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Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2021) | Viewed by 35917

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Amadeo Benavent-Climent

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
Interests: earthquake engineering; health monitoring; passive control; energy dissipation systems; energy-balance methods

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The traditional seismic design approach is based on providing structures with a combination of strength and plastic deformation capacity to resist major earthquakes. Conventional frame structures are conscientiously detailed to dissipate most of the energy input by the earthquake through plastic deformations at beam ends and at column bases, preventing catastrophic collapse. Yet this approach implies structural damage throughout the structure after the earthquake. In many cases, repairing this damage is not economically feasible. In recent decades, an alternative design trend has been growing: Dissipate energy in special passive energy dissipating devices, thereby reducing (or even cancelling) the energy dissipation demand (damage) on the primary structural elements that support the gravity loads. Although many energy dissipation devices have been developed, many challenging issues have to be solved to make them economically feasible and to enhance implementation in most structures. This Special Issue aims to cover recent advances in the development/implementation of energy dissipation devices and appropriate design methods that take full advantage of the benefits of these innovative technologies.

Prof. Dr. Amadeo Benavent-Climent
Guest Editor

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Keywords

energy dissipation device
displacement-dependent damper
velocity-dependent damper
structures with damping systems
passive control
energy-based design
damage control
innovative technologies

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 8317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Multiple Tuned Mass Damper (MTMD) Parameters for a Primary System Reduced to a Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) through the Modal Approach

by Piotr Wielgos and Robert Geryło

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(4), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041389 - 4 Feb 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3925

Abstract

The research paper presents a novel approach toward constructing motion equations for structures with attached MTMDs (multiple tuned mass dampers). A primary system with MDOF (multiple dynamic degrees of freedom) was reduced to an equivalent system with a SDOF (single degree of freedom) through the modal approach, and equations from additional MTMDs were added to a thus-created system. Optimization based on ℌ₂ and ℌ_∞ for the transfer function associated with the generalized displacement of an SDOF system was applied. The research work utilized GA (genetic algorithms) and SA (simulated annealing method) optimization algorithms to determine the stiffness and damping parameters for individual TMDs. The effect of damping and stiffness (MTMD tuning) distribution depending on the number of TMDs was also analyzed. The paper also reviews the impact of primary system mass change on the efficiency of optimized MTMDs, as well as confirms the results of other authors involving greater MTMD effectiveness relative to a single TMD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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19 pages, 3702 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Seismic Response of RC Frames with a Soft First Story Retrofitted with Hysteretic Dampers under Near-Fault Earthquakes

by Santiago Mota-Páez, David Escolano-Margarit and Amadeo Benavent-Climent

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(3), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031290 - 1 Feb 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2920

Abstract

Reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures with open first stories and masonry infill walls at the upper stories are very common in seismic areas. Under strong earthquakes, most of the energy dissipation demand imposed by the earthquake concentrates in the first story, and this eventually leads the building to collapse. A very efficient and cost-effective solution for the seismic upgrading of this type of structure consists of installing hysteretic dampers in the first story. This paper investigates the response of RC soft-story frames retrofitted with hysteretic dampers subjected to near-fault ground motions in terms of maximum displacements and lateral seismic forces and compares them with those obtained by far-field earthquakes. It is found that for similar levels of total seismic input energy, the maximum displacements in the first story caused by near-fault earthquakes are about 1.3 times larger than those under far-field earthquakes, while the maximum inter-story drift in the upper stories and the distribution and values of the lateral forces are scarcely affected. It is concluded that the maximum displacements can be easily predicted from the energy balance of the structure by using appropriate values for the parameter that reflects the influence of the impulsivity of the ground motion: the so-called equivalent number of cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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21 pages, 1911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Iterative Linear Matrix Inequality Design Procedure for Passive Inter-Substructure Vibration Control

by Josep Rubió-Massegú, Francisco Palacios-Quiñonero, Josep M. Rossell and Hamid Reza Karimi

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(17), 5859; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175859 - 24 Aug 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2459

Abstract

In vibration control of compound structures, inter-substructure damper (ISSD) systems exploit the out-of-phase response of different substructures to dissipate the kinetic vibrational energy by means of inter-substructure damping links. For seismic protection of multistory buildings, distributed sets of interstory fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) are ISSD systems of particular interest. The connections between distributed FVD systems and decentralized static output-feedback control allow using advanced controller-design methodologies to obtain passive ISSD systems with high-performance characteristics. A major issue of that approach is the computational difficulties associated to the numerical solution of optimization problems with structured bilinear matrix inequality constraints. In this work, we present a novel iterative linear matrix inequality procedure that can be applied to obtain enhanced suboptimal solutions for that kind of optimization problems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, we design a system of supplementary interstory FVDs for the seismic protection of a five-story building by synthesizing a decentralized static velocity-feedback

H_{\infty}

controller. In the performance assessment, we compare the frequency-domain and time-domain responses of the designed FVD system with the behavior of the optimal static state-feedback

H_{\infty}

controller. The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach allows designing passive ISSD systems that are capable to match the level of performance attained by optimal state-feedback active controllers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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24 pages, 4213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Friction Pendulum Isolation Systems Using Passive and Semi-Active Dampers

by Christian A. Barrera-Vargas, Iván M. Díaz, José M. Soria and Jaime H. García-Palacios

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5621; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165621 - 13 Aug 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6202

Abstract

Friction pendulum systems (FPSs) are a common solution for isolating civil engineering structures under ground movements. The result is a base-isolated structure in which the base exhibits low shear stiffness in such a way that the input energy of the earthquake is concentrated and dissipated into it, leaving the superstructure free of damage. As a consequence, large displacements of the FPS may be demanded depending on the earthquake intensity and the fundamental period of the FPS. To accommodate these displacements, large-size isolators with high friction coefficients are usually required. However, the FPS will then exhibit poor re-centering capacity and the risk of future shocks will increase due to previous residual displacements, especially for low-intensity earthquakes. An alternative solution is to include a semi-active damper to the FPS, keeping the friction coefficient low and achieving both, limited base displacement under high-intensity earthquakes and good re-centering capacity under low-intensity ones. Thus, this work presents a design methodology for base isolators formed by an FPS with a damper added. The design methodology is applied to an FPS with a passive damper and to an FPS with a semi-active damper. Two ON-OFF control strategies are studied: (i) a fairly simple phase control, and (ii), a mechanical energy-predictive based algorithm. The advantages of semi-active FPSs with low friction coefficients with respect to FPS with high friction coefficients are demonstrated. The results with the designed semi-active FPS are compared with the single FPS and the FPS with a passive damper. Finally, the use of semi-active FPS allows us to enhance the FPS performance as the isolator size can be reduced while keeping the capacity to cope with low and high-intensity earthquakes without residual displacements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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18 pages, 7479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Negative Stiffness Amplification System Based Isolation Method for the Vibration Control of Underground Structures

by Qingjun Chen, Yanchao Wang and Zhipeng Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(16), 5421; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10165421 - 5 Aug 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2946

Abstract

Underground structures can be vulnerable during strong earthquakes, and seismic mitigation systems designed for these structures are instrumental in improving multiple aspects of seismic performance. To deal with this problem, a novel isolation system is proposed for underground structures, employing the incorporation of a negative-stiffness amplification system (NSAS) and an isolator. The proposed NSAS consists of the subconfiguration of a spring with positive stiffness in parallel with a dashpot, which is then in series with a negative-stiffness device. The mechanical model and physical realization of the NSAS are presented, based on which the energy-dissipation-enhancement mechanism of NSAS is detailed. On this basis, comprehensive parameter analyses were conducted between the NSAS isolation system and a conventional isolation system. Analysis results showed that the NSAS exhibited a significant energy-dissipation-enhancement effect, in which the series connection of the negative and positive stiffnesses amplified the dashpot’s deformation for enhanced energy-dissipation capacity and efficiency. Compared with a conventional isolator, the NSAS isolation system provided the underground structure with a multiperformance and multilevel mitigation effect, particularly yielding lower responses of displacement and shear forces at the same time. More vibration energy could be dissipated by NSAS, thereby alleviating the energy-dissipation burden of underground structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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26 pages, 8319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy-Based Prediction of the Displacement of DCFP Bearings

by Jiaxi Li, Shoichi Kishiki, Satoshi Yamada, Shinsuke Yamazaki, Atsushi Watanabe and Masao Terashima

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(15), 5259; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155259 - 30 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2068

Abstract

Isolation systems are currently being widely applied for earthquake resistance. During the design stage for such systems, the displacement response and input energy of the isolation layer are two of the main concerns. The prediction of these values is also of vital importance during the early stages of the structural design. In this study, the simple prediction method of double concave friction pendulum (DCFP) bearings is proposed, which can relate the response displacement of the isolation layer to the ground velocity through energy transfer with sufficient accuracy. Two friction models (the precise and simplified model) and a constant friction coefficient of double concave friction pendulum (DCFP) bearings are comprehensively validated by full-scale sinusoidal dynamic tests under various conditions. In addition, a response analysis, based on previous studies, was conducted using the friction models under selected unidirectional earthquake excitations, and the accuracy of using the simplified model in the response analysis was verified. Based on the response analysis data, this article verifies and optimizes the proposed prediction method by parameterizing the characteristics of earthquakes and combining the energy balance in order to gain a deeper understanding of the design of the isolation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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16 pages, 7082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Cyclic Demand in Metallic Yielding Dampers Installed on Frame Structures

by Leandro Morillas and David Escolano-Margarit

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(12), 4364; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10124364 - 25 Jun 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2185

Abstract

The efficacy of hysteretic dampers can be formulated as the number or equivalent inelastic cycles, or the ratio of normalised dissipated energy to displacement ductility. This parameter is used in the design of framed structures with supplemental dampers and it is strongly influenced by the impulsive effects of earthquakes and other structural parameters. This paper presents an estimate of the cyclic demand of dampers installed in reinforced concrete frames, based on nonlinear time history analyses. Statistical analyses of the results are used to highlight relevant parameters and calibrate a predictive formula and upper-bound design values. The collapse pattern of the frames seems to have no effect on the efficacy of the dampers; thus, the seismological parameters that describe impulsivity should drive the design of hysteric dampers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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25 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Capacity of Waffle-Flat-Plate Structures with Hysteretic Dampers Subjected to Bidirectional Seismic Loadings

by Jesús Donaire-Ávila and David Galé-Lamuela

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 3133; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10093133 - 30 Apr 2020

Viewed by 2534

Abstract

This study investigates the capacity, in terms of energy, of waffle-flat-plate (WFP) structures with hysteretic dampers subjected to biaxial seismic actions. A numerical model was developed and calibrated with the experimental results obtained from shake-table testing carried out on a WFP specimen subjected to biaxial seismic loads. Then the WFP system was retrofitted with hysteretic dampers—slit-plate dampers (SPDs)—and the numerical model was subjected to different sets of ordinary ground motion records to attain different seismic performance levels (SPLs). Each set of records was applied in a sequence of scaled seismic simulations until the SPL of near collapse was achieved. The capacity in terms of input energy and dissipated energy are presented for the different SPLs, taking into account the differences observed under unidirectional and bidirectional seismic loadings. Furthermore, the level of damage (i.e., accumulated plastic deformations), the level of ductility and the relationship between them—expressed as equivalent number of cycles—are also shown for both the WFP system and the hysteretic dampers. The seismic capacity of the WFP system is found to be significantly enhanced by the inclusion of hysteretic dampers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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22 pages, 15280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Spectrum Study and Optimal Design of an Inerter-Based Structure Considering the Underlying Soil

by Qingjun Chen, Yanchao Wang and Zhipeng Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(9), 2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10092999 - 25 Apr 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

As a classic inerter system, the tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD) has been proven to be efficient for vibration control. It is characterized by an amplification effect, where the deformation of the dashpot in the TVMD can be larger than that of a single dashpot, providing enhanced energy dissipation. However, the contribution of this system to the enhancement of the energy dissipation quantity and vibration control remains unclear. To deal with this, and considering the underlying soil, this study proposes a systematic energy spectrum analysis framework for the single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) element controlled by a tuned viscous mass damper (TVMD) in order to reveal the energy characteristics of the TVMD and develop an optimal energy dissipation enhancement-based design. The proposed energy spectrum analysis includes ground motion propagation and energy balance analysis. Considering the underlying soil, energy balance analysis is performed for a series of SDOF elements connected to the TVMD, which yields a fitted input energy spectrum for optimal design of the TVMD. Extensive parametric analysis reveals energy characteristics of the TVMD compared with a single dashpot, yielding an optimal energy dissipation enhancement-based design. The findings of this study show that by considering the soil underneath the inerter-based structure, the developed energy spectrum analysis quantifies the degree of energy dissipation enhancement effect of the TVMD. The proposed design is effective in guaranteeing the target of displacement control, which optimizes the efficiency and quantity of the TVMD for energy dissipation, relieving the energy-dissipation burden on the primary element. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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17 pages, 4225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nonlinear Seismic Response of Multistory Steel Frames with Self-Centering Tension-Only Braces

by Pei Chi, Jun Dong, Wenlong Tian and Dafu Cao

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(5), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10051819 - 6 Mar 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3010

Abstract

The self-centering tension-only brace (SC-TOB) is a new and innovative bracing system that provides both a flag-shaped recentering hysteresis and load mitigation to structures. This paper presents an extensive investigation of the nonlinear seismic response of multistory steel frames built with SC-TOBs to internal force, drift, and energy dissipation. Pushover analysis subjected to two lateral load distributions and nonlinear dynamic analysis under ground motion ensembles corresponding to four hazard levels were conducted. The SC-TOBs can be designed to serve as conventional tension-only braces (TOBs) only providing lateral stiffness during minor earthquakes, to function with energy dissipation as intensity increases, and to fully recenter a structure even after severe earthquakes. The findings show that with an increase in the earthquake intensity, both the force response and drift response of the SC-TOB frames (SC-TOBFs) increased; however, the force distribution and drift distribution shapes of the SC-TOBFs remained almost constant. The SC-TOBFs generally experienced more energy dissipation in the lower parts of the building, while the upper stories dissipated almost no energy under certain load conditions, suggesting that the bracings on those stories could be replaced by conventional TOBs for economy. It is demonstrated that the SC-TOBs have immense potential to effectively improve seismic resilience to structures such that rehabilitation costs and operational disruptions after earthquakes are minimized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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22 pages, 11927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Stainless-Steel Tube-in-Tube Damper for Seismic Protection of Structures

by Guillermo González-Sanz, David Escolano-Margarit and Amadeo Benavent-Climent

Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(4), 1410; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10041410 - 19 Feb 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3558

Abstract

This paper investigates a new stainless-steel tube-in-tube damper (SS-TTD) designed for the passive control of structures subjected to seismic loadings. It consists of two tubes assembled in a telescopic configuration. A series of slits are cut on the walls of the exterior tube in order to create a series of strips with a large height-to-width ratio. The exterior tube is connected to the interior tube so that when the brace-type damper is subjected to forced axial displacements, the strips dissipate energy in the form of flexural plastic deformations. The performance of the SS-TTD is assessed experimentally through quasi-static and dynamic shaking table tests. Its ultimate energy dissipation capacity is quantitatively evaluated, and a procedure is proposed to predict the failure. The cumulative ductility of the SS-TTD is about 4-fold larger than that reported for other dampers based on slit-type plates in previous studies. Its ultimate energy dissipation capacity is 3- and 16-fold higher than that of slit-type plates made of mild steel and high-strength steel, respectively. Finally, two hysteretic models are investigated and compared to characterise the hysteretic behaviour of the SS-TTD under arbitrarily applied cyclic loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Passive Seismic Control of Structures with Energy Dissipation Systems)

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