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10 pages, 2451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology of Traveling Wave Disturbances Recorded in Eastern Siberia in 630 nm Atomic Oxygen Emission

by Tatyana E. Syrenova, Alexander B. Beletsky, Konstantin G. Ratovsky, Maxim V. Tolstikov and Roman V. Vasilyev

Atmosphere 2022, 13(2), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13020198 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2029

Abstract

Our paper presents the results of investigating wave structures detected in 630 nm atomic oxygen emission intensity (airglow height is ~180–300 km). The study employs data from a wide-angle optical system installed at the Geophysical Observatory of the ISTP SB RAS (51°48′ N, [...] Read more.

Our paper presents the results of investigating wave structures detected in 630 nm atomic oxygen emission intensity (airglow height is ~180–300 km). The study employs data from a wide-angle optical system installed at the Geophysical Observatory of the ISTP SB RAS (51°48′ N, 103°04′ E). It describes the algorithm to identify wave disturbances and determine their main parameters in the optical system images. The results obtained due to automatic processing of 2014–2021 data archives are presented. The most probable values of the wave disturbances propagation velocity are about 80 m/s. The horizontal wavelengths and periods are in the range of ~30–400 km and 60–120 min, respectively. The predominant direction of disturbances propagation is to the southwest. The received data of optical and radio observations are compared. We found both similarities and differences in the wavelike structures direction, which are to be investigated in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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15 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relation of Extreme Ionospheric Events with Geomagnetic and Meteorological Activity

by Konstantin G. Ratovsky, Maxim V. Klimenko, Alexei V. Dmitriev and Irina V. Medvedeva

Atmosphere 2022, 13(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13010146 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2383

Abstract

This paper studies extreme ionospheric events and their relations with geomagnetic and meteorological activity. With the long observation series at the Irkutsk (52° N, 104° E) and Kaliningrad (54° N, 20° E) ionosondes we obtained the datasets of ionospheric disturbances that were treated [...] Read more.

This paper studies extreme ionospheric events and their relations with geomagnetic and meteorological activity. With the long observation series at the Irkutsk (52° N, 104° E) and Kaliningrad (54° N, 20° E) ionosondes we obtained the datasets of ionospheric disturbances that were treated as relative deviations of the observed peak electron density values from their 27-day running median values. As the extreme disturbances, we considered cases when the disturbance was greater than 150%. As potential sources of extreme ionospheric disturbances, we considered sudden stratospheric warmings, geomagnetic storms by the criterion Dst ≤ −30 nT, and recurrent geomagnetic storms that did not necessarily satisfy the criterion Dst ≤ −30 nT. The morphological analysis showed that the extreme ionospheric disturbance was the nighttime phenomenon that occurs from late October to early March (mainly in December–January). Considering extreme ionospheric events as nights when disturbances were greater than 150%, we obtained 25 extreme ionospheric events (on average 1.8 events per year) from the 2003–2016 Irkutsk dataset and six extreme ionospheric events (on average 0.75 events per year) from the 2009–2016 Kaliningrad dataset. The year-by-year distribution of extreme events did not reveal a clear dependence on solar/geomagnetic activity in terms of yearly mean F10.7 and Ap values but showed a correlation between the number of events and the number of recurrent geomagnetic storms. The study of the relationship between extreme ionospheric events and manifestations of geomagnetic and meteorological activity revealed that about half of extreme ionospheric events may be related to geomagnetic storms by the criterion Dst ≤ −50 nT and/or sudden stratospheric warmings. Consideration of recurrent geomagnetic storms allowed us to find the sources of almost all extreme ionospheric events. Geomagnetic activity may be considered the main cause of extreme ionospheric events at Irkutsk (mainly associated with recurrent geomagnetic storms and partly with CME-storms); while the main cause of extreme ionospheric events at Kaliningrad is not clear (a comparable contribution of sudden stratospheric warmings and storms can be assumed). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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9 pages, 2473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rayleigh Lidar Observations and Comparisons with TIMED/SABER of Typical Case Studies in Beijing (40.5° N, 116.2° E), China

by Xu Zou, Guotao Yang, Linxiang Chen, Jihong Wang and Lifang Du

Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101237 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1673

Abstract

Based on 139 nights of observational data of the Rayleigh lidar site in Beijing, China (40.5° N, 116.2° E), typical lower MIL cases and their temperature inversion evolution process were reported and compared with the SABER data from the same time. Meanwhile, the [...] Read more.

Based on 139 nights of observational data of the Rayleigh lidar site in Beijing, China (40.5° N, 116.2° E), typical lower MIL cases and their temperature inversion evolution process were reported and compared with the SABER data from the same time. Meanwhile, the seasonal distribution of lower MIL cases over North China was also statistically analyzed. The average inversion temperature of the low MIL is 23.4 K, and the average layer thickness is 4.78 km with an average MIL bottom altitude of 68.2 km. Meanwhile, 65% of the MIL propagates vertically, most of which goes downward. These results show the temperature behavior properties of the lower MIL over North China, which may be helpful for us to further understand middle atmosphere chemical and dynamics processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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10 pages, 2789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observations of Quasi-Periodic Electric Field Disturbances in the E Region before and during the Equatorial Plasma Bubble

by Esfhan A. Kherani and Eurico R. de Paula

Atmosphere 2021, 12(9), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091106 - 27 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1898

Abstract

Wave-like electric field disturbances in the ionosphere before the Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) are the subject of numerous recent studies that address the issue of possible short-term forecasting of EPB. We report the observations of the Equatorial Quasi-Periodic-Electric field Disturbances (QP-EDs) of the [...] Read more.

Wave-like electric field disturbances in the ionosphere before the Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) are the subject of numerous recent studies that address the issue of possible short-term forecasting of EPB. We report the observations of the Equatorial Quasi-Periodic-Electric field Disturbances (QP-EDs) of the Field-aligned Irregularities (FAI) in the E region before the EPB occurrence in the F region. They are observed from 30 MHz coherent scatter radar during the SpreadFEx campaign 2005 carried out in Brasil. The presently reported QP-EDs at the equatorial E region below an altitude of 110 km are undescribed so far. Though QP-EDs characteristics vary on a day-to-day basis, consistent features are their intensification before the EPB, and their simultaneous occurrence with EPBs. This study highlights the monitoring of QP-EDs in the short-term forecasting of EPBs and further reveals the robust energetics of vertical coupling between E and F regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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16 pages, 14675 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Studying a Long-Lasting Meteor Trail from Stereo Images and Radar Data

by Roman V. Vasilyev, Tatyana E. Syrenova, Alexander B. Beletsky, Maxim F. Artamonov, Eugeny G. Merzlyakov, Aleksey V. Podlesny and Mark V. Cedric

Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070841 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Unique observation of a long-lasting meteor trail of about half an hour duration is described. The trail resulted from a burning meteor from the Leonid storm flux in the middle latitudes over eastern Siberia. We describe three-dimensional morphological characteristics of both the meteor [...] Read more.

Unique observation of a long-lasting meteor trail of about half an hour duration is described. The trail resulted from a burning meteor from the Leonid storm flux in the middle latitudes over eastern Siberia. We describe three-dimensional morphological characteristics of both the meteor and the long-lasting trail using data from wide-angle CCD cameras. Additionally, we present the meteor and the trail radiolocation characteristics obtained with a meteor radar and ionosonde. The background dynamics of the upper atmosphere at the height where the long-lasting trail developed were observed using data from the meteor radar and Fabry-Perot interferometer. The obtained results allowed the conclusion that the dynamics of a long-lasting trail are conditioned by the wind. However, during the first minutes of trail development, it is possible that a high-speed component is present, resulting from explosion of the meteor body in the atmosphere. A primitive spectral analysis of the long-lasting trail’s optical emissions and earlier studies point to hydroxyl molecules as a possible source of the glow. We believe the enhanced hydroxyl emission could be related to interaction of excited O(1D) oxygen atoms with meteor body water in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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13 pages, 533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spectra of Acoustic-Gravity Waves in the Atmosphere with a Quasi-Isothermal Upper Layer

by Sergey P. Kshevetskii, Yuliya A. Kurdyaeva and Nikolai M. Gavrilov

Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070818 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

In this paper, we study, in theoretical terms, the structure of the spectrum of acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) in the nonisothermal atmosphere having asymptotically constant temperature at high altitudes. A mathematical problem of wave propagation from arbitrary initial perturbations in the half-infinite nonisothermal atmosphere [...] Read more.

In this paper, we study, in theoretical terms, the structure of the spectrum of acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) in the nonisothermal atmosphere having asymptotically constant temperature at high altitudes. A mathematical problem of wave propagation from arbitrary initial perturbations in the half-infinite nonisothermal atmosphere is formulated and analyzed for a system of linearized hydrodynamic equations for small-amplitude waves. Besides initial and lower boundary conditions at the ground, wave energy conservation requirements are applied. In this paper, we show that this mathematical problem belongs to the class of wave problems having self-adjoint evolution operators, which ensures the correctness and existence of solutions for a wide range of atmospheric temperature stratifications. A general solution of the problem can be built in the form of basic eigenfunction expansions of the evolution operator. The paper shows that wave frequencies considered as eigenvalues of the self-adjoint evolution operator are real and form two global branches corresponding to high- and low-frequency AGW modes. These two branches are separated since the Brunt–Vaisala frequency is smaller than the acoustic cutoff frequency at the upper boundary of the model. Wave modes belonging to the low-frequency global spectral branch have properties of internal gravity waves (IGWs) at all altitudes. Wave modes of the high-frequency spectral branch at different altitudes may have properties of IGWs or acoustic waves depending on local stratification. The results of simulations using a high-resolution nonlinear numerical model confirm possible changes of AGW properties at different altitudes in the nonisothermal atmosphere. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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30 pages, 8813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Morelian Meteoroid Impact on Mexican Environment

by Maria A. Sergeeva, Vladislav V. Demyanov, Olga A. Maltseva, Artem Mokhnatkin, Mario Rodriguez-Martinez, Raul Gutierrez, Artem M. Vesnin, Victor Jose Gatica-Acevedo, Juan Americo Gonzalez-Esparza, Mark E. Fedorov, Tatiana V. Ishina, Marni Pazos, Luis Xavier Gonzalez, Pedro Corona-Romero, Julio Cesar Mejia-Ambriz, Jose Juan Gonzalez-Aviles, Ernesto Aguilar-Rodriguez, Enrique Cabral-Cano, Blanca Mendoza, Esmeralda Romero-Hernandez, Ramon Caraballo and Isaac David Orrala-Legorreta Show full author list Hide full author list

Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020185 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3697

Abstract

Possible ionospheric effects of the Morelian meteoroid that passed and exploded over Mexico on 19 February 2020 (18 February 2020 local time) were estimated. The meteoroid trajectory, velocity and time of occurrence were calculated based on outdoor camera records. Modeling was used to [...] Read more.

Possible ionospheric effects of the Morelian meteoroid that passed and exploded over Mexico on 19 February 2020 (18 February 2020 local time) were estimated. The meteoroid trajectory, velocity and time of occurrence were calculated based on outdoor camera records. Modeling was used to estimate the meteoroid initial diameter, density, mass, velocity, energy and their change during its flight in the atmosphere. The ensemble of ionospheric scintillation indices calculated from the high-rate GNSS data and the filtered slant Total Electron Content data were used to reveal the presence of ionospheric disturbances generated by shock waves excited by the meteoroid flight and explosion. The first ionospheric responses to phenomena accompanying the meteoroid were detected (2.5–3.5) min after the explosion. The disturbances were attenuated quickly with distance from their source and were rarely recorded by GNSS receivers located more than 600 km from the meteoroid explosion site. The ionospheric disturbances of intermediate-scale, small-scale, shock-acoustic-wave-scale and sometimes medium-scale were revealed. The detected disturbances corresponded to the range of acoustic-gravity waves. An asymmetry of the disturbance manifestation in different directions was observed. The obtained results are in accordance with results of the observation of other meteoroids. Although the object was smaller and of less energy than other known meteoroids, it is an interesting case because, to the best of our knowledge, it isthe first known to us low-latitude meteoroid with the detected ionospheric effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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14 pages, 6524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Key Characteristics of Remarkable SSW Events in the Southern and Northern Hemisphere

by Michal Kozubek, Jan Lastovicka and Peter Krizan

Atmosphere 2020, 11(10), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101063 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3492

Abstract

An exceptionally strong sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during September 2019 was observed. Because SSW in the SH is very rare, comparison with the only recorded major SH SSW is done. According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) definition, the [...] Read more.

An exceptionally strong sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) during September 2019 was observed. Because SSW in the SH is very rare, comparison with the only recorded major SH SSW is done. According to World Meteorological Organization (WMO) definition, the SSW in 2019 has to be classified as minor. The cause of SSW in 2002 was very strong activity of stationary planetary wave with zonal wave-number (ZW) 2, which reached its maximum when the polar vortex split into two circulations with polar temperature enhancement by 30 K/week and it penetrated deeply to the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. On the other hand, the minor SSW in 2019 involved an exceptionally strong wave-1 planetary wave and a large polar temperature enhancement by 50.8 K/week, but it affected mainly the middle and upper stratosphere. The strongest SSW in the Northern Hemisphere was observed in 2009. This study provides comparison of two strongest SSW in the SH and the strongest SSW in the NH to show difference between two hemispheres and possible impact to the lower or higher layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamical and Chemical Processes of Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling)

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