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3 pages, 188 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue on Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security

by Safwan El Assad, René Lozi and William Puech

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(5), 2588; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052588 - 2 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

Nowadays, mankind is living in a cyber world [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

Research

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17 pages, 445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Privacy-Preserving Federated Learning Using Homomorphic Encryption

by Jaehyoung Park and Hyuk Lim

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(2), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020734 - 12 Jan 2022

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 10066

Abstract

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning technique that enables distributed devices to train a learning model collaboratively without sharing their local data. FL-based systems can achieve much stronger privacy preservation since the distributed devices deliver only local model parameters trained with local [...] Read more.

Federated learning (FL) is a machine learning technique that enables distributed devices to train a learning model collaboratively without sharing their local data. FL-based systems can achieve much stronger privacy preservation since the distributed devices deliver only local model parameters trained with local data to a centralized server. However, there exists a possibility that a centralized server or attackers infer/extract sensitive private information using the structure and parameters of local learning models. We propose employing homomorphic encryption (HE) scheme that can directly perform arithmetic operations on ciphertexts without decryption to protect the model parameters. Using the HE scheme, the proposed privacy-preserving federated learning (PPFL) algorithm enables the centralized server to aggregate encrypted local model parameters without decryption. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm allows each node to use a different HE private key in the same FL-based system using a distributed cryptosystem. The performance analysis and evaluation of the proposed PPFL algorithm are conducted in various cloud computing-based FL service scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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13 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Digital Cash Paradigm with Valued and No-Valued e-Coins

by Ricard Borges and Francesc Sebé

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(21), 9892; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11219892 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1635

Abstract

Digital cash is a form of money that is stored digitally. Its main advantage when compared to traditional credit or debit cards is the possibility of carrying out anonymous transactions. Diverse digital cash paradigms have been proposed during the last decades, providing different [...] Read more.

Digital cash is a form of money that is stored digitally. Its main advantage when compared to traditional credit or debit cards is the possibility of carrying out anonymous transactions. Diverse digital cash paradigms have been proposed during the last decades, providing different approaches to avoid the double-spending fraud, or features like divisibility or transferability. This paper presents a new digital cash paradigm that includes the so-called no-valued e-coins, which are e-coins that can be generated free of charge by customers. A vendor receiving a payment cannot distinguish whether the received e-coin is valued or not, but the customer will receive the requested digital item only in the former case. A straightforward application of bogus transactions involving no-valued e-coins is the masking of consumption patterns. This new paradigm has also proven its validity in the scope of privacy-preserving pay-by-phone parking systems, and we believe it can become a very versatile building block in the design of privacy-preserving protocols in other areas of research. This paper provides a formal description of the new paradigm, including the features required for each of its components together with a formal analysis of its security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

24 pages, 1853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intrusion Detection Based on Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix and 2D Dispersion Entropy

by Gianmarco Baldini, Jose Luis Hernandez Ramos and Irene Amerini

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5567; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125567 - 16 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2497

Abstract

The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an important tool to mitigate cybersecurity threats in an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure. The function of the IDS is to detect an intrusion to an ICT system or network so that adequate countermeasures can be [...] Read more.

The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an important tool to mitigate cybersecurity threats in an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure. The function of the IDS is to detect an intrusion to an ICT system or network so that adequate countermeasures can be adopted. Desirable features of IDS are computing efficiency and high intrusion detection accuracy. This paper proposes a new anomaly detection algorithm for IDS, where a machine learning algorithm is applied to detect deviations from legitimate traffic, which may indicate an intrusion. To improve computing efficiency, a sliding window approach is applied where the analysis is applied on large sequences of network flows statistics. This paper proposes a novel approach based on the transformation of the network flows statistics to gray images on which Gray level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) are applied together with an entropy measure recently proposed in literature: the 2D Dispersion Entropy. This approach is applied to the recently public IDS data set CIC-IDS2017. The results show that the proposed approach is competitive in comparison to other approaches proposed in literature on the same data set. The approach is applied to two attacks of the CIC-IDS2017 data set: DDoS and Port Scan achieving respectively an Error Rate of 0.0016 and 0.0048. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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32 pages, 546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Subclass Framework and Concrete Examples of Strongly Asymmetric Public Key Agreement

by Satoshi Iriyama, Koki Jimbo and Massimo Regoli

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(12), 5540; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125540 - 15 Jun 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1906

Abstract

Strongly asymmetric public key agreement (SAPKA) is a class of key exchange between Alice and Bob that was introduced in 2011. The greatest difference from the standard PKA algorithms is that Bob constructs multiple public keys and Alice uses one of these to [...] Read more.

Strongly asymmetric public key agreement (SAPKA) is a class of key exchange between Alice and Bob that was introduced in 2011. The greatest difference from the standard PKA algorithms is that Bob constructs multiple public keys and Alice uses one of these to calculate her public key and her secret shared key. Therefore, the number of public keys and calculation rules for each key differ for each user. Although algorithms with high security and computational efficiency exist in this class, the relation between the parameters of SAPKA and its security and computational efficiency has not yet been fully clarified. Therefore, our main objective in this study was to classify the SAPKA algorithms according to their properties. By attempting algorithm attacks, we found that certain parameters are more strongly related to the security. On this basis, we constructed concrete algorithms and a new subclass of SAPKA, in which the responsibility of maintaining security is significantly more associated with the secret parameters of Bob than those of Alice. Moreover, we demonstrate 1. insufficient but necessary conditions for this subclass, 2. inclusion relations between the subclasses of SAPKA, and 3. concrete examples of this sub-class with reports of implementational experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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22 pages, 13471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Intermittent Jumping Coupled Map Lattice Based on Multiple Chaotic Maps

by Rong Huang, Fang Han, Xiaojuan Liao, Zhijie Wang and Aihua Dong

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093797 - 22 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2317

Abstract

Coupled Map Lattice (CML) usually serves as a pseudo-random number generator for encrypting digital images. Based on our analysis, the existing CML-based systems still suffer from problems like limited parameter space and local chaotic behavior. In this paper, we propose a novel intermittent [...] Read more.

Coupled Map Lattice (CML) usually serves as a pseudo-random number generator for encrypting digital images. Based on our analysis, the existing CML-based systems still suffer from problems like limited parameter space and local chaotic behavior. In this paper, we propose a novel intermittent jumping CML system based on multiple chaotic maps. The intermittent jumping mechanism seeks to incorporate the multi-chaos, and to dynamically switch coupling states and coupling relations, varying with spatiotemporal indices. Extensive numerical simulations and comparative studies demonstrate that, compared with the existing CML-based systems, the proposed system has a larger parameter space, better chaotic behavior, and comparable computational complexity. These results highlight the potential of our proposal for deployment into an image cryptosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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37 pages, 9645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Authorization Mechanism Based on Blockchain Technology for Protecting Museum-Digital Property Rights

by Yun-Ciao Wang, Chin-Ling Chen and Yong-Yuan Deng

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031085 - 25 Jan 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4637

Abstract

In addition to the exhibition, collection, research, and educational functions of the museum, the development of a future museum includes the trend of leisure and sightseeing. Although the museum is a non-profit organization, if it can provide digital exhibits and collections under the [...] Read more.

In addition to the exhibition, collection, research, and educational functions of the museum, the development of a future museum includes the trend of leisure and sightseeing. Although the museum is a non-profit organization, if it can provide digital exhibits and collections under the premises of “intellectual property rights” and “cultural assets protection”, and licensing and adding value in various fields, it can generate revenue from digital licensing and handle the expenses of museum operations. This will be a new trend in the sustainable development of museum operations. Especially since the outbreak of COVID-19 at the beginning of this year (2020), the American Alliance of Museums (AAM) recently stated that nearly a third of the museums in the United States may be permanently closed since museum operations are facing “extreme financial difficulties.” This research is aimed at museums using the business model of “digital authorization”. It proposes an authorization mechanism based on blockchain technology protecting the museums’ digital rights in the business model and the application of cryptography. The signature and time stamp mechanism achieve non-repudiation and timeless mechanism, which combines blockchain and smart contracts to achieve verifiability, un-forgery, decentralization, and traceability, as well as the non-repudiation of the issue of cash flow with signatures and digital certificates, for the digital rights of museums in business. The business model proposes achievable sustainable development. Museums not only achieve the goal of promoting social education, but also solve their financial problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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19 pages, 5812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design and FPGA-Based Implementation of a Stream Cipher Based on a Secure Chaotic Generator

by Fethi Dridi, Safwan El Assad, Wajih El Hadj Youssef, Mohsen Machhout and René Lozi

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(2), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020625 - 11 Jan 2021

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3684

Abstract

In this study, with an FPGA-board using VHDL, we designed a secure chaos-based stream cipher (SCbSC), and we evaluated its hardware implementation performance in terms of computational complexity and its security. The fundamental element of the system is the proposed secure pseudo-chaotic number [...] Read more.

In this study, with an FPGA-board using VHDL, we designed a secure chaos-based stream cipher (SCbSC), and we evaluated its hardware implementation performance in terms of computational complexity and its security. The fundamental element of the system is the proposed secure pseudo-chaotic number generator (SPCNG). The architecture of the proposed SPCNG includes three first-order recursive filters, each containing a discrete chaotic map and a mixing technique using an internal pseudo-random number (PRN). The three discrete chaotic maps, namely, the 3D Chebyshev map (3D Ch), the 1D logistic map (L), and the 1D skew-tent map (S), are weakly coupled by a predefined coupling matrix M. The mixing technique combined with the weak coupling technique of the three chaotic maps allows preserving the system against side-channel attacks (SCAs). The proposed system was implemented on a Xilinx XC7Z020 PYNQ-Z2 FPGA platform. Logic resources, throughput, and cryptanalytic and statistical tests showed a good tradeoff between efficiency and security. Thus, the proposed SCbSC can be used as a secure stream cipher. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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19 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bit Independence Criterion Extended to Stream Ciphers

by Evaristo José Madarro-Capó, Carlos Miguel Legón-Pérez, Omar Rojas, Guillermo Sosa-Gómez and Raisa Socorro-Llanes

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(21), 7668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217668 - 29 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3379

Abstract

The bit independence criterion was proposed to evaluate the security of the S-boxes used in block ciphers. This paper proposes an algorithm that extends this criterion to evaluate the degree of independence between the bits of inputs and outputs of the stream ciphers. [...] Read more.

The bit independence criterion was proposed to evaluate the security of the S-boxes used in block ciphers. This paper proposes an algorithm that extends this criterion to evaluate the degree of independence between the bits of inputs and outputs of the stream ciphers. The effectiveness of the algorithm is experimentally confirmed in two scenarios: random outputs independent of the input, in which it does not detect dependence, and in the RC4 ciphers, where it detects significant dependencies related to some known weaknesses. The complexity of the algorithm is estimated based on the number of inputs l, and the dimensions, n and m, of the inputs and outputs, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cryptography and Its Applications in Information Security)

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