard, and Extra-Thick Coal Seams

by Zhongya Wu, Qiang Sun and Yunbo Wang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2915; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072915 - 29 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 747

Abstract

Shallow-buried, hard, and extra-thick coal seams are very common in Xinjiang, China, but there are relatively few studies on the mine pressure law and the development characteristics of water-flowing fracture zones (WFFZs) during the mining of such coal seams. In this paper, the [...] Read more.

Shallow-buried, hard, and extra-thick coal seams are very common in Xinjiang, China, but there are relatively few studies on the mine pressure law and the development characteristics of water-flowing fracture zones (WFFZs) during the mining of such coal seams. In this paper, the mine pressure of the top coal caving face in a shallow, hard coal seam with a hard roof and full bedrock (SHCSHRFB) is analysed, the laws of the surrounding rock deformation and stress of the open-off cut and roadway in the large-mining-height top coal caving face are studied, the characteristics of roof-breaking and overburden fracture development are analysed using the physical similarity simulation method, supporting suggestions for roadways are put forward, and three development stages of the WFFZ are analysed. Field monitoring shows that the hydraulic support stress in SHCSHRFB is weak, but the coal wall and roadway stability are good, which is significantly different from the results in the typical shallow-buried thin bedrock working faces. The measured height of the WFFZ is close to the physical similarity simulation results, but quite different from those arising from use of the empirical formula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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17 pages, 27979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanistic Study of the Influence of Reactant Type and Addition Sequence on the Microscopic Morphology of α-Al₂O₃

by Weixiang Wen, Yang Bai, Mengxu Xu, Yujuan Gao, Pingke Yan and Huabing Xu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(6), 2438; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14062438 - 14 Mar 2024

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Abstract

To perform an in-depth study of the crystal growth habits and phase changes of alumina and its precursors in reaction systems, this paper studied the effects of reactant type and addition order on the morphology of alumina using hydrothermal methods with different precipitants [...] Read more.

To perform an in-depth study of the crystal growth habits and phase changes of alumina and its precursors in reaction systems, this paper studied the effects of reactant type and addition order on the morphology of alumina using hydrothermal methods with different precipitants and aluminum sources as reactants. Research has shown that sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate can be used as precipitants to prepare adhered spherical alumina and irregular short rod alumina, while potassium bicarbonate can be used as a precipitant to prepare hexagonal flake alumina. Using aluminum sulfate octahydrate, aluminum chloride hexahydrate, and aluminum nitrate, nine hydrates were prepared as aluminum sources, and agglomerated alumina, irregular short rod-shaped alumina, and fused alumina were obtained. The order of reactant addition affects the precursor phase of alumina, thereby affecting the microstructure of alumina after calcination, resulting in flake alumina with pores and short rod alumina. The results of this paper will provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of alumina with different micromorphologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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17 pages, 3283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors and Prevention of Coal Wall Deformation and Failure of Coal Wall in Caving Face with Large Mining Height: Case Study

by Guohao Meng, Jixiong Zhang, Chongjing Wang, Nan Zhou and Meng Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 7173; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13127173 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1025

Abstract

The coal walls in a caving face with a tall mining height are prone to rib spalling, which leads to the phased cessation of the mining of the working face, causes heavy losses, and endangers the safety of underground workers. In order to [...] Read more.

The coal walls in a caving face with a tall mining height are prone to rib spalling, which leads to the phased cessation of the mining of the working face, causes heavy losses, and endangers the safety of underground workers. In order to prevent serious rib spalling accidents of coal walls in fully mechanized caving faces with a large mining height and to improve the prediction of and ability to control rib spalling, a load-bearing mechanical model of the roof–coal wall–support system was established based on the moment-balance relationship. The expressions for the deformation and stress distribution in a coal wall were calculated. Then, the influences of key factors on the horizontal displacement of the coal wall were investigated. A numerical simulation model of the working face was established, and an orthogonal test design was introduced. On this basis, the influences of four factors: cutting height, breaking position of the main roof, support strength, and sidewall protecting force of the support on the horizontal displacement and volume of a plastic zone of coal wall, were analyzed. Moreover, their order of importance was ranked on the basis of sensitivity. Based on the engineering conditions and production practices in the Cuncaota II Coal Mine, key parameters for controlling and measures for preventing the rib spalling of the coal wall are proposed to guide practical actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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20 pages, 6558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Origin of the Ultra-Deep Hydrocarbons from the Shunbei No. 1 Fracture Zone in the North of Shuntuoguole Low Uplift, Tarim Basin, North-Western China

by Jiejing Bian, Dujie Hou, Xiong Cheng and Zhenjie Jia

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(9), 5297; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095297 - 23 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1900

Abstract

In order to have a deeper insight into the accumulation mechanism of ultra-deep hydrocarbons, in this paper, the recently discovered ultra-deep Ordovician light oil and gas deposits (>7200 m) in the Shunbei No. 1 fracture zone are studied intensively, including maturity, source kitchens, [...] Read more.

In order to have a deeper insight into the accumulation mechanism of ultra-deep hydrocarbons, in this paper, the recently discovered ultra-deep Ordovician light oil and gas deposits (>7200 m) in the Shunbei No. 1 fracture zone are studied intensively, including maturity, source kitchens, the extent of secondary alterations, and possible migration directions, based on an analysis of the molecular compositions and stable carbon isotopes of crude oils and natural gases. The average equivalent vitrinite reflectance (Rc) of these oils, estimated from light hydrocarbons (H versus I), MDI, DNR, and MDR, are about 1.50%, 1.58%, 1.48%, and 1.51%, respectively, which suggests that most of the oils are in the late stages of crossing the oil window. The two maturity grades (1.06–1.25% and 1.36–1.67%) of the oil samples calculated from the aromatic compounds indicate the presence of at least two stages of hydrocarbon charge. In addition, the positive correlation plot of DNR and MDR (y = 3.59x − 12.84; R² = 0.96) indicates that oils in the southwestern region of the F1 (S1-11–S1-16) are slightly more mature than oils in the northeastern region of the F1 and the well at SL1, far from the No. 1 main fault zone. In addition, the study shows that these hydrocarbons belong to the same source kitchen of a reduced marine sedimentary environment with mixed organic matter comprising benthic and planktonic algae, based on biomarker parameters, light hydrocarbons, and carbon isotope compositions. The oil–oil correlation analyses suggest that the studied oil samples are probably derived from the in situ Lower Cambrian Yuertusi formation source rocks. Various geochemical parameters consistently show limited significant hydrocarbon alteration processes, indicating favorable preservation conditions in the study area. The integrated geochemical characteristics of the hydrocarbons allow us to infer that they mainly migrate vertically from the in situ Lower Cambrian Yuertusi formation source rocks toward the Ordovician reservoirs, followed by a certain degree of lateral migration from southwest to northeast. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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17 pages, 6064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Cementitious Material with Wet Fly Ash by Hydrothermal Reaction and Calcination

by Peiyu Shi and Bei Huang

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(3), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031768 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1915

Abstract

A large amount of wet-discharged fly ash has caused serious harm to the ecological environment, so the utilization of fly ash has received attention. This paper analyzes the formation of products of fly ash–lime system under the autoclave process by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [...] Read more.

A large amount of wet-discharged fly ash has caused serious harm to the ecological environment, so the utilization of fly ash has received attention. This paper analyzes the formation of products of fly ash–lime system under the autoclave process by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and thermogravimetric–differential thermal (TG-DSC) analysis. The hydrothermal reaction product generation was quantitatively analyzed using the hydrochloric acid selective dissolution method to quantify the degree of reaction of fly ash in the pressure evaporation specimens in combination with the reaction degree of lime in the autoclave specimens. The hydrothermal reaction products were calcined and hydrated, and the mineral composition of the calcined products and the mechanical and microstructure of the hydrated products were analyzed. The results show that hydrothermal reactions occur in the fly ash–lime pressure evaporation system to produce C₂SH, C₃AH₆, C₃ASH₄, and other products. The optimum ratio of lime is 22%, and the appropriate autoclave parameter is 140 °C for 8 h. Under this condition, the reaction degree of fly ash is 15.39%, the reaction degree of CaO is 78.63%, and its f-CaO value is 4.93%. The formation of C₂SH in the hydrothermal reaction ranged from 14.33% to 18.53%, and the formation of C₃ASH₄ ranged from 14.06% to 15.26%. The hydrothermal reaction products were calcined at 850 °C for 1.5 h to produce new gelling materials with gelling phases, such as C₁₂A₇, α’_L-C₂S, β-C₂S, and C₂AS. The compressive and flexural strengths of the new gelling materials reached 34.4 MPa and 6.4 MPa, respectively, at the age of 180 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Methods for Exploitation of Geological Resources)

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